Origin of submarine canyon-channel systems along the middle segment of West Mariana Ridge,Philippine Sea

Submarine canyon-channel systems have been documented in the Parece Vela Basin,West Mariana Ridge;however,the mechanism of the formation and controlling factors remain poorly understood.Based on high-resolution multibeam bathymetric data and two-dimensional(2D)seismic profiles,we identified and mapped the submarine canyon-channel system along the middle segment of West Mariana Ridge in the Philippine Sea.These submarine canyon-channels show a main W-E orientation at depth of 2000–4500 m.They are approximately 72–128 km in length and 1.3–15 km in width,and their canyon heads are adjacent to the seamounts with several branches.The upper reaches of submarine canyon-channels are characterized by deeply incised,narrow,V-shaped thalwegs,suggesting the powerful erosion of gravity flows.The distinguished sediment waves are suggested to be resulted from the interaction of turbidity currents and seafloor.Our observations demonstrate that gravity flows originated from the collapses of seamount flanks plays a vital role in developing the submarine canyonchannel system along the West Mariana Ridge.This work provides better understanding of erosion,transport,and deposition of sediments from subducting ridges to deep-water basins,and also new insights into the origin and evolution of submarine canyon-channel systems along subducting ridges.

Mariana.5D系统与AutoSports平台在体育赛事转播中的综合应用研究

Mariana.5D系统与AutoSports平台在体育赛事转播中具有重要意义,其分别作为转播系统的服务器端与客户端,二者之间紧密配合、协同合作,构成集成化、综合性的体育赛事转播操控平台,为体育赛事转播的人机交互控制与平台渲染播出提供便捷的工具。本文在对Mariana.5D系统以及AutoSports平台在体育赛事转播中的应用特点以及应用体系架构进行详细阐述的基础上,对二者在体育赛事转播中的综合应用工作流程以及场景进行了分析,以扩展Mariana.5D系统与AutoSports平台在体育赛事转播中的应用前景。

Microbial diversity in the sediments of the southern Mariana Trench

Microbial diversity in the abyssal sediments beneath the seafloor of 30,94,and 151cm near the southern end of the Mariana Trench was analyzed in the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform.Results show that the microbial populations were dominated by bacteria but merely no archaea were identifi ed at the three depths.In the bacterial community,Proteobacteria and Firmicutes dominated the total taxon tags,followed by Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria,Planctomycetes,Cyanobacteria,and Chloroflexi,which together account for over 99%of the total population.Similar to that in the seawater in the trench,the operational taxonomic units(OTUs)belonging to Gammaproteobacteria from the sediment samples showed high abundance.However,common bacterial OTUs in the water of the trench including Nitrospirae and Marinimicrobia were hardly found in the sediments from the southern Mariana Trench or the hadal region.Therefore,this study documented for the first time the compositions of microbial diversity in the trench sediments,revealed the difference in microbial diversity in water and sediment of the trench and will enrich the knowledge on the microbial diversity in the abyssal areas.

新奥特Mariana.5D字幕机在电视购物节目制作与播出的应用

本文以应用新奥特Mariana.5D字幕机(在线图文包装系统)制作《乐家购物》商品字幕与播出为例,阐述了Mariana.5D字幕机在购物节目字幕制作的特点与优势。

Target Deployment and Retrieval Using JIAOLONG Manned Submersible in the Depth of 6600 m in Mariana Trench

China＇s 7000 m manned submersible JIAOLONG carried out an exploration cruise at the Mariana Trench from June to July 2016. The submersible completed nine manned dives on the north and south area of the Mariana Trench from the depth of 5500 to 6700 m, to investigate the geological, biological and chemical characteristics in the hadal area. During the cruise, JIAOLONG deployed a gas-tight serial sampler to collect the water near the sea bottom regularly. Five days later, the sub located the sampler in another dive and retrieved it successfully from the same location, which is the first time that scientists and engineers finished the high accuracy in-situ deployment and retrieval using a manned submersible with Ultra-Short Base Line （USBL） positioning system at the depth more than 6600 m. In this task, we used not only the USBL system of the manned submersible but also a compound strategy, including five position marks, the sea floor terrain, the depth contour, and the heading of the sub. This paper introduces the compound strategy of the target deployment and retrieval with the practical diving experience of JIAOLONG, and provides a promising technique for other underwater vehicles such as manned submersible or Remote Operated Vehicle （ROV） under similar conditions.

