Study on Biological Habits and Control of Scirothrips dorsalis Hood on Mangoes

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the biological habits of Scirothrips dorsalis Hood and methods for controlling this pest. [Method] From 2009 to 2011, the biological habits of Scirothrips dorsalis Hood and the regularity of its occurrence on mangoes were investigated at the experimental base of the Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Shuanghongqiao Mango Orchard in Baoshan, Yunnan Province. In addition, a field trial on the effects of four medicaments on controlling this pest was also conducted. [Result] The result showed that Scirothrips dorsalis Hood completed 10-12 genera- tions per year in Baoshan area, and the peak period of its incidence was from February to April. The results of the pest control testing showed that at 0.05 level, there were significant differences of effect on pest controlling among the treatments I, II and IV, and the treatment III showed significant differences of controlling effect with the treatment IV, while no significant differences with either the treatment I or the treatment II; at 0.01 level, there was no significant difference among the treat- ments I, II and III, while all the three treatments showed significant differences with treatment IV. [Conclusion] This study revealed that the occurrence and the severity of Scirothrips dorsalis Hood on mangoes in Baoshan, Yunnan Province. In addition, pesticides with certain efficacy on controlling Scirothrips dorsalis Hood were screened, which provides more options for fruit growers to control this pest on mangoes.

Properties of Baby Food Developed from Orange-Fleshed Sweetpotato and Mangoes

Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD) is a major concern in the world today and is a risk for children in developing countries. Trends have shown that food based interventions are the preferred long-term solution in controlling VAD as opposed to supplements. The orange-fleshed sweetpotato and mangoes are rich in beta-carotene, yet they are not fully utilized. A processed product from these raw materials will make use of surplus produce, promote year round utilization, increase the economic value of the crops and provide variety and convenience of uses. The roots were obtained from the field station, University of Nairobi, while the mangoes were purchased from the local market. The roots were washed, peeled and sliced. They were boiled to softness and mashed. The mangoes were washed, peeled, sliced and pureed in a blender. The two raw materials were mixed using six different formulations. Each formula was pasteurized at 80°C for 5 min in a batch pasteurizer, packaged by hot filling, cooled immediately and stored. The cooking time for the sweetpotatoes was 19.5 min. Losses of beta-carotene and ascorbic acid ranged from 17% - 21% and 18% - 28% respectively after pasteurization. The total solids increased by 3% on average. Changes due to storage of the product at 25°C could be detected by sensory analysis only after six months of storage. After storage, beta-carotene and ascorbic acid decreased by 18% and by 45% respectively. The final stored product could provide 73.7% and 64.5% of retinol equivalent for infants and 1 - 10 year-olds respectively. It could also provide 48.9% of ascorbic acid for children 1 - 10 years old, when consumed in amounts of 100 g per day.

Phytosanitary Practices and Pesticide Levels in Fresh and Dried Mangoes Produced in Burkina Faso

Pesticides are used to control fruit flies and other potential crop pests, particularly mango in Burkina Faso. Pesticides are a potential health hazard for users and consumers and are a major constraint to the export and commercialization of mangoes. The objective of this study was to evaluate phytosanitary practices in orchards and pesticide residue levels in four varieties of fresh and dried mangoes (Amelie, Brooks, Kents and Lippens) produced in four localities in Burkina Faso in order to determine their health impact on consumers. Surveys on pesticide use and monitoring of phytosanitary practices were carried out among 16 orchard owners in the localities of Bobo-Dioulasso, Orodara, Toussiana and Banfora, a high mango production area. Also, a total of 120 samples, including 60 samples of fresh mangoes and dried 60 samples of dried mango were collected. A multi-residue method was developed to detect pesticide levels in the collected samples by gas chromatography with a micro-electron capture detector. The study revealed the use of unauthorized pesticides, often specifically for other crops, and a monitoring trapping network in the orchards against insects. 34 chemical pesticides were detected in 120 samples of all mango varieties collected. Pesticide residues were detected in 72% of the samples, and of the positive samples, 48.52% contained concentrations above the maximum residue limit permissibility. Organochlorine pesticide residues were present in fresh mangoes (60.5%) and a total of fifteen active compounds were detected in dried mangoes. The very poor management and use of pesticides found in these orchards could pose a threat to the productivity of natural ecosystems and the health of producers, processors and consumers. Awareness raising and training of producers on the knowledge of the risks linked to the use of pesticides and good practices are necessary to preserve the health of all.

