The construction and management of nature reserves in China

This article briefly outlines the construction and development of natural reserves; it embraces the necessity and main content of the mangement of natural reserves, including theoretical guidance, targets management, planning management, legislative management, technological management, administrative management. It discusses the experience of construction and management of natural reserves and existing problems in this regard as well as correspondent solutions such as policy measures, technology measures and management measures.

From landslide characterization to nature reserve management:The“Scialimata Grande di Torre Alfina”landslide Geosite(Central Apennines,Italy)

Italy is characterized by widespread geomorphological instability,among which landslides leave impressive marks on the landscape.Nevertheless,landslide bodies may represent key sites for thematic and educational itineraries,especially in protected areas,where their management becomes an important issue.Our study focuses on the"Monte Rufeno Nature Reserve"(Central Apennines,Italy),where iconic landslides are present.Here,the"Scialimata Grande di Torre Alfina"landslide(SGTA)is listed in the regional Geosite database.This work aims to propose a multiscale procedure for landslide analysis,in terms of both hazard sources but also educational and geoheritage enhancement opportunities in natural reserves.After performing a Landslide Susceptibility conditional Analysis(LSA)for the reserve territory,attention was focused on the SGTA,to define properly its features and morphodynamics.A multi-disciplinary approach was adopted,by applying both remote sensing(UAV structure from motion,Photointerpretation)and field survey(geomorphological and GPS monitoring).From the LSA,based on drainage density,curvature,and slope triggering factors,the road and trail susceptibility maps were derived,as base tools for future risk assessments and trail paths management within the reserve.At the SGTA scale,the monitoring showed a displacement of up to 23 m during the time interval between 2015 and 2018.The landslide dynamics seem to be driven by alternating dry and extremely wet periods;moreover,leaks from the aqueduct in the detachment area and piping effects through clays may have also decreased the substrate cohesion.The SGTA complex influence on the Paglia River valley geometry was also hypothesized,underlining the action of landslide through different spatial scales(on-site and off-site)and on different environment features(sediment connectivity,hydrology).Finally,the SGTA appears highly representative of the geomorphic dynamics within the Nature Reserve(i.e.,scientific value)and it could be classified as an active geosite.Since the site was featured by a tourist trail,adequate management strategies must be adopted,considering the educational value and safety issues.

Management Philosophy and Practices of Habitat Conservation for Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China

Starting from the pressure on habitat of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve broughtabout by traveling activity, this paper puts forward such philosophy of community co-management ofconservation-based tourism development for Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve. According to this philosophy,emphasis is laid on the analysis of the mission of habitat protection, functional division, habitatmaintenance, community construction, scientific study and management organization system. The studyshows that the close relation and significance of rights and interests shared between nature reserveand residents in community, as well as the value of community co-management philosophy ofconservation-based tourism development in sustainable management of nature reserve, have set anexemplary example for other nature reserves.

Patterns of human-wildlife conflict and compensation practices around Daxueshan Nature Reserve, China

Understanding the spatial patterns of human-wildlife conflict is essential to inform management decisions to encourage coexistence, but it is constrained by the lack of spatially-explicit data. We collected spatially-implicit data of human-wildlife conflicts from 2009-2015 around Daxueshan Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China, and investigated the patterns and drivers of these conflicts. A questionnaire was also designed to capture local resident attitudes toward insurance-based compensation for the losses caused by targeted wildlife. We found that the Asiatic black bear （Ursus thibetanus） was the most conflict-prone animal around the reserve, followed by the rhesus macaque （Macaca mulatta） and Southeast Asian sambar （Cervus equinus）. Conflicts were unevenly distributed among seasons, villages, and communities, with several grids identified as conflict hotspots. Poisson models revealed that human-bear conflicts were negatively related to distance to the reserve and proportion of forest, but positively correlated to the proportion of cropland. Binomial models showed that communities affected by crop depredation were positively correlated with the proportion of cropland and negatively correlated with distance to the reserve, whereas communities affected by livestock depredation were negatively correlated with the proportion of cropland. The insurance-based scheme has compensated over 90% of losses, to the satisfaction of 90.6% of respondents. Our results suggest that human-bear conflict could be potentially reduced by eliminating food crops near the reserve boundary and livestock grazing at conflict hotspots.In addition, the insurance-based scheme could be replicated at a broader scale with improvement in loss assessment.

