Integrated urban water management （IUWM） is a useful tool that can be used to alleviate water resource shortages in developing regions like Macao, where 98% of the raw water comes from China's Mainland. In Macao...Integrated urban water management （IUWM） is a useful tool that can be used to alleviate water resource shortages in developing regions like Macao, where 98% of the raw water comes from China's Mainland. In Macao, scarce water resources deteriorate rapidly in emergency situations, such as accidental chemical spills upstream of the supply reservoir or salty tides. During these times, only the water from the two freshwater reservoirs in Macao can be used. In this study, we developed urban water management optimization models that integrated the raw water supply from the two reservoirs with various proposed governmental policies （wastewater reuse, rainwater collection, and water saving）. We then determined how various water resource strategies would influence the urban water supply in Macao in emergency situations. Our results showed that, without imported raw water, the water supply from only the two Macao reservoirs would last for 7.95 days. However, when all the government policies were included in the model, the supply could be extended to 13.79 days. Out of the three non-conventional water resources, wastewater reuse is the most beneficial for increasing the Macao water supply, and rainwater collection also has great potential.展开更多
Forward: The experience of land management in Shenzhen gives us the enlightenments: First, it is imperative toimplement commodification of land in China and full scale implementation. This trend will lead to the follo...Forward: The experience of land management in Shenzhen gives us the enlightenments: First, it is imperative toimplement commodification of land in China and full scale implementation. This trend will lead to the following 4benefits, namely: increase the effectiveness of land use dispositioning accelerate opening up to the outside world, allowfair competition among enterprises and enable the concentration of financial resources of the country and to bringabout a new source of financial income for the country. Secondly, there should be a clear model in thecommodification of land in China. It is appropriate for Shenzhen to choose the Commonwealth model i.e., the HongKong model, for reference for its commodification of land. However, we must abide by the principle that land re-sources are reasonably created under the condition that the relationship between ownership of land and rights to useremains unchanged. To implement commodification of land, it is necessary to establish perfect market for the tradingof parcels of land. This market has to be based on the prereguisite of public ownership of land, monopolized by thestate in accordance to the principle (of public ownership of land, monopolized by the state in accordance to the prin-ciple) of commodification. Thirdly, this management must be implemented by phases in different places instead ofmass action. The whole country can be roughly divided into four categories: the Special Economic Zones (SEZ) repre-sented by Shenzhen, the heavy industrial base along the southeast coastal region, some medium-sized open cities andthe northwest and southwest regions, where different practice should be adopted in different categories. Fourthly,commodification of land is closely linked with commodification of housing properties the whole situation of whichneeds to be taken into consideration in a comprehensive manner.展开更多
基金supported by the Fundo para lo Desenvolvimento das Ciências e da Tecnologia (FDCT), under Grant No. FDCT/069/2014/A2the Research Committee of the University of Macao, under Grant No MYRG072(Y1-L2)-FST13-LIC
文摘Integrated urban water management （IUWM） is a useful tool that can be used to alleviate water resource shortages in developing regions like Macao, where 98% of the raw water comes from China's Mainland. In Macao, scarce water resources deteriorate rapidly in emergency situations, such as accidental chemical spills upstream of the supply reservoir or salty tides. During these times, only the water from the two freshwater reservoirs in Macao can be used. In this study, we developed urban water management optimization models that integrated the raw water supply from the two reservoirs with various proposed governmental policies （wastewater reuse, rainwater collection, and water saving）. We then determined how various water resource strategies would influence the urban water supply in Macao in emergency situations. Our results showed that, without imported raw water, the water supply from only the two Macao reservoirs would last for 7.95 days. However, when all the government policies were included in the model, the supply could be extended to 13.79 days. Out of the three non-conventional water resources, wastewater reuse is the most beneficial for increasing the Macao water supply, and rainwater collection also has great potential.
文摘Forward: The experience of land management in Shenzhen gives us the enlightenments: First, it is imperative toimplement commodification of land in China and full scale implementation. This trend will lead to the following 4benefits, namely: increase the effectiveness of land use dispositioning accelerate opening up to the outside world, allowfair competition among enterprises and enable the concentration of financial resources of the country and to bringabout a new source of financial income for the country. Secondly, there should be a clear model in thecommodification of land in China. It is appropriate for Shenzhen to choose the Commonwealth model i.e., the HongKong model, for reference for its commodification of land. However, we must abide by the principle that land re-sources are reasonably created under the condition that the relationship between ownership of land and rights to useremains unchanged. To implement commodification of land, it is necessary to establish perfect market for the tradingof parcels of land. This market has to be based on the prereguisite of public ownership of land, monopolized by thestate in accordance to the principle (of public ownership of land, monopolized by the state in accordance to the prin-ciple) of commodification. Thirdly, this management must be implemented by phases in different places instead ofmass action. The whole country can be roughly divided into four categories: the Special Economic Zones (SEZ) repre-sented by Shenzhen, the heavy industrial base along the southeast coastal region, some medium-sized open cities andthe northwest and southwest regions, where different practice should be adopted in different categories. Fourthly,commodification of land is closely linked with commodification of housing properties the whole situation of whichneeds to be taken into consideration in a comprehensive manner.