Composition and origin of lipid biomarkers in the surface sediments from the southern Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench

The surface sediments collected from the southern Mariana Trench at water depths between ca.4900 m and 7068 m were studied using lipid biomarker analyses to reveal the origin and distribution of organic matters. For all samples, an unresolved complex mixture(UCM) was present in the hydrocarbon fractions, wherein resistant component tricyclic terpanes were detected but C_(27)-C _(29) regular steranes and hopanes indicative of a higher molecular weight range of petroleum were almost absent.This biomarker distribution patterns suggested that the UCM and tricyclic terpanes may be introduced by contamination of diesel fuels or shipping activities and oil seepage elsewhere. The well-developed faults and strike-slip faults in the Mariana subduction zone may serve as passages for the petroleum hydrocarbons. In addition, the relative high contents of even n-alkanes and low Carbon Preference Indices indicated that the n-alkanes were mainly derived from bacteria or algae. For GDGTs, the predominance of GDGT-0 and crenarchaeol, together with low GDGT-0/Crenarchaeol ratios(ranging from0.86 to 1.64), suggests that the GDGTs in samples from the southern Mariana Trench were mainly derived from planktic Thaumarchaeota. However, the high GDGT-0/crenarchaeol ratio(10.5) in sample BC07 suggests that the GDGTs probably were introduced by methanogens in a more anoxic environment. Furthermore, the n-alkanes C_(19)-C_(22) and the n-fatty acids C_(20:0)-C_(22:0) were depleted in^(13)C by 3‰ compared to n-alkanes C_(16)-C_(18) and the n-fatty acids C_(14:0)-C_(18:0), respectively, which was interpreted to result from the preferential reaction of fatty acid fragments with carbon "lighter" terminal carboxyl groups during carbon chain elongation from the precursors to products. The abundance of total alkanes, carboxylic acids, alcohols and total lipids were generally increased along the down-going seaward plate, suggesting the lateral organic matter inputs play an important role in organic matter accumulation in hadal trenches. The extremely high contents of biomarkers in sample BC11 were most likely related to trench topography and current dynamics, since the lower steepness caused by graben texture and proximity to the trench axis may result in higher sedimentation rate. This paper, for the first time, showed the biomarker patterns in surface sediments of the Mariana Trench and shed light on biogeochemistry of the hardly reached trench environment.

The Relative Importance of Nitrogen vs. Moisture Stress May Drive Intraspecific Variations in the SLA-RGR Relationship: The Case of <i>Picea mariana</i>Seedlings

Plants acclimate to nitrogen (N) or moisture stress by respectively increasing photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE) or water use efficiency (WUE), in order to maximize their relative growth rate (RGR). These two phenotypic adaptations have opposite effects on specific leaf area (SLA). Thus, intraspecific variations in the SLA-RGR relationship should reflect the relative importance of N vs. moisture stress in plants. In this study, we measured needle gas exchanges and N concentrations in order to derive PNUE and WUE, as well as SLA and RGR of black spruce (Picea mariana) seedlings growing on a rapidly drained site in the presence or absence of Kalmia angustifolia. The eradication of Kalmia had resulted in a ~140% increase in seedling growth over a 6 year period. We found a negative SLA-RGR relationship where Kalmia had been eradicated, and a positive one where Kalmia had been maintained. Kalmia eradication resulted in higher WUE when measurements were made directly on the seedlings, and in lower PNUE when twigs were rehydrated prior to gas exchange measurements. Our data suggest that the bigger seedlings on Kalmia-eradicated plots increase RGR by decreasing SLA, as a means of coping with moisture stress. By contrast, increasing SLA on noneradicated plots may be a means of coping with nutrient stress exerted by Kalmia. The SLA-RGR relationship could potentially be used to identify the limiting resource for black spruce seedlings in different environments.

GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STABLE ISOTOPES FROM HYDROTHERMAL CHIMNEYS IN THE MARIANA TROUGH, WEST PACIFIC OCEAN

The determination of the stable isotopes, δD, δ 18 O and δ 30 Si, values from hydrothermal chimneys in the Mariana Trough, the West Pacific, indicated that the pure siliceous chimneys with gentle data variation were formed in low temperature environment. It reflects that the sea floor hydrothermal activity of the Mariana Trough is primarily low to medium temperature hydrothermal eruption, and those chimneys with strong data variation and containing pyrite were formed in higher temperature environment.

Geochemistry of subducted metabasites exhumed from the Mariana forearc:Implications for Pacific seamount subduction

Seamounts on the drifting oceanic crust are inevitably carried by plate motions and eventually accreted or subducted.However,the geochemical signatures of the subducted seamounts and the significance of seamount subduction are not well constrained.Hundreds of seamounts have subducted beneath the Philippine Sea Plate following the westward subduction of the Pacific Plate since the Eocene(~52 Ma).The subducted oceanic crust and seamount materials can be exhumed from the mantle depth to the seafloor in the Mariana forearc region by serpentinite mud volcanoes,providing exceptional opportunities to directly study the subducted oceanic crust and seamounts.The International Ocean Discovery Program(IODP)expedition 366 has recovered a few metamorphosed mafic clasts exhumed from the Mariana forearc serpentinite mud volcanoes,e.g.,the Fantangis?a and Asùt Tesoru seamounts.These mafic clasts have tholeiitic to alkaline affinities with distinct trace elements and Nd-Hf isotopes characteristics,suggesting different provenances and mantle sources.The tholeiites from the Fantangisna Seamount have trace element characteristics typical of mid-ocean ridge basalt.The Pacific-type Hf-Nd isotopic compositions,combined with the greenschist metamorphism of these tholeiites further suggest that they came from the subducted Pacific oceanic crust.The alkali basalts-dolerites from the Fantangisna and Asùt Tesoru seamounts show ocean island basalt(OIB)-like geochemical characteristics.The OIB-like geochemical signatures and the low-grade metamorphism of these alkali basalts-dolerites suggest they came from subducted seamounts that originally formed in an intraplate setting on the Pacific Plate.The Pacific Plate origin of these metabasites suggests they were formed in the Early Cretaceous or earlier.Two types of OIBs have been recognized from alkali metabasites,one of which is geochemically similar to the HIMU-EMI-type OIBs from the West Pacific Seamount Province,and another is similar to the EMII-type OIBs from the Samoa Island in southern Pacific,with negative Nb-Ta-Ti anomalies and enriched Nd-Hf isotopes.Generally,these alkali metabasites are sourced from the heterogeneous mantle sources that are similar to the present South Pacific Isotopic and Thermal Anomaly.This study provides direct evidence for seamount subduction in the Mariana convergent margins.We suggest seamount subduction is significant to element cycling,mantle heterogeneity,and mantle oxidation in subduction zones.

Structural Elucidation of Condensed Tannin from <i>Picea mariana</i>Bark

The aim of this work was to determine the structural characteristics of the condensed tannins isolated from the aqueous extract of black spruce (Picea mariana Mill) bark. This is the first report on the structural characterization of condensed tannins from black spruce bark. The condensed tannins from the hot water extract prepared from Picea mariana bark were isolated by column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 media. In this study, UV-visible and 13C-NMR spectroscopic techniques, along with pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and liquid chromatogramphy analyses were applied to determine the structural characteristics of black spruce bark tannins. We have confirmed for the first time the presence of methoxylated B-rings in the flavanol units of condensed tannins from black spruce bark, which could be regarded as further contribution to the chemotaxonomy of the genus Picea. The methoxylation of Norway spruce bark condensed tannins have been demonstrated previously.