Management Modes at Different Levels and Management Effectiveness of Nature Reserve

Classification management is one of nature reserves management system in China. But state nature reserves and local administration nature reserves under the regulations are only the approval system and embody the concept of protection. Management pattern of nature reserves can be divided into nine types. There are big differences in the nine patterns in management foundation and coordination ability of management because different management pattern occupies different resources of administration,personnel,financial and law enforcement. By analyzing management pattern,thirty-eight indexes in thirteen categories were selected to evaluate the management effectiveness of national nature reserves subordinate to the State Forestry Administration (SFA) . Results show that the management effectiveness of national nature reserves is good as a whole,and the management effectiveness is direct proportional to administration level. Provincial administration has the higher efficiency than municipal and county administration. Direct administration by governments at all levels has the higher efficiency than departments' administration at the same level.

Research on Design and Management of Community-Based Ecotourism Model in Aksu-Zhabagly Nature Reserve of Kazakhstan

This study investigates the community-based ecotourism (CBE) model using a sample of the Aksu-Zhabagly nature reserve (NR). The aim is to propose a suitable CBE model for Aksu-Zhabgly nature-based tourism destinations by employing a combination of field observation, examination, evaluation, and SWOT analysis. The study determines the strategic suggestions for CBE model designing by the results of SWOT analysis. It concludes that convenient transportation and superior location, diversified wild animals and plants, rich in ethnocultural resources, traditional and tranquil life in a typical rural setting, hospitality and positive attitude of locals to tourism and great potential of the region for sustainable development of ecotourism are the strengths. At the same time, the far residential location from the provincial cities, low-quality service, outdated facilities and shortage of skilled employees in tourism management are the main weakness. Another group of constraints to tourism development is lack of tourism marketing and promotion agencies, lack of transparency, poor institution arrangement and corruption, and lack of preferential policies for CBE development. Finally, the paper recommends that economic development, environmental protection, culture and heritage, marketing and image, favorable political environment, and local residents’ empowerment are the main essential to effectively implement the sustainable development of CBE in the Aksu-Zhabagly tourist destination.

Sharing and evaluation of a new community co-management model for protecting Crested Ibis:a case study of Crested Ibis National Nature Reserve,China

The Crested Ibis(Nipponia Nippon) is endemic to Qinling Mountains of China and was once abundant over vast areas of north-east of Asia habitat.During the 20th century,however,the population declined greatly in numbers.Habitat quality used to be the main threat to this species but recent actions by the government and wildlife protection organizations have brought this under control.With the establishment of Crested Ibis Nature Reserve in China,conflicts between socio-economic development and Crested Ibis conservation have become more acute.How do we deal with the relation between Crested Ibis conservation and community development? In this study,the Crested Ibis Nature Reserve co-management model namely "companies + farmers + Nature Reserve" model is proposed and evaluated with demonstration investigation methods,including continuous six-year fixed-site socio-economic development data of surrounding community,company sales revenue data and monitored data of Crested Ibis Nature Reserve.The results show that farmers' income and conservation awareness increased greatly from 2003 to 2008;company sales revenue has increased by about 20% annually in the recent years;management level has noticeably improved in Nature Reserve,the scope of Crested Ibis habitat has expanded 50 hm2;chemical composition of habitat reduced year after year;and the number of Crested Ibis had been growing annually.At the end,the success of the model is evaluated,and problems in implementation of the model are discussed from the following aspects:management system,co-management concept,economic base of partners,marketing mechanism,technical capacity and so on.

The Wildlife and the Local Residents in Barling Town of Changtang Natural Reserve

The clear,tranquil,turquoise-colored Chixiang Tso Lake lies in a picturesque land.About noon,the sunlight sparkles on the lake.One of the vehicles' coming to a stop inside the government compound of Barling Town,we finally feel comforted by observing the serene and blue-colored lake.After half a day of traveling,at last we can relax.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of ecological variation of waterbird habitats in Dongtan area of Chongming Island

Based on Landsat TM images, we explored the pattern of variation of suitable waterbird habitats from 1990 to 2008 in the Dongtan area of Chongming Island at the Changjiang (Yangtze) River mouth. By applying our highly accurate indicator model (R=0.999, P<0.01), we quantified the variations of fluctuation intensity for local waterbird habitats during 1990-2008, and for the main waterbird groups (Anatidae, Charadriidae, Ardeidae and Laridae) from 2006 to 2008, to evaluate the impact of habitat quantity change on the waterbird habitat status and the population dynamics of the different waterbird groups. The results show that the aquaculture ponds (AP) and the Scirpus mariqueter zone (SMZ) underwent drastic habitat changes during certain periods (AP: 1997-2000, 2000-2003, 2005-2008; SMZ: 1997-2000), and the fluctuation intensity differed among habitat types in the order AP>SMZ>TSH (total suitable habitat)>BSA (bare mud flat and shallow water area). The abandonment of tracts of aquaculture ponds in Dongtan in mid-2006 brought about an intensive population fluctuation, caused by rapidly changing habitat with the population expanding to adjacent areas. At present, Anatidae and Ardeidae are threatened in the Dongtan area with declining populations because of their very "picky" habitat requirements (i.e., high reliance on AP). The Charadriidae experienced enormous population declines in the late 1990s, however, they have since recovered to normal levels as habitat change has stabilized. Our findings suggest that the current challenges for habitat management are the protection and stabilization of AP and SMZ habitats.