The Relationship Between Heat-induced Chilling Tolerance and Endogenous ABA Levels in Mangoes

Heating 'Zhihua' mangoes (Mangifera indica L. cv. Zhihua) in hot air at 38℃ for 12hours significantly reduced the development of chilling injury following storage for 12days at 2t. Prolonging the heating up to 72hours acquired similar results. During the 12 days' storage at 2℃ following heating for 72hours, the membrane leakage of the mango peels showed little change, while it increased with time for the control fruits, and the endogenous ABA levels in the heated fruits were higher than that in the control. These results indicated that higher ABA rates were linked with stronger chilling tolerance in mangoes.

Hierarchical approach for ripeness grading of mangoes

Grading of fruits based on their ripeness has been a topic of research for the last two decades.Identifying the ripened mangoes has become more of an art than science and is a challenging task.This study aims at introducing a system to grademangoes with four classes based on their ripeness.The study was demonstrated through an extensive experimentation on a newly created dataset consisting of 981 images of Alphonsomango variety belonging to four classes viz.,under-ripen,perfectly ripen,over-ripen with internal defects and over-ripen without internal defects.In this study,a hierarchical approach was adopted to classify the mangoes into the four classes.At each stage of classification,L*a*b color space features were extracted.For the purpose of classification at each stage,a number of classifiers and their possible combinationswere tried out.The study revealed that,the Support VectorMachine(SVM)classifier works better for classifyingmangoes into under-ripen,perfectly ripen and overripen while the thresholding classifier has a superior classification performance on over-ripen with internal defects and over-ripen without internal defects.Further,to bring out the superiority of the hierarchical approach,a conventional single shot multi-class classification approach with SVMwas also studied.The results of the experimentation demonstrated that the hierarchical method with an accuracy of 88%outperforms the counterpart conventional single shot multi-class classification approach in addition to several existing contemporary models.

Recent advances in the study of epitopes,allergens and immunologic cross-reactivity of edible mango

Mango(Mangifera indica L.)is a tropical fruit that is widely consumed as both fresh fruits and processed products around the world.The high incidence of mango allergy,on the other hand,has sparked widespread concern.Therefore,a summary and analysis of the current status and issues in mango allergen research can guide in-depth study on the mechanism of mango allergy and reveal effective desensitization methods.We described the incidence of fruit allergy,as well as the mechanism and clinical symptoms of mango allergy,in this review.We also looked into the structural properties of mango allergens,the effect of processing methods on mango allergens,prediction methods for mango allergen epitopes,and the current state of research on mango cross-reactive allergens and preventive measures.Finally,the research directions and ideas for the future are proposed and discussed.

Curcuminoids Inhibit Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

The growth rate method was adopted to measure the inhibitory effect of curcumin,tetrahydrocurcumin,demethoxycurcumin,and bisdemethoxycurcumin on the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.The results showed that the four curcuminoids inhibited the mycelial growth of the two pathogens in a concentration-dependent manner.Bisdemethoxycurcumin at 600 mg/L exerted the strongest inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of B.cinerea and C.gloeosporioides,with the relative inhibition rates of 98.19%and 100%,respectively;followed by demethoxycurcumin;curcumin exerted the worst inhibitory effect.Toxicity test results also showed that four curcuminoids all had a certain toxicity to B.cinerea and C.gloeosporioides,among which,bisdemethoxycurcumin exhibited the strongest toxicity,with the EC_(50)of 131.125 and 122.235 mg/L,respectively;while curcumin had the lowest toxicity,with the EC_(50)of 273.143 and 194.943 mg/L,respectively.

Effects of Incorporating Mango (Mangifera indica), Avocado (Persea americana) and Guava (Psidium guajava) Leaves Powder in the Ration on Growth Characteristics in Rabbits

A study conducted on burgundy rabbits evaluated the effects of rations containing mango (Mangifera indica), avocado (Persea americana) and guava (Psidium guajava) powder. For this purpose, 36 rabbits (20 males and 16 females) aged 60 to 70 days with an average weight of 1012 ± 133 g were divided randomly into 4 equal groups (T0, T1, T2 and T3) of 9 animals each according to body weight (bw). The rabbits were divided throughout the trial, the animals were fed, those of group T0 (control) with a standard feed without any type of leaf powder, while those of groups 1, 2 and 3 received the standard feed supplemented with Mangifera indica, Persea americana and Psidium guajava leaves powder at the rate of 0.5% respectively. After two months of treatment, the animals were fasted for 12 hours (20 h - 8 h) and sacrificed to evaluate carcass and digestive organ weights. The results revealed that the values of feed intake, live weight and weight gain were non-significantly (p > 0.05) increased in all animals regardless of the ration in reference to the control. The different leaves powder induced an increase in carcass yield in rabbits but this increase was only significant (p M. indica leaf powder (51.03 ± 0.24) as compared to the control (48.63 ± 0.74). Gut length was significantly increased in animals fed rations containing Psidium guajava and Persea americana leaves powder compared to the control. A significant increase in gut weight was observed in animals fed the Persea americana leaf supplemented ration. In general, mango leaf powder performed better than other types of powders.

