Marginal cost pricing for coal fired electricity in coastal cities of China:The case of Mawan Electricity Plant in Shenzhen City, China

By developing a GDMOD model to estimate the environmental externalities associated with electricity generation, this project provides a detailed analysis of the damages and costs caused by different pollutants at varying distances from the Mawan Electricity Plant in Shenzhen, China. The major findings of this study can be summarized that (1) environmental damages caused by electricity production are large and are mainly imposed on regions far away from the electricity plant; (2) air pollution is the most significant contributor to the total damages, and SO_2, NOx, and particulate matter are the three major pollutants with highest damages; (3) the damages caused per unit of particulate, NOx, and SO_2 emissions are much higher than pollution treatment and prevention costs. The research results of this project showed that China needs to have a more effective levy system on SO_2, and a more manageable electricity tariff mechanism to internalize the environmental externalities. The results have also implications for pollution control strategies, compensation schemes as well as emission trading arrangements.

A modification of local path marginal cost on the dynamic traffic network

Path marginal cost （PMC） is the change in totaltravel cost for flow on the network that arises when timedependentpath flow changes by 1 unit. Because it is hardto obtain the marginal cost on all the links, the local PMC,considering marginal cost of partial links, is normallycalculated to approximate the global PMC. When analyzingthe marginal cost at a congested diverge intersection, ajump-point phenomenon may occur. It manifests as alikelihood that a vehicle may unsteadily lift up （down） inthe cumulative flow curve of the downstream links. Previously,the jump-point caused delay was ignored whencalculating the local PMC. This article proposes an analyticalmethod to solve this delay which can contribute toobtaining a more accurate local PMC. Next to that, we usea simple case to calculate the previously local PMC and themodified one. The test shows a large gap between them,which means that this delay should not be omitted in thelocal PMC calculation.

CO2 Marginal Abatement Cost and Determinants——An Empirical Analysis of Sample Cities in China

This paper investigates the marginal abatement cost （MAC） of CO： emissions across 104 Chinese cities between 2001 and 2008. Based on parametric directional distance function, this paper discovers that the mean marginal abatement cost of CO2 emissions for sample cities was 967 yuan/ton. In terms of region, CO： marginal abatement cost is significantly higher in China＇s eastern region than in central and western regions; in terms of provincial-level region, it is the highest in Shanghai and the lowest in Shaanxi in terms of city, it is the highest in Shanghai and the lowest in Zhangjiajie with the ratio between their medians being at 48：1; in terms of time, marginal abatement cost has been always on the rise with significant intercity disparities. There is a U-shaped curve relationship between marginal abatement cost of cities and CO2 emissions per unit of GDP, which is negatively correlated with the share of secondary industry and positively correlated with the level of urbanization.

Flow tracing based on current

Analyses the flow tracing based on power flow, points out that the detachment of reactive power and active power is unrealiable and concludes that the current is the real basic of flow tracing,and proposes the new flow tracing model based on current, which devides the current into active current and reactive current, analyses the theory about the matrix to deal with the precision and realization of the flow tracing, and then proposes a new pricing model by fixed rate and marginal rate, which keeps not only economy information such as congestion cost in marginal cost based pricing, but also benefits to make both ends meet.

Pollutant emission reduction effect through effluent tax,concentration-based effluent standard,or both

There are numerous studies comparing different kinds of environmental taxes and standards.However,forms of environmental standards focused by former researchers are usually quantitybased limits/standards(e.g.pounds per day or pounds per unit of output).Concentration-based emission standard(e.g.milligrams per liter of wastewater) as one important form of environmental standard has not been given much attention.In this article,comparable estimates of their probable effect on enterprise pollution reduction will be developed for concentrationbased effluent standards,effluent taxes,and a combination of both.A linear simulation model is used to clearly and obviously compare the effects of effluent taxes and concentration-based standards within the same figure.With one detailed application to the paper industry,some enlightenment and conclusions-as well as the general applicability of these principles-are then provided:Under the same effluent tax rate,enterprises,groups,and industries that are cleaner will reduce more pollutants than those that have higher pollutant abatement costs.It is recommended that effluent taxes are set by avoiding cutting it even at one stroke and considering the feasibility of pollution-reducing technology in various industries.It is necessary to reduce MAC of enterprises to better stimulate enterprises' or industries' emission reduction by preferential measures,such as high tax rate coordinated by speeding up the depreciation of environmental protection equipment.