Resident Perceptions of Black Bear Management in South Central Kentucky

The growth and sprawl of the American black bear (Ursus americanus) population have been observed and monitored in the past two decades, especially in south-central Kentucky. To better manage human-black bear interaction and develop informed policy and best practices, the current study sought to 1) understand south-central Kentucky residents’ current knowledge of and previous experience with black bears, 2) investigate residents’ attitudes toward black bears and regulated hunting in wildlife management;and 3) identify residents’ level of acceptance of various black bear related management actions in south-central Kentucky. From February to April 2017, residents of London and Stearns districts (southeastern regions) of the Daniel Boone National Forest, a black bear habitat, were invited to participate in this study. The results from 139 completed surveys showed that residents lacked sufficient knowledge about black bear populations in the region and received minimal information regarding black bear management efforts. In comparison to education efforts and relocation, regulated black bear hunting could be a cost-effective option to promote responsible use of wildlife resources and black bear population control. This study provided lessons and recommendations for black bear management in south-central Kentucky and may be of utilization for any other wildlife conservation areas.

Do Observations during Patrolling Trips Detect Changes in Wildlife Presence & Diversity in National Parks?

Globally, mountains encompass spectacular landscapes and a great diversity of species. However, Savannah’s mountains in Sudan have been affected by the loss of diversity due to human activities and climate changes. Therefore, this study aims to assess changes in wildlife diversity in Jebel-Eldair Nation Park (JENP) based on only reports from patrolling activities, especially in the absence of regular wildlife monitoring programs. Reports of monthly wildlife observations during patrolling trips were used for the summer season in 2010 and 2018. Findings showed a moderate to high decline in the most important wildlife species (i.e. lion, wild dog, and crest porcupine). Six others are documented as rare species in reserve, including the civet, spotted hyena, striped hyena, jackal, seraval, and Siberian bird. Contrary and despite the diversity reduction, some species witnessed increases in their observation frequency, such as lesser kudu, caracal, monitor, and lunar bird. Moreover, human settlements, agricultural activities, and other anthropogenic factors were found to be the main drivers of biodiversity reduction in JENP. The study recommends adopting this method to detect changes in wildlife communities, especially in a situation of deficiency and lack of funding to conduct regular monitoring programs.

基于利益相关者的海洋自然保护区管理有效性评价研究

海洋自然保护区管理有效性评价是发现保护区管理问题,分析成因,寻求解决方案和提升管理成效的重要手段。本研究基于利益相关者视角,以广东省两个国家级海洋自然保护区为案例,通过实地考察和半结构访谈,研究分析海洋自然保护区管理有效性。结果表明,我国海洋自然保护区涉及的利益相关者包括政府类、事业单位类、企业类、非政府组织类和居民类等,通过管理有效性评价发现案例保护区存在执法权缺失、人员编制不足、规划协调不够以及保护与渔民生产生活相冲突等问题,需保护区管理者与各利益相关者协同解决。建议完善保护区管理者评价与奖惩机制;将保护区管理指标纳入各级政府考评体系;完善科研机构与保护区科技合作和数据共享机制;促进社区公众等利益主体与保护区形成海洋保护利益共同体。通过推动多种利益主体相互协作,共同提升海洋自然保护区管理有效性。

信息化时代背景下林业自然保护区智慧管理机制构建研究

当前大部分林业自然保护区仍采用传统管理模式,管理水平有待进一步提升。为解决这一问题,该文对信息化时代背景下林业自然保护区智慧管理机制进行研究。首先分析当下林业自然保护区3种常用的管理模式现状,得出每种模式的特征。再探讨信息化技术在林业自然保护区智慧管理中的作用,包括降低管理工作难度、实现管理工作监督2个方面。最后,通过借助信息化手段构建基础数据层、功能管理层、智慧管理展示层相结合的三层智慧管理平台运行机制、资金投入保障机制、信息化管理队伍服务机制及管理人员责任落实机制,以期通过这4项机制为林业自然保护区智慧管理机制的构建和实施奠定基础。