Study on Compound Stabilizer Formulation for Mango Juice with Skin

[Objectives]The effects of stabilizers such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose,pectin,sodium alginate and xanthan gum on the stability of mango juice with skin were discussed using mango as the raw material.[Methods]The formula and stability of mango beverage with skin were studied using mango juice with skin as the raw material.Four stabilizers,including pectin,sodium alginate and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose,were added to improve the stability of the juice.Based on single factor experiments and a response surface experiment,the stability model of mango juice was established to determine the best compound stabilizer.[Results]According to an orthogonal experiment on the stability of mango juice with skin,the optimum technical parameters were as follows:sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 0.20%,xanthan gum 0.08%,sodium alginate 0.18%,and pectin 0.14%,with which the optimal suspension stability was 69.12%.The optimum technical parameters from the response surface experiment were as follows:sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 0.199%,pectin 0.1185%,sodium alginate 0.163%,and xanthan gum 0.077%,with which the suspension stability was 70.32%.It was found that the stability of mango juice with skin obtained by the response surface experiment was better than that by the orthogonal experiment,and the order of factors affecting the stability of mango was sodium alginate(C)>sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(A)>pectin(D)>xanthan gum(B).[Conclusions]The formula of compound stabilizer for mango juice was optimized by the orthogonal experiment and the response surface method,providing a theoretical basis for the actual production of mango juice with skin.

Influence of Different Mango Phenological Stages on Fruit Fly Populations in Mango Orchards in Northern Côte d’Ivoire

Côte d’Ivoire is the third largest supplier of mangoes to the European market, after Brazil and Peru, and the leading exporter of mangoes to the African market. However, mango production is faced with the problem of fruit flies, which cause yields to fall. In order to combat fruit flies, a study was launched into the early detection of fruit flies at different phenological stages of the mango tree. The overall aim of the study is to help improve mango productivity through early detection of fruit flies at different phenological stages. Accordingly, a trapping system containing sexual attractants and insecticides was set up in the four cardinal directions of the mango orchard. Insects were collected once a week during the vegetative, flowering, mango development and mango ripening stages. Twelve fruit fly species in four genera and seven species were identified, with a high abundance of Bactrocera dorsalis ((265.64 ± 132.82) individuals) and Ceratitis cosyra ((171.87 ± 85.94) individuals). Fruit flies were most abundant at the maturity stage, with a high abundance of Bactrocera dorsalis species ((129.20 ± 46.15) individuals) and at the vegetative stage ((597.80 ± 214.07) individuals), and a high abundance of Ceratitis cosyra species at the flowering (111.26 ± 33.71) and mango development ((187.47 ± 62.64) individuals) stages. In conclusion, the phenological stages of mango influence the population of fruit flies in mango orchards.

Technical-Economic Performance, Carcass and Meat Quality of COBB500 Broilers Fed Rations Incorporating Mango By-Product Feeds in Ivory Coast (West Africa)

The study evaluated the growth performance and carcass quality of COBB500 broilers fed two experimental rations incorporating feed and mango fine ED10 for a batch of 83 birds, ED20 (batch of 83 birds) in comparison with a commercial control ration CCD (84 birds). For this purpose, 250 day-old chicks of this breed were purchased in Korhogo and transported to Tengréla in Ivory Coast for rearing. The results show that substituting mango provender ans and mango seed flour for maize resulted in rations with costs per kgMS of 215.35FCFA, 2016.93FCFA and 320FCFA for the ED10, ED20 and CCD rations respectively. The production costs per kg of chicken (FCPkgLW) of the CCD ration were significantly higher than those of the ED10 and ED20 (p 0.05). ADGs were significantly different and decreasing from CCD, ED20 to ED10 (p 0.05). Average weights at 42nd day for ED20 and CCD were homogeneous (p > 0.05) and significantly higher than for ED10 (p 0.05). By day 49th the average weight of ED20 had reached and exceeded that of CCD by day 42nd. PSLW, HCW and CCW were significantly different and decreasing from CCW, ED20 to ED10 (p 0.05). Average hot (HCY) and cooled (CCY) carcass yields of ED20 and CCD rations were comparable (p > 0.05) and significantly higher than those of ED10 ration (p = 0.009) and 0.003). Average drumstick and neck weights were significantly higher and lower for CCD, ED20 and ED10 (p 0.05). For all other parts of the cut, the average weights of the CCD ration were significantly higher (p 0.05) than those of the ED20 and ED10 rations, which were homogeneous (p 0.05). The incorporation of mango provender and mango seed flour in broiler rations offers the prospect of reduced production costs, less competition between man and animals over cereals, and lean meat production that is more appreciated than that of chickens fed conventional feed. As it stands, the ED20 ration can be recommended as a growth diet for broilers. It would be necessary to determine the levels of anti-nutritional substances in mango feeds and to assess the in vivo digestibility of mango ingredients and the diets incorporating them.

