Evolution and Governance of the Structure of Marine Economic Networks in China’s Coastal Areas: Based on Sea-related A-share Listed Companies

Data on discrete,isolated attributes of the marine economy are often used in traditional marine economic research.However,as the focus of urban research shifts from internal static attributes to external dynamic linkages,the importance of marine economic net-work research is beginning to emerge.The construction of the marine economic network in China’s coastal areas is necessary to change the flow of land and sea resources and optimize regional marine economic development.Employing data from headquarters and branches of sea-related A-share listed enterprises to construct the marine economic network in China,we use social network analysis(SNA)to discuss the characteristics of its evolution as of 2010,2015,and 2020 and its governance.The following results were obtained.1)In terms of topological characteristics,the scale of the marine economic network in China’s coastal areas has accelerated and expan-ded,and the connections have become increasingly close;thus,this development has complex network characteristics.2)In terms of spatial structure,the intensity of the connection fluctuates and does not form stable development support;the group structure gradually becomes clear,but the overall pattern is fragmented;there are spatial differences in marine economic agglomeration radiation;the radi-ation effect of the eastern marine economic circle is obvious;and the polarization effect of northern and southern marine economic circles is significant.On this basis,we construct a framework for the governance of a marine economic network with the market,the government,and industry as the three governing bodies.By clarifying the driving factors and building objectives of marine economic network construction,this study aims to foster the high-quality development of China’s marine economy.

Looking for a Chinese solution to global problems:The situation and countermeasures of marine plastic waste and microplastics pollution governance system in China

As one of the top ten environmental problems to be solved in the world,marine plastic waste and microplastic pollution seriously affect the health of marine ecosystems and the sustainable development of Marine economies.It is necessary to promote the establishment of a scientific and systematic Marine plastic waste and microplastic pollution control system and take strong measures to fundamentally curb and reverse the trend of marine pollution intensification in China.This paper first explains the practical significance of marine plastic waste and microplastic pollution control from three aspects:the sustainable development of the blue economy,the structural upgrading of the pan-plastic industry,and the improvement of public health awareness.Secondly,the particularity of marine plastic waste and microplastic pollution control system is summarized from three aspects of formation mechanism,migration path and damage performance.Then,it identifies domestic and international governance strategies and action plans from the perspectives of mechanism,subject,object,and measures,summarizes existing problems in the existing marine plastic waste and microplastic pollution control system,and gives directions for future improvement.Finally,some countermeasures and suggestions are put forward to accelerate the construction of China’s marine plastic waste and microplastic pollution control system,including the formation of a cross sectoral integrated land and sea control system,a full life cycle waste management process,a multi-participation model for marine ecological and environmental governance,and a global marine pollution prevention and control system.

Thoughts on China’s Participation in Global Marine Governance under the Centennial Changes

As China embarks on its new journey toward its second centenary goal,profound changes are expected in the geopolitical order and capacity of China’s global marine governance participation.The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated an evolution unseen in more than a century.A significant power game is expected to continue to play out at sea,with global marine governance being put under pressure and security issues becoming more prominent.China’s global marine governance participation has been endowed with more moral responsibilities and expectations.In the new development stage of building a modern socialist country in all respects,the objectives,principles,and paths of China’s participation in global marine governance are expected to be further clarified.In its new"dual circulation strategy"development pattern,China puts more resources into marine governance.To realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and build itself as a major maritime power,the"maritime community with a shared future"proposed by China is expected to enter a new stage.From conception to implementation,China’s global marine governance contribution will be more prominent.

Innovations in marine technology and potential needs for Arctic governance

The Arctic is a region of major significance in the Earth system,particularly important for global climate and international maritime governance.As human activity,relying on manufactured equipment,steadily increases in the Arctic,technological innovations for marine equipment must support the gradually more stringent requirements for future Arctic governance.In this review,four categories of innovations are analyzed,namely:innovations driven by traditional thinking,innovations for environmental protection,innovations for practical application,and innovations for observing information systems.Two examples of international regulations,the Polar Code(adopted in 2014)and the International Standard for Arctic offshore structures of the International Organization for Standardization(ISO 19906,first published in 2010),are selected to illustrate successful international cooperation efforts for Arctic marine innovation.This work provides a basis for discussion on technology development,governance efficiency,and international cooperation in the Arctic.