Mariana.5D在线包装系统与AutoSports体育图文控制系统及在体育赛事转播中的联合应用

本文对广泛应用于大型综合体育赛事现场转播的Mariana.5D在线包装系统与AutoSports体育图文控制系统进行了系统的介绍,并举例分析了它们在体育赛事转播中的联合应用情况。

A preliminary study on microtextures，structures and mineralizing processes of hydrothermal chimneys in Mariana Trough

Microtextures and struetures of 9 hydrothermal chimneys sampled on the small spreading ridge Of the Mari ana Trough during SONNE Cruise 57 (SO57) and 69 (SO69) in 1988 and 1990 were studied by means of scanning electron microscope. The results reveal that the two types of chimneys from the Mariana Trough. the 'silicic chimneys' containing Fe sulfide and the pure 'silica chimneys' without sulfide, vary distinctly not only in mineral and chemical compositions, but also in microtextures and structures. The silicic chimneys generally show three major types of microtextures.The inside of the chimneys is dominated by holocrystalline or semicrystalline idiomorphic and hypidiomorphic granular textures and the outwall by amorphous colloidal texture. In some of the silicic chimneys relict texture is observed. However,the pure silica chimneys show chiefly amorphous colloidal texture from the inside to the outwall. Microstructurally. theinside of the silicic chimneys is dominated by a 'silica-covering' structure and a 'voidfilling' structure, and the outwall by a chain-like or three-dimentional chain-network structure built up by individual opal globules, whereas the pure silica chimneys are mainly three-dimentional chain-network and the dense silica bands in structure. These variations suggest that not only mineralizing conditions but also processes differ distinctly during the formation of the two types of chimneys, and that hydrothermal mineralization in the Mariana Trough shows a multistage or multieplsodical nature.

Enlightenment of the Mariana Fore-arc Sedimentary Basin Evolution to the Subduction Process

The Mariana subduction structure is a hot topic in ocean-ocean subduction zone research,and its subduction mechanism has attracted wide attention from experts and scholars in China and abroad.Based on the multi-channel seismic data of survey line MGL1204 in the Mariana fore-arc and DSDP ocean drilling data,this paper studies the development and evolution characteristics of the structure and strata in the Cenozoic Mariana fore-arc sedimentary basin.The Cenozoic strata are divided into six seismic sequences,with the possible era of each seismic sequence discerned,and the relationship between fault development and earthquakes analyzed.The episodic activity of the volcanic chain of the Mariana island arc is thought to control the tectonic and stratigraphic development pattern of the Cenozoic sedimentary basin in the fore-arc.Between 16°N-19°N and 146°E-151°E,the maximum thickness of the sedimentary center of the Cenozoic fore-arc sedimentary basin in Mariana is about 2360 m.Normal faults are developed in the area and some broke to the seabed,indicating that the Mariana island arc is still in the post-arc expansion stage.The application of multi-channel seismic sections in structural and stratigraphic evolution study is an important means to elucidating the Mariana subduction mechanism.

新奥特Mariana在线包装系统搭建与应用

Mariana.5D在线图文包装系统是新奥特公司自主研发,拥有自主知识产权的一整套新型电视图文制播的软件平台和产品系列,中央电视台四套中文频道在2010年世博会的直播中用到了这套在线包装系统,本文介绍了Mariana.5D的特点、系统要求,并结合实际的操作和应用,谈了笔者对该系统的看法。

Genetic Variation in Picea mariana ×P. rubens Hybrid Populations Assessed with ISSR and RAPD Markers

Interspecific hybridization can result in significant shifts in allele frequencies. The objective of the present study was to assess the level of genetic variation in populations of P. mariana × P. rubens hybrids derived from artificial crosses. Progenies from backcross populations created through a series of controlled pollinations among P. mariana and P. rubens trees across the hybridization index were analyzed. Several Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers were used to amplify genomic DNA samples from each population. ISSR primers produced from 30% to 52% polymorphic loci. The level of polymorphism was higher with RAPD markers, ranging from 57% to 76%. Overall, the two marker systems generated similar levels of polymorphic loci for P. mariana and P. rubens populations. No significant differences were found among the P. mariana × P. rubens populations analyzed and between the hybrids and the parental populations regardless of the molecular marker used. This confirms the genetic closeness of P. mariana and P. rubens species.

