Causal inference prevails in the field of laparoscopic surgery.Once the causality between an intervention and outcome is established,the intervention can be applied to a target population to improve clinical outcomes....Causal inference prevails in the field of laparoscopic surgery.Once the causality between an intervention and outcome is established,the intervention can be applied to a target population to improve clinical outcomes.In many clinical scenarios,interventions are applied longitudinally in response to patients’conditions.Such longitudinal data comprise static variables,such as age,gender,and comorbidities;and dynamic variables,such as the treatment regime,laboratory variables,and vital signs.Some dynamic variables can act as both the confounder and mediator for the effect of an intervention on the outcome;in such cases,simple adjustment with a conventional regression model will bias the effect sizes.To address this,numerous statistical methods are being developed for causal inference;these include,but are not limited to,the structural marginal Cox regression model,dynamic treatment regime,and Cox regression model with time-varying covariates.This technical note provides a gentle introduction to such models and illustrates their use with an example in the field of laparoscopic surgery.展开更多
With many types of salt structures developed in the Lower Cretaceous Aptian Formation,the passive continental marginal basins in the middle segment of the south Atlantic are hot areas of deep-water petroleum explorati...With many types of salt structures developed in the Lower Cretaceous Aptian Formation,the passive continental marginal basins in the middle segment of the south Atlantic are hot areas of deep-water petroleum exploration.Based on analysis of differential deformations of salt structures,the influences of the inclination of subsalt slope,subsalt topographic reliefs and basement uplifting on the formation of salt structures were analyzed by physical modeling in this work.The experimental results show that the subsalt slopes in the middle West Africa basins are steeper,so the salt rock is likely to rapidly flow towards the ocean to form larger and fewer salt diapirs.In the Santos and Campos basins,the basement uplifts outside the basins are far from the provenances,which is conducive to the intrusion and accumulation of salt rock on the top of the basement uplifts.In contrast,in the middle West Africa,the basement uplifts are close to the basin margin,the residual salt layers above them are thin,and small triangular salt structures develop on both sides of the uplifts.Moreover,the uplifting of the African plate is also conducive to the full development of salt diapirs in the middle West Africa and results in large-scale thrust faults and folds in the front compressional zone.展开更多
In this paper, we calculated multi-scale residual geoid anomalies with the method of geoid separation processing, according to EGM2008 ultra-high order gravity field model, remove-restore technique and Stokes integral...In this paper, we calculated multi-scale residual geoid anomalies with the method of geoid separation processing, according to EGM2008 ultra-high order gravity field model, remove-restore technique and Stokes integral. The East Asian continental margin was selected as the study area. The residual geoid anomalies have been calculated by programming. On the basis of residual geoid anomalies at various orders, the interlayer geoid anomalies at different depths were calculated to depict the spatial distribution characteristics of the residual geoid. Finally, we conducted a detailed geophysical interpretation for the study area according to the geoid anomalies in combination with other geophysical datasets. Four conclusions can be outlined as follows: 1) it is impracticable that geoid anomalies are used in the interpretation of the shallow objects due to the influence of the terrain; 2) the anomalies of residual geoid can reflect the intensity of small-scale mantle convection in the asthenosphere; 3) the interlayer geoid anomalies can reflect the magmatic activities associated with the mantle convection and mantle plume in different scales; 4) the study of the geoid may provide an approach for the research of the subduction zone, mantle convection and mantle plume.展开更多
基金funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82272180)Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Digital Technology in Medical Diagnostics of Zhejiang Province(SZZD202206)+2 种基金funding from the Sichuan Medical Association Scientific Research Project(S21019)funding from the Key Research and Development Project of Zhejiang Province(2021C03071)funding from Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Project(2017ZD001)。
文摘Causal inference prevails in the field of laparoscopic surgery.Once the causality between an intervention and outcome is established,the intervention can be applied to a target population to improve clinical outcomes.In many clinical scenarios,interventions are applied longitudinally in response to patients’conditions.Such longitudinal data comprise static variables,such as age,gender,and comorbidities;and dynamic variables,such as the treatment regime,laboratory variables,and vital signs.Some dynamic variables can act as both the confounder and mediator for the effect of an intervention on the outcome;in such cases,simple adjustment with a conventional regression model will bias the effect sizes.To address this,numerous statistical methods are being developed for causal inference;these include,but are not limited to,the structural marginal Cox regression model,dynamic treatment regime,and Cox regression model with time-varying covariates.This technical note provides a gentle introduction to such models and illustrates their use with an example in the field of laparoscopic surgery.
基金Supported by the China National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05033,2016ZX05026-007)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42072149)。
文摘With many types of salt structures developed in the Lower Cretaceous Aptian Formation,the passive continental marginal basins in the middle segment of the south Atlantic are hot areas of deep-water petroleum exploration.Based on analysis of differential deformations of salt structures,the influences of the inclination of subsalt slope,subsalt topographic reliefs and basement uplifting on the formation of salt structures were analyzed by physical modeling in this work.The experimental results show that the subsalt slopes in the middle West Africa basins are steeper,so the salt rock is likely to rapidly flow towards the ocean to form larger and fewer salt diapirs.In the Santos and Campos basins,the basement uplifts outside the basins are far from the provenances,which is conducive to the intrusion and accumulation of salt rock on the top of the basement uplifts.In contrast,in the middle West Africa,the basement uplifts are close to the basin margin,the residual salt layers above them are thin,and small triangular salt structures develop on both sides of the uplifts.Moreover,the uplifting of the African plate is also conducive to the full development of salt diapirs in the middle West Africa and results in large-scale thrust faults and folds in the front compressional zone.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41606044)the Special Fund for Ocean Scientific Research in the Public Interest(No.201305029-02)
文摘In this paper, we calculated multi-scale residual geoid anomalies with the method of geoid separation processing, according to EGM2008 ultra-high order gravity field model, remove-restore technique and Stokes integral. The East Asian continental margin was selected as the study area. The residual geoid anomalies have been calculated by programming. On the basis of residual geoid anomalies at various orders, the interlayer geoid anomalies at different depths were calculated to depict the spatial distribution characteristics of the residual geoid. Finally, we conducted a detailed geophysical interpretation for the study area according to the geoid anomalies in combination with other geophysical datasets. Four conclusions can be outlined as follows: 1) it is impracticable that geoid anomalies are used in the interpretation of the shallow objects due to the influence of the terrain; 2) the anomalies of residual geoid can reflect the intensity of small-scale mantle convection in the asthenosphere; 3) the interlayer geoid anomalies can reflect the magmatic activities associated with the mantle convection and mantle plume in different scales; 4) the study of the geoid may provide an approach for the research of the subduction zone, mantle convection and mantle plume.