Current Situation and Mode of Talent Training in Marine Cultural Industry Based on Collaborative Innovation of Governments,Enterprises,Colleges,Scientific Institutions and Users

Based on the present situation of talent training in marine cultural industry,the collaborative innovation mechanism of governments,enterprises,colleges,scientific institutions and users was used to construct the mode of talent training in marine cultural industry. It is needed to give full play to the active roles of governments,enterprises,colleges,scientific institutions and users in the training of marine cultural talents,develop training mode of innovative scientific and technological talents,speed up the construction of collaborative innovation ability of marine cultural talents,and improve the efficiency of talent training.

China's Maritime Governance:Practical Evolution and Theoretical Construction

Increasingly engaged in maritime governance,China has developed its distinct vision and gradually established a complete theoretical system surrounding it.In terms of discourse,China has proposed a collection of concepts and ideas including a maritime community with a shared future,the 2lst Century Maritime Silk Road,Blue Partnerships,and marine ecological civilization.In terms of connotations,China champions such values as lasting peace,common prosperity,openness and inclusiveness,and cleanness and beautifulness.Exteriorly and interiorly,we can observe the unique character of China's vision concerning maritime governance,which will continue to upgrade and bear fruit in future practices,boosting the development of Chinese maritime governance theories,multilateral maritime cooperation,and ocean-related international legislation.Guided by its vision,China is expected to contribute more to global maritime security and marine ecological civilization.

Choice between Ways of Talent Training in Marine Cultural Industry--Based on Collaborative Innovation of Governments, Enterprises, Colleges, Scientific Institutions and Users

Based on the present situation of talent training in marine cultural industry,the collaborative innovation mode of governments,enterprises,colleges,scientific institutions and users was used to study the ways of talent training in marine cultural industry.

Study on Talent Training Mechanisms of Marine Cultural Industry Based on Collaborative Innovation of Governments,Enterprises,Colleges,Scientific Institutions and Users

Based on the review of related concepts,the current situation and problems of talent training in marine cultural industry in China were analyzed,and talent training mechanisms of marine cultural industry based on collaborative innovation of governments,enterprises,colleges,scientific institutions and users were proposed to promote the transformation,upgrading and vigorous development of marine cultural industry,accelerate the spread of marine culture with Chinese characteristics,and build China into a maritime power.

Application of Collaborative Innovation of Governments,Enterprises,Colleges,Scientific Institutions and Users in the Talent Training of Marine Cultural Industry: A Case Study of Maritime Universities

Based on the literature review of collaborative innovation of governments, enterprises, colleges, scientific institutions and users, the ap-plication situation of collaborative innovation of governments, enterprises, colleges, scientific institutions and users in the talent training of marine cultural industry in maritime universities was analyzed, and the problems existing in the talent training of marine cultural industry were explored. Finally, corresponding countermeasures and suggestions were put forward.

Research on Talent Training System of Marine Cultural Industry Based on Collaborative Innovation of Governments,Enterprises,Colleges,Scientific Institutions and Users

This paper focuses on the coupling between talent training system of marine cultural industry and collaborative innovation of govern-ments, enterprises, colleges, scientific institutions and users. Firstly, the significance of talent training in marine cultural industry for the construction of China as a maritime power was analyzed. Secondly, the current situation of talent training in China＇s marine cultural industry and the existing problems were analyzed. Finally, how to integrate the collaborative innovation of governments, enterprises, colleges, scientific institutions and us-ers into the talent training system of marine cultural industry was explored to help talent training to break through the bottleneck and promote the vig-orous development of marine cultural industry.

Talent Training of Marine Cultural Industry Based on Collaborative Innovation of Governments, Enterprises, Colleges, Scientific Institutions and Users: A Case Study of Shanghai City

Based on the collaborative innovation of governments, enterprises, colleges, scientific institutions and users, the possible shortcomings of talent training of marine cultural industry in Shanghai City were analyzed by using the case study method, and some specific measures for talent trainingofmarineculturalindustryinShanghaiCitywereproposed.

