An Evaluation of Manure Management Strategies, Phosphorus Surface Runoff Potential and Water Usage at an Arkansas Discovery Dairy Farm

Manure management is an essential component of dairy production. Nutrient-laden, field-applied dairy manure often serves as a fertilizer source, but can also pose environmental threats if not properly managed. The Haak dairy farm, located in Decatur, Arkansas, was granted a permit by the Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) to employ a unique method in treating and storing cattle manure generated during the milking process. This method includes minimizing water use in wash water, dry scraping solids to combine with sawdust for composting and pumping effluent underground into a sloped concrete basin that serves as secondary solid separator before transporting the manure effluent into an interception trench and an adjacent grassed field to facilitate manure nutrient uptake and retention. The Arkansas Discovery Farm program (ADF) is conducting research to evaluate the environmental performance of the dairy’s milk center wash water treatment system (MCWW) by statistical analysis, characterization of phosphorus (P) migration in soil downslope from the inception trench, temperature measurements, and nutrient analysis of a stored dry stack manure/sawdust mixture. Goals included determining possible composting effectiveness along with comparisons to untreated dairy manure and quantifying the use of on-farm water. Results from this research demonstrated that: 1) The MCWW was effective at retaining manure-derived nutrients and reducing field nutrient migration as the MCWW interception trench had significantly higher total nitrogen (TN) (804.2 to 4.1), total phosphorus (TP) (135.6 to 1.5), and water extractable phosphorus (WEP) (55.0 to 1.0) concentrations in milligrams per liter (mg⋅L-1) than the downhill freshwater pond respectively;2) temperature readings of the manure dry stack indicated heightened levels of microbial and thermal activity, but did not reach a standard composting temperature of 54°C;3) manure dry stack nutrient content was typically higher than untreated dairy manure when measured on a “dry basis” in ppm, but was lower on an “as is basis” in ppm and kg/metric ton;and 4) water meter readings showed that the greatest use of on-farm water was for farm-wide cattle drinking (18.77), followed by water used in the milking center (3.45) and then followed by human usage (0.02) measured in cubic meters per day (m3⋅d-1). These results demonstrate that practical innovations in agricultural engineering and environmental science, such as the Haak dairy’s manure treatment system, can effectively reduce environmental hazards that accompany the management of manure at this dairy operation.

Biological Evaluation Based Quality Management of Water Resources in Small Xingkai Lake

Taking the water ecosystem of Small Xingkai Lake as research object,through the survey and analysis of aquatic organism indicators,this paper established an ecosystem integrity evaluation system with the biological integrity as the criterion layer. Using the index of biological integrity and comprehensive health index,it evaluated the health status of water ecosystem of Small Xingkai Lake.

Environmental Assessment of Natural &Anthropogenic Hazards and Impact on Seawater Desalination along Red Sea Coast of Saudi Arabia

The major part of the eastern coastline of Red Sea belongs to Saudi Arabia, which provides great potential for desalination activities, but not entirely free of risk as in general it is not environment-friendly. In recent years, the rapid urbanization processes on west coast of Kingdom have resulted in substantial growth of commercial and industrial centers that added to more water demand. As a consequence, reliance on desalinated water has increased markedly over the last few decades. As a leading producer of desalinated water, Saudi Arabia used to process more than 3.29 million m3/day from its plants along the Red Sea coast. At the same time, any adequate backup plan lacks to meet regular water demand(s) in case of unforeseen emergencies. Present integrated research studies have identified some of the natural and anthropogenic hazards, which may pose major threats to quality of seawater as well as to the desalination facilities themselves. In view of these hazardous conditions, the overwhelming dependence on seawater desalination appears to be in jeopardy and may affect water management strategy and future socioeconomic development. It is therefore suggested the need of alternate options for cultivation of standby water resources and other management strategies parallel to the seawater desalination on similar priorities.

AN INSTRUCTURAL SYSTEM MODEL OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT TO THE WATER RELATED HAZARDS IN CHINA

Coastal lowlands have large areas of hazard impact and relatively low capacity of prevention to the water related hazards,which have been indicated by the wide_spread flood hazards,high percentages of land with high flood vulnerability.Increasing population pressure and the shift of resources exploitation from land to sea will force more and more coastal lowlands to be developed in the future,further enhancing the danger of water_related hazards.In this paper,the coastal lowlands in the northern Jiangsu province,China,were selected as a case study.The Interpretation Structural Model (ISM) was employed to analyze the direct and indirect impacts among the elements within the system,and thereby,to identify the causal elements,middle linkages,their expressions,and relations.

