Multi-objective optimization and evaluation of supercritical CO_(2) Brayton cycle for nuclear power generation

The supercritical CO_(2) Brayton cycle is considered a promising energy conversion system for Generation IV reactors for its simple layout,compact structure,and high cycle efficiency.Mathematical models of four Brayton cycle layouts are developed in this study for different reactors to reduce the cost and increase the thermohydraulic performance of nuclear power generation to promote the commercialization of nuclear energy.Parametric analysis,multi-objective optimizations,and four decision-making methods are applied to obtain each Brayton scheme’s optimal thermohydraulic and economic indexes.Results show that for the same design thermal power scale of reactors,the higher the core’s exit temperature,the better the Brayton cycle’s thermo-economic performance.Among the four-cycle layouts,the recompression cycle(RC)has the best overall performance,followed by the simple recuperation cycle(SR)and the intercooling cycle(IC),and the worst is the reheating cycle(RH).However,RH has the lowest total cost of investment(C_(tot))of$1619.85 million,and IC has the lowest levelized cost of energy(LCOE)of 0.012$/(kWh).The nuclear Brayton cycle system’s overall performance has been improved due to optimization.The performance of the molten salt reactor combined with the intercooling cycle(MSR-IC)scheme has the greatest improvement,with the net output power(W_(net)),thermal efficiencyη_(t),and exergy efficiency(η_(e))improved by 8.58%,8.58%,and 11.21%,respectively.The performance of the lead-cooled fast reactor combined with the simple recuperation cycle scheme was optimized to increase C_(tot) by 27.78%.In comparison,the internal rate of return(IRR)increased by only 7.8%,which is not friendly to investors with limited funds.For the nuclear Brayton cycle,the molten salt reactor combined with the recompression cycle scheme should receive priority,and the gas-cooled fast reactor combined with the reheating cycle scheme should be considered carefully.

Analysis on decision-making model of plan evaluation based on grey relation projection and combination weight algorithm

In military service joint operations, when there are more operational forces, more multifarious materials are consumed, the support is more complex and fuzzy, the deployment of personnel is more rapid, and the support provided by wartime military material support powers can be more effective. When the principles,requirements, influencing factors and goals of military material support forces are deployed in wartime, an evaluation indicator system is established. Thus, a new combined empowerment method based on an analytic hierarchy process（AHP） is developed to calculate the subjective weights, and the rough entropy method is used to calculate the objective weights. Combination weights can be obtained by calculating the weight preference coefficient error, which is determined by combining the cooperative game method and the minimum deviation into objectives. This approach can determine the grey relation projection coefficient and synthesize the measure scheme superiority to finally optimize the deployment plan using the grey relation projection decision-making method. The results show that the method is feasible and effective;it can provide a more scientific and practical decision-making basis for the military material support power deployment in wartime.

党组织嵌入公司治理对高管—员工薪酬差距的影响研究

收入分配制度的合理性是保障社会公平与正义的关键。然而,随着高管薪酬对企业绩效的作用逐渐凸显,高管薪酬不断提高致使高管“天价薪酬”成为普遍现象,引起理论界和实务界的广泛关注。基于我国特殊的公司治理制度,以2010-2021年我国沪深A股上市公司为研究样本对党组织嵌入公司治理是否影响以及如何影响高管—员工薪酬差距进行研究,发现党组织融嵌公司治理有助于抑制高管—员工薪酬差距,而且党组织融嵌程度越高,对高管—员工薪酬差距的抑制作用越强;此外,这种抑制作用对国有企业、董事长或总经理无政治关联、市场化程度低的企业更显著;进一步分析发现,党组织嵌入公司治理可以通过抑制管理层权力的扩大和降低企业风险进而抑制高管—员工薪酬差距。从中国特色的党组织嵌入公司治理视角探讨高管—员工薪酬差距的影响因素以及作用机制,对于丰富薪酬差距影响因素研究和党组织嵌入公司治理效应研究方面的文献,加强党组织建设、全面促进党组织建设与公司治理结构的有机结合、优化收入分配制度改革具有借鉴意义。