Trends in Maritime Spatial Planning in Europe: An Approach to Governance Models

Maritime spatial planning is considered a key instrument for the success of integrated maritime policy. MSP is therefore an integrated approach to address the conflicting and competing uses of ocean resources and spaces in order to achieve the sustainable development of seas. This paper aims to access how governance models have been evolving with the implementation of MSP in Europe. The study compares institutional and legal frameworks in a North-South context, based on the case studies of Norway, Netherlands, England, Germany and Portugal and concludes that, although there are similarities in the legal frameworks developed to implement MSP, more profound differences arise on marine governance models and institutional frameworks, reflecting different political approaches and regional contexts.

Evolution logic complementary needs and reform path of China’s marine ecological protection system

The issue of marine ecology is an institutional one.China’s marine ecological protection system has gone through a process of development from scratch to existence and from less to more.However,there are still many problems to be solved,such as whether a variety of complex systems can form a joint force of governance,and whether the rear system failures,deficiencies,and conflicts.Therefore,this paper reviews the evolution logic of China’s marine ecological protection system,explores the complementary space of the existing system from the perspective of institutional complementarity,and analyzes the path of institutional reform of supplement,amendment,and coordination,to promote the effective transition of marine ecological protection system emphasizing quality over quantity.The evolution of China’s marine ecological protection system can be divided into three stages:initial establishment,steady progression,and gradual transformation,showing a trend characterized by a changing governance mode from land-sea division to land-sea integration,a changing supervision mode from government only to multi-institution coordination,a changing safeguard mode from standard norms to the legal system.The internal motivation of promoting the evolution of the marine ecological protection system is the link age between the long-overdue institutional derived demand and supply,and between institutional cost constraints and institutional income drivers.Marine ecological protection is a complex and systematic project across regions and departments,and the link age between different ecological protection systems is crucial.Based on the theory of institutional complementarity,this study finds that China’s marine ecological protection system has great complementarity needs in three aspects:protection subject,protection means,and protection process.Among them,the problem of a single unitary protection subject is mainly caused by the lack of system,the low efficiency of protection means is mainly affected by the lack of system adaptability,and the separation of protection process mainly reflects the contradiction of system incongruity and mismatch.Based on this,the supplement of China’s marine ecological protection system should focus on the government’s responsibilities and the cultivation of multiple subjects.The revision of the system should focus on the further improvement of non-governmental mechanisms such as market incentives and information disclosure.The coordination of the system should be based on the whole process from pre regulation preparations to post-regulation review,in order to promote the effective connection and cooperation of policy tools.

Ocean ecological compensation mechanism in Liaoning area from the angle of ecological civilization——based on analysis of Dalian's cooperative governance

How to speed up the establishment of marine ecological compensation and the ecological compensation system is inevitable choice from ocean country to marine power.Therefore,construction of marine ecological compensation mechanism is the effective means which incentives marine ecosystem services supply,improves the quality of marine ecology,and promotes the ocean to the green transformation.Combined with Dalian maritime case study in Liaoning Province,three dimensional interactive marine ecological compensation mechanism,the compensation frame work,path and operation mechanism were built up.Suggestions on accelerating the legislation process;perfecting the management system;establishing proper system for both incentive constraint and reward-punishment;increasing the source of Ocean Ecological Compensation funds;accelerating On the study of the Ocean Ecological Compensation Mechanism in Liaoning Area from the Angl-e of Ecological Civilization Based on Case Analysis of Dalian.

The interplay between soft law and hard law and its implications for global marine fisheries governance:A case study of IUU fishing

International soft law is not legally binding,but nevertheless it embodies mainstream values and influences the formation of hard law in global governance.Marine fisheries have become important arenas of global governance,in which developing states are crucial participants.The interactions between soft law and hard law in global marine fisheries can be mainly summarized as follows:soft law can be the precursor for hard law and be implicitly introduced into hard law to enhance normativity;hard law can also be incorporated into soft law.This paper explores the IUU fishing case to illustrate the significant role of soft law on international fisheries law and identify gaps in global marine fisheries governance.The development of international instruments to combat IUU fishing within FAO undergoes a process from voluntary to legally binding with the engagement and promotion of some developed states for their benefits.But IUU fishing concept is defective in its drafting as well as in practical application and indicates the value of emphasizing conservation over economic and social development,which is contrary to the principle of sustainable development and fails to meet the requirements of the developing states.The paper suggests to fill this gap by converting existing values in soft law to foster fishing rules that benefit all states and provide some insights towards this direction.