Influence of droughts on remote villages in the karst region of Guizhou Province, China: Causes and control

Even though the precipitation is abundant in the Karst region of Guizhou Province, remote villages in this area frequently suffer severe droughts. This paper studied the causes of droughts in this region through field investigation and references collection. Based on the cause analysis, some suggestions were provided for hazard prevention and control from an engineering perspective. Besides occasional extreme weathers, the drought in this area is primarily caused by its unique geological structures of Karst plateau and underdeveloped agricultural techniques. Meanwhile, the vicious cycle between drought and poverty, which causes the deficiency of water conservancy facilities and hazard prevention awareness, is an important reason for the frequent occurrence of agricultural and socioeconomic drought. Considering the social and economic conditions of remote villages, the long-term control of drought can only be realized if current measures are capable of bring immediate effects and benefits. Therefore, the construction of well-planned and designed water conservancy system based on each village's natural and social conditions are the priority for current hazard prevention. Generally, the exploitation of subterranean river should be considered as the first choice to stabilize the water supply for remote villages. Meanwhile, the construction and improvement of micro water conservancy facilities, such as small water tank, small pond and so on, can effectively support the water providence during droughts as well.

煤矿防治水“三区”划分方法及其水害防治意义

为系统性认识矿井各类水害问题,规范化管理矿井防治水工作,国家矿山安全监察局于2022年6月将针对老空水防治的“三区”管理工作推广到顶板水害、底板水害以及构造水害等更多水害类型中。然而各地煤矿在防治水“三区”划分过程中暴露出水害致灾因素和水害治理情况等与划分标准结合不紧密,并且技术上未针对不同煤层和采区进行区别划分,同时划分区域范围和划分结果的规范性和时效性存在不统一。据此,结合防治水“三区”划分的目的,对比了新“三区”划分与老空水“三区”划分的异同,明确了以水文地质条件勘查程度、水害隐患分析、水害治理情况为要素的划分原则,理清了“三区”划分的技术路径;结合我国常见的5种煤矿水害类型特征,提出了不同类型水害的划分方法,即:地表水害应根据井田内地表水体的分布发育特征以及大气降水、滑坡等地质灾害对开采的影响程度等进行划分。顶板水害应根据导水裂隙带范围内是否存在富水性强或者富水性中等静储量丰富含水层、松散含水层等对开采造成威胁进行划分。底板水害应根据煤层带压开采区域底板隔水层厚度与矿压破坏带深度之间的关系以及底板突水系数大小进行划分。老空水害应根据矿井及周边矿井老空积水分布范围、积水量情况进行划分,构造水害应根据井田内断层、陷落柱、溶洞等地质构造和不良地质体的富水性、含水性、与水源导通情况进行划分;总结了划分工作的要点和难点,即:明晰划分时空范围、综合分析划分标准、明确“三区”管理职责、动态转换划分结果等;在此基础上,选择水害类型多样和水文地质条件复杂的典型煤矿井,遵循划分原则,根据划分标准,分煤层、分采区划分了可采区、缓采区、禁采区,并加以详细的解释说明;阐明了开展“三区”划分工作具有提升综合探测水平、强化预测预报能力、找准水害治理方向的水害防治意义,以期指导和规范我国煤矿防治水“三区”划分工作。

崩岗治理碳汇作用与碳汇能力评估

为了评估崩岗治理的碳汇能力,在福建省安溪县选择未治理崩岗(UB)为对照,综合治理模式崩岗(MB)和整地造林模式崩岗(AB)为研究对象,分层采集0~10、10~20和20~40 cm土壤样品,使用碳氮分析仪测定土壤有机碳,环刀法测定土壤密度;通过样方法和全面清查法调查树种、胸径、树高,利用生物量方程和收获法测定生物量。结果表明:1)崩岗治理产生明显的保土保碳、减蚀减排和增绿增汇的作用;2)AB的增汇作用以植被碳库提升为主,MB以土壤碳库提升为主;3)AB的碳汇能力高于MB,2种模式的造林及其管护方式是引起碳汇增量差异的主要原因;4)崩岗治理10a左右,拦蓄沙土中的土壤碳密度低于南方红壤区退化土地植被修复后的土壤碳密度,具有较大的提升空间。崩岗治理是防治南方红壤丘陵区水土流失的有效措施,具有明显的保碳减排增汇等作用,研究结果可为今后崩岗治理的模式选择与其碳汇能力评估提供科学支撑。