跨境并购与高管薪酬——来自上市企业的经验证据

本文使用2012—2019年实施跨境并购的上市企业数据,结合倾向得分匹配法和双重差分法,考察跨境并购对高管薪酬的实际影响、作用机制与差异化特征。结果表明,跨境并购显著提升了中国上市企业高管薪酬,且在并购后第3年仍然发挥作用。进一步研究发现,跨境并购对高管薪酬的影响兼具相对合理的市场渠道和不合理的非市场渠道。市场渠道表现为跨境并购能让有海外经历的高管获取更高的薪酬;非市场渠道包括跨境并购使得权力更大的高管获得更高的薪酬以及跨境并购增加了高管的超额薪酬。本文厘清了中国上市企业跨境并购影响高管薪酬的作用渠道,不仅对“一带一路”倡议背景下企业高管薪酬激励具有一定参考意义,而且为中国企业“走出去”的进一步实践提供有益的启示。

China＇s nuclear power under the global 1.5℃ target： Preliminary feasibility study and prospects

This study explores the measures to achieve the global 1.5 ℃ temperature rise target （1.5 ℃ target） by analyzing the feasibility and obstacles of nuclear power in China. The 1.5 ℃target imposes stricter requirements on China＇s nuclear power. Considering the available nuclear power plant sites, nuclear power layout, equipment manufacture ＆ supply, nuclear power plant construction capacity, supportive operation ＆ management talents, investment, cost effectiveness, and public acceptance, the achievement of the development objectives of nuclear power in China considering the 1.5 ℃ Target is difficult. However, it is possible if favorable decisions and policies are made.

Optimal Bidding and Operation of a Power Plant with Solvent-BasedCarbon Capture under a CO2 Allowance Market： A Solution with aReinforcement Learning-Based Sarsa Temporal-Difference Algorithm

In this paper, a reinforcement learning （RL）-based Sarsa temporal-difference （TD） algorithm is applied tosearch for a unified bidding and operation strategy for a coal-fired power plant with monoethanolamine（MEA）-based post-combustion carbon capture under different carbon dioxide （CO2） allowance market con-ditions. The objective of the decision maker for the power plant is to maximize the discounted cumulativeprofit during the power plant lifetime. Two constraints are considered for the objective formulation. Firstly,the tradeoff between the energy-intensive carbon capture and the electricity generation should be made un-der presumed fixed fuel consumption. Secondly, the CO2 allowances purchased from the CO2 allowance mar-ket should be approximately equal to the quantity of COs emission from power generation. Three case stud-ies are demonstrated thereafter. In the first case, we show the convergence of the Sarsa TD algorithm andfind a deterministic optimal bidding and operation strategy. In the second case, compared with the inde-pendently designed operation and bidding strategies discussed in most of the relevant literature, the SarsaTD-based unified bidding and operation strategy with time-varying flexible market-oriented CO2 capturelevels is demonstrated to help the power plant decision maker gain a higher discounted cumulative profit.In the third case, a competitor operating another power plant identical to the preceding plant is consideredunder the same CO2 allowance market. The competitor also has carbon capture facilities but applies a differ-ent strategy to earn profits. The discounted cumulative profits of the two power plants are then compared,thus exhibiting the competitiveness of the power plant that is using the unified bidding and operation strat-egy explored by the Sarsa TD algorithm.