A nonparametric distance function approach with endogenous direction for estimating marginal abatement costs of CO_(2) emissions

The directional distance function(DDF)framework has been widely used to estimate the marginal abatement cost(MAC)of CO_(2)emissions to support decision-making in environmental sustainability and climate change issues.In the use of DDF,an important task is mapping evaluated entities towards a realistic production technology frontier.This study develops a new nonparametric approach for estimating the MAC of CO_(2)emissions.The approach incorporates the optimal endogenous direction into an enhanced environmental production technology and has three advantages.First,it avoids the arbitrariness in mapping directions.Second,it captures the heterogeneity in optimization paths across different decision-making units(DMUs).Third,it generates more reliable benchmarks for estimating MAC by constructing an environmental technology frontier that is consistent with the material balance principle.We apply the approach to study China's thermal power industry and find clear heterogeneity in MACs and optimization paths at the province level.The results on the optimal endogenous directions show that the DMUs prefer to increase both desirable output and CO_(2)emissions when CO_(2)emissions are unregulated.Comparisons with other approaches reveal that arbitrarily mapping exogenous directions and technology representations are likely to generate distorted and unrealistic MACs.

Comparing Competition Equilibrium with Nash Equilibrium in Electric Power Market

The Nash equilibrium and competition equilibrium have been widely studied in the electric power market up to now.In this paper,it is explained that the Nash equilibrium can be achieved by using marginal cost pricing and the com-petition equilibrium can be performed by using accounting cost pricing based on the model of the power market system.The comparison between the Nash equilibrium and competition equilibrium indicates that surplus and unfair allocation of market benefits may be obtained by the Nash equilibrium,and the competition equilibrium realizes the optimization in economics with maximum market efficiency and fairness for market benefit allocations while the optimization in mathematics is achieved by the Nash equilibrium.There is sameness between the Nash equilibrium and competition equilibrium at the point when the power network characteristics are disregarded.The case study is made on a IEEE 30-bus system,and the calculation results indicate that it is the key issue to perform the competition equilibrium by using accounting cost pricing.

On the Effects of Central Japan Expressway’s Commuter Toll Discount Policy in Nagoya Area

Road pricing policies have two equally important objectives that have to be considered： the optimal use of the road network and the fiscal sustainability for the management of the network. The aim of this work is to examine the effects on these two objectives of a recent pricing policy implemented in Japan＇s expressway networks. Recently the Nippon （Japan） Expressway Companies （NEXCO, operators of Japan＇s nation wide expressway network） have implemented several toll discount policies for users equipped with electronic toll collectors （ETCs）. One of the policies is the commuter discount policy that discounts 50% for a journey on the NEXCO expressway no longer than 100 km during the commuting peak hours. This paper examines its effect on congestion reduction in the road network of Nagoya area and its influence on the use of expressways operated by another major local public expressway company in Nagoya. The congestion easing effect of this policy is compared with a potential marginal cost pricing scheme. These observations suggest that policy coordination regarding toll levels is needed for expressway corporations and transportation authorities for improving transportation efficiency of utilization of the whole network.

Superiority:China Mobile in the competition

The market share between China Mobile and China Unicom has stabilized since 2002. It is found that China Mobile has the superiority in the competition, for example, the scissors movement between its revenue and cost indicates that it has a strong profit generating ability and there is enough room for it to reduce the price. The ratio between its price （marginal income） and marginal cost indicates that there is a very distant limit for it to reduce the price. Its demand is obviously flexible with the price, but it does not use the price weapon abundantly. The reason for the stabilization of the market is that China Mobile withdrew from the competition.

Credit, funding, margin, and capital valuation adjustments for bilateral portfolios

We apply to the concrete setup of a bank engaged into bilateral trade portfolios the XVA theoretical framework of Albanese and Crepey(2017),whereby´so-called contra-liabilities and cost of capital are charged by the bank to its clients,on top of the fair valuation of counterparty risk,in order to account for the incompleteness of this risk.The transfer of the residual reserve credit capital from shareholders to creditors at bank default results in a unilateral CVA,consistent with the regulatory requirement that capital should not diminish as an effect of the sole deterioration of the bank credit spread.Our funding cost for variation margin(FVA)is defined asymmetrically since there is no benefit in holding excess capital in the future.Capital is fungible as a source of funding for variation margin,causing a material FVA reduction.We introduce a specialist initial margin lending scheme that drastically reduces the funding cost for initial margin(MVA).Our capital valuation adjustment(KVA)is defined as a risk premium,i.e.the cost of remunerating shareholder capital at risk at some hurdle rate.

PREDICTIVE STUDY ON THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF RADIO SPECTRUM IN CHINA

Increasing popularity of spectrum-based services brings the striking contradictions between the limited spectrum resource and its increasing demands.This paper puts forward an approach to forecast the future spectrum demand and its economic value,so as to offer a scientific basis for spectrum regulators to resolve this contradiction effectively and make a long-term spectrum-use plan.Specifically,this paper analyzes the driving factors of spectrum demand firstly,based on which a forecasting model is constructed to predict the spectrum demand and its deficit/surplus in the next few years.Then,a forecasting model to measure the economic value of spectrum is proposed based on marginal opportunity cost theory,and the indifference curve is introduced to show the economic value generated by additional spectrum.Additionally,an empirical study is conducted to forecast the spectrum demand and its economic value for China in the next 10 years according to the proposed method.The results of this study show that spectrum deficit is a trend in future and releasing additional spectrum will bring China huge economic benefits.