城市园林景观设计在河道水体综合水质治理中的作用研究

为了治理水污染、美化城市景观,研究城市园林景观设计在河道水体综合水质治理中的作用。分析城市河道水污染原因,针对不同河流区域及应用功能明确污染原因。针对河道水污染实际情况明确园林景观设计生物要素和非生物要素,提出河床、护坡、水体等不同河道形态的水污染防治对策,充分发挥不同植物对水污染的治理作用。通过协同构建完善生态群落,利用藻类植物减少藻类植物的繁殖,净化水质,达到增强生态功能目的。实验证明,河道水污染得到了有效控制,各项污染指标在治理后均呈现下降趋势。

基于改进FAHP的水利工程EPC总承包项目风险管理研究

结合水利工程EPC总承包项目的自身特点,建立改进FAHP的风险评判模型,最后,进行实证分析。结果表明,基于改进FAHP的水利工程EPC总承包项目风险评判模型具有一定的科学性和适用性,同时,研究结果对提高水利工程EPC总承包项目风险管理水平具有一定的参考意义。

次氧化锌回转窑水淬渣固体废物属性研究及环境管理建议

研究了中南地区3家火法锌冶炼企业次氧化锌回转窑水淬渣的固体废物属性,从水淬渣产生过程和组分分析可排查易燃性和反应性两种危险特性,进一步实验分析表明,水淬渣不具有腐蚀性、反应性、易燃性、浸出毒性、急性毒性,按照最不利原则对水淬渣中可能含有的毒性物质采用最不利化合物计算出的毒性物质质量分数超过了《危险废物鉴别标准毒性物质含量鉴别》(GB5085.6-2007)的限值,在未对水淬渣中毒性物质种类和含量深入研究前,建议水淬渣按照危险废物管理,其管理代码可按照“900-000-48”归类管理。

基于绿色市政基础设施理念的城市绿色供水探索

在新发展理念指引下,绿色市政基础设施建设已成为我国城市发展的必然趋势,城市供水系统是市政基础设施中重要的一部分,如何走高质量绿色发展之路是面临的突出问题。提出了市政基础设施绿色发展理念及基本定位,基于绿色市政基础设施的概念,揭示了城市绿色供水系统安全、高效、低碳、生态、智慧的绿色理念和内涵,构建了城市供水系统绿色核心评价指标体系和评价方法,总结凝练了绿色供水保障技术,用以引领和指导城市绿色供水设施的规划设计和建设运维服务。

基于PDCA和AHP的水务企业安全生产标准化评价

安全生产标准化是水务企业建立安全生产长效机制的根本途径。为评价水务企业的安全生产标准化程度,本文基于PDCA(Plan-Do-Check-Act)循环理论、AHP(analytic hierarchy process)、半结构化访谈和问卷调查构建了水务企业安全生产标准化评价指标体系,并以深圳市某水务公司为例,开展实证研究。研究结果表明:所构建的评价指标体系能有效评价水务企业的安全生产标准化程度;PDCA动态循环管理模式有利于促进水务企业安全生产标准化的持续改进;安全管理措施的严格执行和实施是提升水务企业安全生产标准化的重要环节;深化隐患排查治理、强化危险作业管控、加强外委安全管理、加大安全监测力度和重视安全记录归档是提升水务企业安全生产标准化程度的关键内容。

考虑水资源管理影响的水源配置方案优选研究

针对水源配置方案较少考虑水资源管理影响的问题,以东莞市为例,考虑水资源管理影响,构建水管理-安全-经济-环境全方位评价指标体系,并引入灰色关联系数,建立基于灰色关联-模糊综合评价耦合模型,实现水源配置方案优选。结果表明:水管理指标对方案优选结果存在影响,不考虑水资源管理影响时,水经济指标起主导作用,最优方案为3.65亿m^(3)/a的江库联网工程和0.95亿m^(3)/a的珠配工程,较优备选方案为2.92亿m^(3)/a的江库联网工程和1.68亿m^(3)/a的珠配工程;考虑水资源管理影响时,最优方案为3.65亿m^(3)/a的江库联网工程和0.95亿m^(3)/a的珠配工程,较优备选方案为0.37亿m^(3)/a的江库联网工程、3.3亿m^(3)/a的珠配工程和0.93亿m^(3)/a的已建水厂。因此,构建的指标体系与优选模型不仅考虑了当下的供水成本、供水保证率与废污水排放情况,还考虑了未来的管理难度及其带来的未知管理成本,为决策者提供更科学全面的决策依据。