吉林省自然保护地的保护与管理现状

本文介绍了吉林省自然概况及自然保护地现状,梳理了自然保护地现存的主要问题,提出了相应的对策与建议。

自然保护地野生动物监测技术应用现状及研发需求

生物多样性监测是了解资源动态、掌握保护对象生存状况和保护成效的主要途径,也是建设和管理国家公园及保护地的主要手段,其技术状况反映其管理能力和科技水平。较其他行业和林草行业其他领域,野生动物资源监测工作的技术较为滞后,相关技术缺陷一定程度上制约了国家公园及保护地监测工作的开展。围绕主要野生动物监测技术的发展进行综述,对已有技术缺陷的总结和评估,提出利用信息技术、人工智能技术赋能国家公园和保护地监测技术的研发思路,建议将系统地整合现有监测技术,并将自由定位、空间测量、自动记录和传输等作为主要性能及指标。在此基础上,针对已有智能监测技术存在的问题和使用缺陷,提出了构建以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系中野生动物资源监测中需要考着重考虑的问题,以期为国家公园和保护地动物资源监测技术研发提供参考,推动监测工作有序开展,助力高质量发展。

基于人地耦合的湖南仙岳山省级森林公园分区管理策略

为探索城市近郊保护地综合保护和管理办法,形成科学可持续的管理体系,本文以醴陵市城市近郊的湖南仙岳山省级森林公园为研究对象,基于ASTER GDEM高程数据(N27E113)对保护地进行空间划分,运用ArcGIS中网络分析、服务区构建、空间分析、重要度评价法分析园内道路、周边构筑物所带来的人类活动对保护地各区域的影响及其差异,评估保护地生态功能的服务可达性;基于人地耦合的视角,在50 m×50 m分辨率水平上,将保护地划分为5个功能区域并制定了针对性的管理策略。其中,森林生态系统保育区施行严格封闭管理,森林资源多样性保育区适当进行人为干预保育特色物种,城市森林景观区加强多层、多季相森林景观营造,管理挑战与生境保护区应加强边界管理并划定人为活动影响预警区,有的放矢地开展定期巡视;文化旅游区应适度开发人文、自然景观,促进社区与保护地间的良性循环。本研究在实现城市近郊保护地与城市社区良性互动的基础上,针对仙岳山省级森林公园各区域空间特征、功能及其与城市的关系提出一套科学、可行的管理策略及实现路径,为城市近郊自然保护地的管理工作提供参考。

声纹识别技术支持下自然保护地鸟类多样性节律特征及监测有效性研究——以黄龙自然保护区为例

生物多样性是人类赖以生存和社会可持续发展的基础,是地球生命共同体的血脉和根基。声纹识别技术正在成为辅助生物多样性监测的重要手段,由于声纹数据采集的特征及计算性生物声学的发展,声学技术在物种鉴别、种群研究、环境成因研究方面正表现出优势。以黄龙自然保护区为例,以指示性物种鸟类的鸣声为对象,通过保护区中较高人为影响(黄龙景区)和较低人为影响(张家沟)这两个区域的被动式监测,采集了6303 min声音数据。通过经典声学指数计算、人工智能物种识别与样线调查相结合的方法,研究得出:(1)人工智能技术下鸟类多样性及鸣声时间分布特征;(2)声纹识别技术较之于传统调查方法更具有效性;(3)声学指数计算对环境的响应程度与有效性辨析。研究试验性地对数据进行了分析阐释,以黄龙自然保护区为例作为方法的探索,为此类保护地保护管理提供借鉴。

黑龙江省市县级自然保护区管理现状与保护措施

通过对黑龙江省市县级自然保护区的调查研究,分析和总结市县级自然保护区经营管理的具体现实状况、取得的成效和存在的不足,提出相应加强自然保护区管理机构和队伍建设、勘界立标、加强监督与考核、建立健全完整的监测等保护管理措施。

淄博市自然保护地评估与整合优化路径研究

通过对淄博市5类26处自然保护地开展资源现状和管理现状评估赋分,客观分析自然资源现状及管理工作成效,为开展自然保护地整合优化提供科学路径。

东莞市自然保护区保护评估体系构建与应用

自然保护区是我国重要的生态屏障,充分发挥自然保护区的保护成效是实现生物多样性保护目标的关键,开展保护成效评估对促进自然保护区的有效管理和宏观决策具有重要意义。文章以东莞市6个自然保护区为研究对象,基于现有研究成果和技术标准规范,采用层次分析法构建了包括3个基准层、10个因素层和28个指标层的评估体系和综合评估模型,对东莞市自然保护区的保护成效进行评估。结果表明,东莞市16.67%的自然保护区评估为A级,66.66%的自然保护区评估为B级,16.67%的自然保护区评估为C级;东莞市的自然保护区网络对区内自然生境景观的保护效益显著,减缓了边界范围内景观破碎化趋势。该研究可为地市级区域内的自然保护区保护成效评价方法的探索提供参考,研究结果可为地市级区域内自然保护区保护成效提升与优化调整提供科学支撑。