An Application of Machine Learning Methods to Detect Mango Varieties

The mango, a fruit of immense economic and dietary significance in numerous tropical and subtropical regions, plays a pivotal role in our agricultural landscape. Accurate identification is not just a necessity, but a crucial step for effective classification, sorting, and marketing. This study delves into the potential of machine learning for this task, comparing the performance of four models: MobileNetV2, Xception, VGG16, and ResNet50V2. These models were trained on a dataset of annotated mango images, and their performance was evaluated using precision, accuracy, F1 score, and recall, which are standard metrics for image classification. The Xception model, with its exceptional performance, outshone the other models on all performance indicators. It achieved a staggering accuracy of 99.47%, an F1 score of 99.43%, and a recall of 99.43%, showcasing its remarkable ability to accurately identify mango varieties. MobileNetV2 followed closely with performances of 98.95% accuracy, 98.85% F1 score, and 98.86% recall. ResNet50V2 also delivered satisfactory results with 97.39% accuracy, 97.08% F1 score, and 97.17% recall. VGG16, however, was the least effective, with a precision rate of 83.25%, an F1 score of 83.25%, and a recall of 85.47%. These results confirm the superiority of the Xception model in detecting mango varieties. Its advanced architecture allows it to capture more distinguishing features of mango images, leading to greater precision and reliability. Xception’s robustness in identifying true positives is another advantage, minimizing false positives and contributing to more accurate classification. This study highlights the promising potential of machine learning, particularly the Xception model, for accurately identifying mango varieties.

Hexavalent Chromium Cr (VI) Removal from Water by Mango Kernel Powder

Metal trace elements (MTE) are among the most harmful micropollutants of natural waters. Eliminating them helps improve the quality and safety of drinking water and protect human health. In this work, we used mango kernel powder (MKP) as bioadsorbent material for removal of Cr (VI) from water. Uv-visible spectroscopy was used to monitor and quantify Cr (VI) during processing using the Beer-Lambert formula. Some parameters such as pH, mango powder, mass and contact time were optimized to determine adsorption capacity and chromium removal rate. Adsorption kinetics, equilibrium, isotherms and thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG˚, ΔH˚, and ΔS˚, as well as FTIR were studied to better understand the Cr (VI) removal process by MKP. The adsorption capacity reached 94.87 mg/g, for an optimal contact time of 30 min at 298 K. The obtained results are in accordance with a pseudo-second order Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. Finally FTIR was used to monitor the evolution of absorption bands, while Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) were used to evaluate surface properties and morphology of the adsorbent.

Integrated Approaches of Mechanical Barrier, Insecticide and Botanicals against Mango Mealybug (Drosicha mangiferae)

An experiment was conducted to test the efficacy of a mechanical barrier around the tree trunk with one spray of Cypermethrin @ 1 ml/l and turmeric powder extract @ 15 g/500ml of water applied in integrated approaches against mango mealybug on mango tree. There were 7 treatments including a control. The treatments were Mechanical barrier, Cypermethrin spray @ 1 ml/l, Turmeric powder spray @ 15 g/500ml of water, Cypermethrin spray + Turmeric spray, Cypermethrin spray + Mechanical barrier, Turmeric + Mechanical barrier and untreated control. Three-year-old mango plants grafted from a 5-year-old mango tree (Variety Amropali) and planted in pots were used in the experiment. The treatment, Cypermethrin spray + Mechanical barrier gave the highest reduction of mango mealybug population 87.06% to 93.90% followed by Turmeric spray + Mechanical barrier and showed 81.13% to 86.04% and Mechanical barrier alone showed 81.13% to 84.59% population reduction. Turmeric powder extract showed only (8.42% to 23.77%) population reduction of mango mealybug which was lowest compared to other treatments.