Positive selection analysis reveals the deep-sea adaptation of a hadal sea cucumber ( Paelopatides sp.) to the Mariana Trench

The Mariana Trench,the deepest trench on the earth,is ideal for deep-sea adaptation research due to its unique characters,such as the highest hydrostatic pressure on the Earth,constant ice-cold temperature,and eternal darkness.In this study,tissues of a the hadal holothurian(Paelopatides sp.)were fi xed with RNA later in situ at~6501-m depth in the Mariana Trench,which,to our knowledge,is the deepest in-situ fi xed animal sample.A high-quality transcript was obtained by de-novo transcriptome assembly.A maximum likelihood tree was constructed based on the single copy orthologs across nine species with their available omics data.To investigate deep-sea adaptation,113 positively selected genes(PSGs)were identifi ed in Paelopatides sp.Some PSGs such as microphthalmia-associated transcription factor(MITF)may contribute to the distinct phenotype of Paelopatides sp.,including its translucent white body and degenerated ossicles.At least eight PSGs(transcription factor 7-like 2[TCF7L2],ETS-related transcription factor Elf-2-like[ELF2],PERQ amino acid-rich with GYF domain-containing protein[GIGYF],cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7a,[COX7A],type I thyroxine 5′-deiodinase[DIO1],translation factor GUF1[GUF1],SWI/SNF related-matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily C and subfamily E,member 1[SMARCC]and[SMARCE1])might be related to cold adaptation.In addition,at least nine PSGs(cell cycle checkpoint control protein[RAD9A],replication factor A3[RPA3],DNA-directed RNA polymerases I/II/III subunit RPABC1[POLR2E],putative TAR DNA-binding protein 43 isoform X2[TARDBP],ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M1[RRM1],putative serine/threonine-protein kinase[SMG1],transcriptional regulator[ATRX],alkylated DNA repair protein alkB homolog 6[ALKBH6],and PLAC8 motif-containing protein[PLAC8])may facilitate the repair of DNA damage induced by the high hydrostatic pressure,coldness,and high concentration of cadmium in the upper Mariana Trench.

Effective Elastic Thickness of the Lithosphere in the Mariana Subduction Zone and Surrounding Regions and Its Implications for Their Tectonics

To understand the rheology,structure,and tectonics of the lithosphere in the Mariana subduction zone and surrounding regions,we calculated the effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere(Te)in these areas using the improved moving window admittance technique(MWAT)method.We find that smaller data grid spacing can better reflect Te variations in the subduction zone.The Te of the study region ranges from 0 to 47 km.The Te is reduced from 40 km on the seaward side of the outer-rise region to 1-2 km along the trench axis.The lithospheric breaking distance from the trench axis ranges from 0 to 250 km.We suggest that the intermediate Te values in seamounts and high Te values on the seaward side of the outer-rise region respectively reflect the‘fossil’rheological state and current lithospheric strength of the Pacific plate.The faulting induced by the downward bending of subducting plate not only ruptures the lithosphere but also contributes to the mantle serpentinization,significantly reducing the lithospheric strength.The largest breaking distance of the Ogasawara Plateau may be due to the increase in the mass load of the subducting plate in the Ogasawara Plateau and the significant horizontal bending force in the plate caused by the resistance of seamounts to subduction.Furthermore,a good positive correlation exists between the breaking distance and subduction dip angle along the trench axis.We suggest that the subducting plate with a larger breaking distance is likely to form a larger subduction angle.

新奥特Mariana.5D在河南电视台新农村频道的应用

通过对新奥特Mariana.5D在线图文包装系统强大功能的描述,着重介绍了其在电视字幕播出中各种软件的网络化应用,并根据实际的操作经验,对Mariana.5D在单一频道中单机版改进功能的实现以及实际应用中的细节问题进行分析。

厚积薄发：全新三维渲染引擎的Mariana．VS真三维虚拟演播系统

Mariana.VS真三维虚拟演播系统是在新奥特公司NASET虚拟演播室基础上开发的全新一代高性能、高稳定性的三维虚拟演播室系统,本文结合Mariana.VS三维虚拟技术、三维图文技术、高端渲染技术、数据库技术等多种核心技术进行分析,并从系统特点以及应用情况的角度为读者全方位展示Mariana.VS真三维虚拟演播系统。

Mariana．5D、A10联手“包装”春晚

大年三十，央视春晚有如除夕夜一道必不可少的年夜大餐如约而至，而新奥特则为大餐穿上了一层华丽的外衣。