How Load Aggregators Avoid Risks in Spot Electricity Market:In the Framework of Power Consumption Right Option Contracts

There is uncertainty in the electricity price of spot electricity market,which makes load aggregators undertake price risks for their agent users.In order to allow load aggregators to reduce the spot market price risk,scholars have proposed many solutions,such as improving the declaration decision-making model,signing power mutual insurance contracts,and adding energy storage and mobilizing demand-side resources to respond.In terms of demand side,calling flexible demand-side resources can be considered as a key solution.The user’s power consumption rights(PCRs)are core contents of the demand-side resources.However,there have been few studies on the pricing of PCR contracts and transaction decisions to solve the problem of price forecast deviation and to manage the uncertainty of spot market prices.In addition,in traditional PCR contracts,PCRs are mostly priced using a single price mechanism,that is,the power user is compensated for part of the electricity that was interrupted or reduced in power supply.However,some power users might engage in speculative behaviours under this mechanism.Further,for load aggregators,their price risk avoidance ability has not substantially improved.As a financial derivative,options can solve the above problems.In this article,firstly,the option method is used to build an option pricing optimization model for power consumption right contracts that can calculate the optimal option premium and strike price of option contracts of power consumption rights.Secondly,from the perspective of power users and load aggregators,a simulation model of power consumption right transaction decision-making is constructed.The results of calculation examples show that(1)Under the model in this article,the pricing of option contracts for power consumption rights with better risk aversion capabilities than traditional compensation contracts can be obtained.(2)The decision to sell or purchase the power consumption rights will converge at respective highvalue periods,and option contracts will expedite the process.(3)Option contracts can significantly reduce the loss caused by the uncertainty of spot electricity prices for load aggregators without reducing users’willingness to sell power consumption rights.

Discussion on the Logical Coordination between Legal Theory and Legal Practice——from the Perspective of the Legal Basis of NPC5s Discussion and Decisiomaking Power on Major Issues

The decision of local people's congresses to discuss major issues is a basic right granted to local people's congresses by the Chinese Constitution and laws.However,in practice,the implementation of the power of deliberation of major issues by local people's congresses is worrying.By applying the theory of Chinese traditionalism and unity in the theory of law,the theory of"sovereignty in the people"in the social contract theory of Western natural law school,Austin's"legal command theory55 in Western positivist law and Hart's"recognition""Rules theory"to argue that the integrity of rights necessarily involves the dual factors of decision-making and execution.At the same time,the existence and operation of the law always reflects the development of the political system.The realistic political situation requires us to make more precise and meticulous refinement of the external form and specific technical links of the legal system,and to coordinate the rules to make up the legal theory and Conflicts and conflicts in legal practice help to reform social institutions.

全民所有自然资源资产管理体制研究

自然资源资产国家所有权实现是自然资源资产产权制度改革中的一项重大研究课题,深入开展国家所有权的权利性质、权能设置和实现方式等研究对于落实全民所有自然资源资产所有者职责具有重要的理论意义和迫切的现实需求。以自然资源资产管理体制探索为研究目标,首先分析自然资源资产所有者权利与管理者权力的区别与联系;然后构建出以分级代理体制为核心,权责清单为手段的自然资源资产所有者权利管理框架;最后以海洋空间资源资产为例,对海域、无居民海岛资源资产所有者权利管理开展探索研究,构建出海洋资源资产权责清单,并对自然资源资产所有者权利管理做出进一步思考。

董事高管责任保险会影响企业创新持续性吗

随着康美药业等重大案件的司法实践以及注册制全面推行,我国资本市场整体诉讼风险不断提高,董责险的公司治理作用日益凸显。以2015—2021年沪深A股上市公司为样本,实证检验董责险对企业创新持续性的影响。结果表明:董责险对企业创新持续性具有促进作用;随着管理者权力增大,董责险对创新持续性的正向作用减弱;内部控制、融资约束在董责险与企业创新持续性间发挥多重链式中介效应;在财务困境、高知识产权保护水平及高政府补贴样本企业,董责险对企业创新持续性的促进作用更为显著。结论有助于中国上市公司在经济转型升级情境下,结合企业需求更好地利用董责险这一制度优化自身创新战略,进而提升企业创新持续性水平。