塔里木盆地塔北隆起天然气轻烃地球化学特征及应用

通过分析塔里木盆地塔北隆起天然气中轻烃组分的特征，认为塔北隆起油型气、煤型气和混合型3类天然气藏中轻烃的分布特征具有明显的差异。分布在英买力低凸起和哈拉哈塘凹陷的油型气，其轻烃组分中正构烷烃和正庚烷的相对含量较高；分布在轮台断隆的煤型气，其轻烃组分中异构烷烃、甲基环己烷和苯的相对含量较高；分布在东河塘断裂带附近的混源气，其轻烃组分中苯、甲基环己烷和正庚烷的相对含量均较高。根据甲烷碳同位素和轻烃成熟度参数估算的成熟度特征，认为提尔根、羊塔克断裂带和英买32潜山构造带天然气至少应存在两期成藏；英买7、东河塘断裂带和英买2潜山构造带天然气为一期成藏。天然气中轻烃参数显示，轮台断隆西段的天然气具有自库车坳陷向塔北前缘隆起带运移充注的特征。

典型海相油和典型煤成油轻烃组成特征及地球化学意义

通过对塔里木盆地塔中隆起典型海相原油和吐哈盆地典型煤成油的轻烃组分、Mango参数和成熟度等分析后发现:2类原油轻烃组分含量差异明显,塔中隆起海相油富含正庚烷,吐哈盆地煤成油则富含甲基环己烷;塔中隆起海相油Mango参数K1值分布在0.97～1.19之间,与Mango所报道的结果相一致,而吐哈盆地煤成油的K1值却异常高(1.35～1.66);塔中隆起海相油成熟度参数庚烷值(32.3%～45.4%)和异庚烷值(1.9～3.7)高于煤成油,已处于高成熟阶段,塔中隆起典型海相油的形成温度要明显高于吐哈盆地煤成油。

塔中北斜坡原油轻烃组成及地球化学特征

塔中北斜坡原油为低硫、低蜡的典型腐泥型母质来源的原油,其苯含量低,正己烷和环己烷含量较高,正庚烷含量高,二甲基环戊烷含量极低,说明藻类和细菌是主要的烃源。该斜坡原油的Mango轻烃参数K1值主要分布在1左右,平均值为1.11,除个别井(塔中24井)K1值偏离较大之外,基本上与Mango所做结论一致;K2值普遍较低,平均值为0.21,为典型的海相油特征;原油庚烷值大于30%,异庚烷值也大于2.0,表明原油已处于高成熟阶段。

莺-琼盆地原油成熟度研究

运用反映原油整体面貌及反映原油组成的成熟度参数对莺-琼盆地原油(凝析油)进行综合研究后认为,莺-琼盆地原油(凝析油)主体可能是成油高峰期的产物,但有程度不同的未熟—低熟原油的混入。凝析油并不一定是高温裂解的产物,在相应地质条件下,正常的成熟度也可形成凝析油。金刚烷业已用于原油成熟度研究,但在莺—琼盆地未熟—低熟油样品抽提物中均发现了单、双金刚烷,说明金钢烷不一定只受高温条件的控制,其形成还可能受沉积环境的影响,故将金刚烷参数用作成熟度指标时要慎重。

Mango轻烃参数在塔里木原油分类中的应用

根据Ｍａｎｇｏ稳态催化动力学轻烃成因模式所得到的参数可作为塔里木盆地原油分类的有效指标。不同成因原油之间Ｋ２［Ｐ３／（Ｐ２＋Ｎ２）］值有明显的变化，在海相油中其平均值（０．２０～０．２３）较低，陆相油中（０．２９～０．３６）较高，表明该参数与源岩的有机质类型及沉积环境性质有关。Ｎ１６／Ｎ１５和（Ｎ１６＋Ｎ１５）／（Ｐ２＋Ｐ３＋Ｎ２）等不同结构类型轻烃化合物的比值能区分海、陆原油。不同成因原油的Ｃ７轻烃组成反映出不同的碳环优势（ＲＰ），海相原油轻烃富含二甲基环戊烷（５ＲＰ），而陆相原油以甲基环已烷占优势（６ＲＰ）。

塔里木盆地塔中地区原油轻烃组成特征及其意义

塔里木盆地塔中地区原油总体上相对富含链烷烃，贫芳烃，苯的含量很低，正己烷和己烷含量较高，处于高成熟阶段，所经历的最高温度为115～128℃，除个别井原油表现为高K1值外，其他样品K1值与Mango所做的结论一致。