小型河道流域整治工程水土流失危害分析及防治措施评价

针对小型河道流域整治工程的水土流失问题展开研究,首先分析了水土流失的现状和危害,然后对流域进行了水土流失防治分区划分,并提出了相应的水土保持措施和防治措施。通过对民田涌流域的实例分析和评价,提出了一些有效的防治措施,以提高防治效果和生态环境的稳定性。研究表明,采取合适的水土流失防治措施可以有效减少水土流失,改善生态环境,提高流域的可持续发展能力。

近距离上层老空区水害危险性评价方法——以巩留县塔拉迪煤矿为例

老空水害是新疆地区煤矿防治水的重点和难点,对于煤矿安全生产造成严重威胁。为摸清伊犁巩留县塔拉迪煤矿C8煤层老空水害问题,在矿井水文地质条件研究基础上,对老空区积水充水水源及充水通道进行分析,结合瞬变电磁和钻探成果,对C8煤层老空区进行积水量预测和水害评价。研究表明,C8煤层老空区充水水源主要为西山窑组砂岩孔裂隙含水层,充水通道主要为采动破坏后的导水裂缝带;瞬变电磁物探富水异常区富水性弱,两个富水异常区积水量预测为3188.12 m^(3)和7609.85 m^(3),二采区老空区涌水量为96.45 m^(3)/d;据划分标准,二采区仅在8-2富水异常区采空区范围内为高危险区,可采取主动探放方法进行疏排,保障下部C7煤层的安全开采。

无实测资料河流逐月水量估算方法适用性研究

无实测资料河流逐月水量估算是最严格水资源管理制度考核的重要支撑。基于流域水文相似性原理和水量平衡原理,选用径流模数法、径流系数法、区域水量平衡法,研究提出其逐月水量估算适用范围和估算成果合理性分析标准。以现有水文站为假设断面,采用参证水文站资料进行假设断面水量估算,对三种方法的适用范围和估算成果合理性分析标准进行验证。结果表明,径流模数法适用于集水面积相差不超过20%情形和考虑区间蓄泄水变量情况的集水面积相差在20%至1倍之间情形;径流系数法适用于集水面积相差在20%至1.5倍之间且估算时段有洪水过程情形;区间水量平衡法适用于上下游参证水文站面积比在3倍以内情形;“两种方法相对偏差小于18%”的估算成果合理性分析标准可行。

面向汽车视野雨水污染改进的挡水条结构优化

针对汽车侧窗水污染问题,通过改进前风窗挡水条的关键参数,结合某款SUV车型不同前风窗挡水条的汽车环境风洞试验结果,利用图像处理技术定量分析前侧窗和外后视镜镜面区域的水污染面积,给出一种综合考虑侧向和后向视野的评价方法。结果表明,增加前风窗挡水条高度及储水面积均可减少流向侧窗的水量,弱化侧窗水污染,最终获得视野更优且工程可实现的前风窗挡水条方案。

煤矿工作面水害防治技术及安全性评价

为降低煤矿工作面底板灰岩的水害威胁,实现其安全开采。本文针对物探、钻探发现的5个异常区,采取底板钻探探查和注浆加固相结合的治理措施,施工钻孔48个,完成注浆量49.85 t;顺层加固钻孔14个,共注水泥52.6 t,并通过应用钻探方法,探查验证和治理这5个物探异常区。最后通过分析评价煤层隔水层隔水性能、隔水层厚度、突水系数和水害防治技术,结果表明该工作面可以进行带压安全开采。

基于信息化的矿井水文地质信息管理系统

伴随着新一轮的工业革命,推进产业数字化转型,针对目前矿井水文地质信息管理不够精细和智能的诸多问题,在GIS技术基础上研究开发了矿井水文地质信息管理系统。系统主要包括矿井水文地质信息基础数据库、矿井水文地质图形文件管理、矿井采空区积水管理、矿井探放水辅助设计、矿井水害预测预报和矿井水文地质基础信息管理系统6个模块,实现了数据管理、图形处理、图件绘制、水害评价、预测预报一体化的管理能力。并在山东省济宁三号煤矿进行了应用,验证了矿井水文地质信息管理系统的实用性。

乡镇集中式饮用水水源地基础环境调查评估及管理对策——以湖北省某市为例

通过对湖北省某市104个乡镇集中式饮用水水源地开展基础环境现状调查,分别从水源水质、环境管理、污染状况等方面对水源地环境状况进行综合评估,分析识别乡镇集中式水源地存在的现状问题,并初步提出科学性、合理性、针对性的管理对策及建议,为全面提升某市乡镇饮用水水源地环境管理水平、切实保障水源地安全提供基础保障和科学依据。