企业避税行为与金融资产持有——基于管理层代理问题视角

以中国2009-2019年沪深A股上市公司为样本,实证检验了企业避税行为对金融资产持有的影响及其作用机制,旨在为理解避税活动对金融资产持有的内在机理提供微观经验证据。研究发现:企业避税活动与金融资产持有呈显著正相关关系。令人遗憾的是,企业避税活动负担下的金融资产持有是一种对实体经济的掏空行为,它不仅会导致研发支出、无形资产和固定资产投资等实体投资减少,而且还会造成企业未来主业业绩下降。此外,还发现企业避税行为对金融资产持有的这种正向关系,在高管理层短视、高管理层权力和强管理层激励的情境下表现得更加明显。该项研究不仅从委托代理视角论证了企业避税行为与金融资产持有的关系,而且还为缓解管理者与股东之间的代理冲突提供了新证据。

Profits and losses from changes in fair value,executive cash compensation and managerial power:Evidence from A-share listed companies in China

According to optimal contracting theory, compensation contracts are effective in solving the agency problem between stockholders and managers. Executive compensation is naturally related to firm performance. However, contracts are not always perfect. Managers may exert influence on the formulation and implementation of compensation contracts by means of their managerial power. As fair value has been introduced into the new accounting standards in China, new concerns have arisen over the relationship between profits and losses from changes in fair value(CFV) and levels of executive compensation.In this study, we find that executive compensation is significantly related to CFV. However, this sensitivity is asymmetric in that increases to compensation due to profits from changes in fair value(PCFV) are higher than reductions to compensation due to losses from changes in fair value(LCFV). Furthermore,we find that managerial power determines the strength of this asymmetry.

董事高管责任保险、管理层权力与真实盈余管理

以2003-2021年我国A股上市公司为研究对象,分析董事高管责任保险对企业真实盈余管理程度的影响。研究发现,董事高管责任保险与企业真实盈余管理程度呈正相关关系,并在成本操控和酌量性费用操控中更明显;此外,相较于管理层权力较低的企业,董责险的“风险兜底效应”在管理层权力高的企业更显著。研究结论拓展了董责险与真实盈余管理的研究,为完善董责险市场的发展提供相关参考。

高管集权、内部控制与会计信息质量

公司内部治理的核心之一是选择一个恰当的权力配置结构,以有利于增进公司各种制度和政策的执行效率。本文研究公司高管的权力配置结构对公司内部控制与会计信息质量之间关系的影响。采用盈余管理和财务重述衡量会计信息质量,本研究发现:(1)公司的内部控制质量与会计信息质量正相关;(2)公司内部控制对会计信息质量的提升作用受制于公司内部高管的权力配置结构。在高管权力集中的情况下,内部控制的改善对会计信息质量并没有明显的提升作用。本研究对公司内部控制制度的后续建设和实施乃至公司治理结构的改进均具有一定的启示意义。

管理层权力、在职消费与产权效率--来自中国上市公司的证据

国外近年大量研究表明,薪酬激励并不必然解决代理问题,薪酬的制定与执行机制可能使其成为代理问题的一部分。具体而言,管理层可能利用其权力影响甚至自定薪酬,从而寻租最终降低了薪酬的激励效用,中国的制度背景也为上述现象提供了可能。本文利用2001-2004年我国上市公司数据实证检验了管理层权力对于作为隐性薪酬的在职消费以及企业绩效的影响。从董事长总经理两职兼任、股权分散和高管长期在位视角构建了管理层权力的综合计量指标,研究中运用了普通最小二乘法和广义矩估计方法,并进行了稳健性检验。本文的研究结果表明,管理层权力是影响薪酬激励及其绩效的重要因素,我国要重视管理层权力及其引起的过度职务消费的治理问题,民营控股企业的内部权力治理不容忽视。

