Impact of oasis establishment on underground environment in salinized sandy lands

The salinized sandy lands are the important reclaimable reserve wastelands in thesouth area of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. But it is necessary that the eco-logical environment of the area is not destroyed by action of oasis development. The main factor tohinder oasis development is land salinization. Rational oasis establishment rebuilds wastelandswith lower productivity and utilization efficiency for the growth of agriculture, forestry, and stock raising. The results of surveying sub-soil environment of Aimugaike. Awati oasis in Hotian County ofthe Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region show that the underground water and soil environment arenot deteriorated under the rational management and administration, which could be coordinatedfor obtaining economic and environmental benefit. During the oasis establishment period from1997 to 1999, the plowland area has reached 166.7 hm2, and the seed cotton yield per unit areahas reached 2250 kg @ hm-2, the area of timber forest and active sand break forest has reached 20hm2, the area of fruit trees is 71.5 hm2; and the soil moisture has decreased from 22.07% to18.12%. In the first year of oasis establishment, the soil type has changed salt soil into light saltsoil, in the second year the soil has been out of salt harm; and the content of soil organic matter intopsoil has increased obviously.

河西边缘绿洲荒漠沙地开垦后土壤性状演变及土壤碳积累研究

【目的】土壤养分变化及碳积累过程是评价绿洲农田生态系统结构、功能和生产力演化的重要指标。本研究的目的是通过了解西北干旱区自然荒漠开垦为灌溉农田后该指标的变化,揭示干旱区新垦农田土壤发育及演变规律,为新垦沙地持续利用提供指导。【方法】选择河西走廊中段临泽边缘绿洲0—46年开垦时间序列的沙地农田,取样分析0—60 cm土壤剖面的物理、化学性状变化及碳积累特征,通过比较2008年与2014年的耕层土壤(0—20 cm)测定结果,分析近几年土壤性状的变化。【结果】耕层土壤砂粒含量随开垦利用年限的增加而逐渐降低,但显著的变化发生在开垦16年后的农田,且最近10年土壤粒级组成变化不明显;在沙地开垦后的最初20年,耕层土壤有机碳(SOC)及全氮含量呈线性增加,20年后增加趋势减缓。开垦46年后,SOC、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷含量分别增加了9.0倍、6.3倍、6.3倍和13.5倍,耕层土壤无机碳(SIC)含量增加了77.1%;速效钾随开垦年限的增加呈先降低而后增加的趋势。20—40 cm和40—60 cm土层SOC及氮、磷、钾养分含量随开垦年限延长而逐渐增加,但变化幅度小于耕层土壤。2008—2014年的6年间,不同开垦年限的同一地块耕层土壤粒级组成未发生变化,但SOC及氮、磷、钾养分有明显的积累。沙地开垦46年后0—60 cm土层SOC、SIC和全碳的年平均固存量分别为0.75、0.79和1.47 kg·hm-2·a-1;SOC的积累主要发生在0—20 cm耕作层,而SIC的积累在40—60 cm土层。荒漠沙地转变为灌溉农田后有巨大的碳固存潜力;土壤黏粉粒增加对SOC及养分的积累和保持起重要作用。【结论】沙地开垦为灌溉农田后,随利用年限的增加,土壤肥力显著改善,但开垦46年后土壤肥力仍处于较低水平。对新垦沙地农田,要实现土地可持续利用和生产力持续提高,须采取提升土壤肥力水平的农田管理措施。

乌兰布和沙区人工绿洲农田防护林小气候效益与作物产量关系的研究

历经4a(1992～1995年)定位研究表明:试区林网内无叶期的防风效能为39％～40％,着叶期为55.8％～56.2％。气温降低0.6～0.8C,最热月(7月)尤为明显,平均降低1.2C,蒸发量降低24.3％～24.7％,相对湿度提高8％～15％。干热风发生天数减少58.8％,其中轻型减少33.3％,重型减少87.5％。在林网保护下,作物产量提高5.14％,玉米纯增产量468km/hm^2.纯增产值655.2元/hm^2,与无林网农田相比,增产效果显著,平均提高了50％～100％。