论无人海洋系统的国际法规制与我国的因应

无人海洋系统国际规制的难点体现在无人海洋系统自身法律地位界定、主权豁免、航行(或飞越)权等多个领域,而国际海事组织(IMO)无人船国际造法则代表着该领域的规则变革。无人海洋系统国际法规制困境,不仅因为无人海洋系统触及海洋治理的多个治理维度,而且因为其规制具有治理主体多元化、规则碎片化和国际话语权不均等特征。我国未来应从加强无人海洋系统完善海洋治理能力、推进国际和国内法治建设三个层面予以因应。

共同但有区别责任原则在公海环境治理领域的适用问题

共同但有区别责任原则(以下简称“共区原则”)在公海环境治理领域发挥作用的同时,也面临着理论和具体实践领域的适用困境。在理论层面,该原则的法律性质存在争议,构成要件尚不明确,亦不确定该原则是否存在例外。从实践层面看,共区原则在海洋酸化治理、公海塑料污染治理、公海持久性有机污染物治理,以及国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物资源的养护与可持续利用方面存在区别责任被忽视、弱化或共同责任难以落实的困境。上述困境的成因包括旧的权力导向理念不利于公海治理以及公海环境治理中的区别责任的界定标准不够科学。未能充分考虑发展中国家的区别责任;难以确定各国的历史性责任;发达国家怠于承担或弱化技术转让和资金支持的区别责任是该原则在具体实践领域适用困境的成因。笔者建议在理论层面明确共区原则在公海环境治理中的法律原则地位、细化有区别责任主体的分类和具体形式、以及坚持以实质公平为核心。在具体实践领域,笔者建议在海运减排领域考虑发展中国家的诉求,并在其他海洋酸化治理事项中充分落实共同但有区别责任原则,在塑料公约谈判中重视并适用共区原则,优化持久性有机污染物治理的资金支持和技术援助,积极推动BBNJ协定的能力建设和海洋技术转让机制实施。

“政银保”模式下不同激励政策对海洋碳汇质押融资的影响

海洋碳汇质押融资作为涉海企业融资渠道的重要补充,其发展前景广阔但面临多重风险挑战。为有效破解涉海企业融资困境,考虑政府的政策引导作用,提出“政银保”协同的海洋碳汇质押融资模式,并构建政府参与下涉海企业、银行和保险机构的三方演化博弈模型,运用数值仿真探究不同激励政策对市场参与主体策略选择的影响。仿真结果表明:(1)政府采取贷款贴息措施、风险补偿措施和保险补贴措施,均能对海洋碳汇质押融资市场参与主体的参与意愿起到一定积极作用。(2)贴息、补贴和风险补偿相结合的综合激励政策效果最佳。(3)在不同发展阶段应采用不同的政策激励措施:发展前期宜重点采取事后风险补偿政策,发展过渡期着重采用贴息和补贴相结合的政策,发展成熟期可仅对保险机构进行适当补贴。研究结论可为现阶段海洋碳汇质押融资发展的扶持政策提供理论参考。

中国海洋塑料污染防治的法律困境与纾解

陆地活动与海上活动产生的大量塑料废弃物进入海洋,超过海洋生态系统的承载能力,造成海洋塑料污染,对海洋环境产生危害。防治海洋塑料污染的法律规范之间存在冲突,法律规范难以落实,海洋塑料污染防治主体的责任不明确。为经解困境,应当统筹防治陆地活动和海上活动产生的塑料污染、实行塑料制品“生产者责任延伸”制度,明确海洋塑料污染防治主体责任。

中国海洋塑料垃圾治理法律困境及对策研究

随着人类对海洋开发利用的不断推进,海洋塑料垃圾污染日趋严重。海洋塑料垃圾分布广泛且不易分解,严重威胁着海洋生物多样性、船舶航行安全以及海洋产业的发展,逐渐成为全球性新兴课题。当前,中国海洋塑料垃圾治理任务已经到了迫在眉睫的阶段,从中国海洋塑料垃圾治理的实际状况出发,分析出中国海洋塑料垃圾治理进程中存在法律法规体系不完备、治理权责模糊、合作治理主体缺位以及执法监管不足的法律困境,并给出完善法律法规体系、划定权责界限、构建多元主体治理格局以及强化执法监管的解决途径。