管理层能力、权力与在职消费研究

近年来,媒体披露的上市公司天价业务招待费现象引起广泛关注。本文以2010-2012年沪深主板上市公司为样本,研究了管理层能力、管理层权力对在职消费的影响。研究发现,管理层能力与在职消费之间呈显著的负相关关系,能力较强的经理人较少地通过在职消费来攫取私人利益;管理层权力越大,其获取的在职消费水平越高,表明随着权力的增长,管理层有动机通过在职消费攫取私人利益;在民营上市公司中,能力较强的管理层更能约束其凭借权力增加在职消费的行为。完善公司内部治理机制和绩效评价机制,发挥内部代理人市场竞争和外部职业经理人市场竞争的甄别作用,以及新闻媒体的外部监督作用,有助于约束管理层滥用在职消费的行为。

企业战略影响过度投资吗

本文以沪深两市2007-2013年A股上市公司为研究样本,检验了企业战略对过度投资的影响。实证检验结果表明,企业战略对过度投资具有显著影响,相比防御型企业战略,进攻型企业战略与过度投资的正相关关系更显著。本文发现,高管权力和企业现金持有水平能显著影响企业战略与过度投资之间的关系,高管权力越大,相比防御型企业战略,进攻型企业战略与过度投资的正相关关系更显著;企业现金持有水平越高,相比防御型企业战略,进攻型企业战略与过度投资的正相关关系更显著。本文的研究丰富了企业战略、过度投资等相关领域的文献;同时,对于如何降低企业过度投资水平也具有重要启示意义。

高管权力、行业竞争对股权激励方案模仿行为的影响

一直以来我国上市公司存在着明显的薪酬管制,管制的结果就是高管会寻求薪酬制度安排外的"不合法"收益,如过度的在职消费。股权激励作为一项新的激励机制,是高管薪酬的重要组成部分。已有的研究表明我国上市公司的股权激励方案设计中存在明显的高管自利行为。那么自利性的股权激励方案为何能得到通过?制度理论认为公司可以采用模仿行为以增强合法性,那么高管是否会模仿其他上市公司的股权激励方案来确保其股权激励方案得到通过?利用2006-2012年宣告实施股权激励方案的上市公司作为样本,研究发现样本公司在股权激励方案设计时会模仿同行业或同省份已采纳股权激励制度的上市公司的股权激励方案。同时,研究发现,高管权力和行业竞争是影响上市公司股权激励模仿行为的重要影响因素,高管权力弱以及被保护性行业的上市公司更倾向于在股权激励方案设计时进行模仿。

市场化进程、管理层权力与公司现金持有

股东与管理层的代理冲突是影响公司现金持有的关键因素,管理层权力的大小又体现了股东与管理层的代理冲突程度。本文运用2006-2010年我国上市公司数据,基于市场化进程的制度背景,实证检验了管理层权力与现金持有的关系。研究发现,管理层权力显著提高了上市公司的现金持有水平,但由管理层权力导致的高额持有现金产生了负面的价值效应,管理层权力对现金持有的影响与企业所在地区的市场化进程相关,市场化进程能够降低管理层权力与现金持有水平的正相关性,并进一步弱化管理层权力导致的高额持有现金的负面价值效应;进一步检验表明,权力强大的管理层所持有的高额现金恶化了公司过度投资,而市场化进程能够抑制管理层利用权力持有大量现金进行过度投资的行为。

管理层权力、现金股利与企业投资效率

本文选用2006-2011年我国A股上市公司数据作为研究样本,实证检验了管理层权力对企业分配现金股利的影响。研究结果表明,管理层权力大小与现金股利支付率高低显著负相关。文章进一步检验了现金股利与企业投资效率的关系,并检验管理层权力对该相关关系的影响。研究发现,在内部自由现金流富余且投资过度的样本中,发放现金股利能够有效减少自由现金流,抑制过度投资;在自由现金流紧缺且投资不足的样本中,企业支付现金股利会加剧现金流紧缺,造成更严重的投资不足。管理层权力的存在降低了现金股利对非效率投资的影响。本研究的启示意义在于,在讨论股利政策与公司投资决策的作用机理时,管理层权力是一个重要的影响因素。