The Microbiologic Water Pollution on Marine Ecosystems Velipoja Beach, Albania

Waters in marine ecosystems are likely contamination. The origin of pollution may be industrial, radioactive, agricultural, urban mikobiologjike etc.. The study was conducted in the waters of the Adriatic sea ecosystem aims to analyze the microbiological contamination areas. These waters are used for holiday purposes by citizens. The samplings of marine water are taken from the stratum water surface about 10 cm, at a distance 10-20 m by sea coast. These samples are examined in laboratory for determination of two micro organisms, indicators excrements pollution Faecal Coliform （FC） （ISO 9803） and FC, probably Streptococcus Faecal （FS） with Filtrate Membrane Method＇s in specific areas （ISO 7899-2）. In area Velipoja, Albania, the microbiologic elaborated analyses have resulted as follows： For FC and Streptococcus Faecal are given the minimal values FC-50, FS-50 and maximal values FC-90, FS-90 per 100 mL. About the evaluation of reaction （pH） is concluded that in Albania the sea waters coastal zones have a lightly alkaline ambient, where pH value is in the range 7.5-8.3, estimated according to recommended standards 6-9. No cases of red-tide algae development have been observed.

Geological evolution of offshore pollution and its long-term potential impacts on marine ecosystems

Populations and metropolitan centers are accumulated in coastal areas around the world.In view of the fact that they are geographically adjacent to coasts and intense anthropogenic activities,increasing global offshore pollution has been an important worldwide concern over the past several decades and has become a very serious problem that needs to be addressed urgently.Due to offshore pollution,various geological disasters occur in high frequency,including intensified erosion and salinization of coastal soils,frequent geological collapses and landslides and increasing seismic activities.Moreover,offshore pollution shows increasingly serious impacts on the topography and geomorphology of offshore and coastal areas,including coastal degradation,retreating coastlines and estuary delta erosion.Offshore sedimentation processes are strongly influenced by the pH changes of terrestrial discharges,and sedimentary dynamics have become extremely acute and complex due to offshore pollution.The seabed topography and hydrodynamic environment determine the fate and transport of pollutants entering offshore regions.Coastal estuaries,port basins and lagoons that have relatively moderate ocean currents and winds are more likely to accumulate pollutants.Offshore regions and undersea canyons can be used as conduits for transporting pollutants from the continent to the seabed.It is particularly noteworthy that the spatial/temporal distribution of species,community structures,and ecological functions in offshore areas have undergone unprecedented changes in recent decades.Due to increasing offshore pollution,the stable succession and development trend of marine ecosystems has been broken.It is thus important to identify and regulate the quantity,composition and transportation of pollutants in offshore regions and their behavior in marine ecosystems.In particular,crucial actions for stabilizing marine ecosystems,including increasing species and biodiversity,should be implemented to enhance their anti-interference capabilities.This review provides an overview of the current situation of offshore pollution,as well as major trends of pollutant fate and transportation from continent to marine ecosystems,transformation of pollutants in sediments,and their bioaccumulation and diffusion.This study retrospectively reviews the long-term geological evolution of offshore pollution from the perspective of marine geology,and analyses their long-term potential impacts on marine ecosystems.Due to ecological risks associated with pollutants released from offshore sediments,more research on the influence of global offshore pollution based on marine geology is undoubtedly needed.

The sources and transport of iron in the North Paci?c and its impact on marine ecosystems

The limitation of iron(Fe)makes the North Pacific a typically high-nitrate,low-chlorophyll(HNLC)region in comparison with other oceanic regions of the world.Iron inputs from land via river discharge and atmospheric dust deposition are the primary processes introducing Fe into the ocean.Also,subsequent physical processes are crucial in transporting biologically available Fe into the upper ocean.As anthropogenic dust increases,the Fe from anthropogenic activities is expected to become more important in terms of impacting marine ecosystems.To investigate the Fe cycle and its impact on ecosystems,a project entitled‘The sources and transport of Fe in the North Pacific and its impact on marine ecosystems’has been funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.The project will focus on three major scientific questions:(1)What are the major sources of Fe in the North Pacific?(2)What is the influence of the Fe-binding ligand cycle on marine ecosystems?(3)What is the likely influence of global change in the future?The distribution of Fe and its corresponding impact on the marine ecosystem in current and future environmental conditions will be investigated.The results of the project are expected to improve our understanding of the marine ecosystem in the North Pacific.

Detail description of Lithophyllum okamurae(Lithophylloideae,Corallinales), a widely distributed crustose coralline alga in marine ecosystems

Lithophyllum okamurae is one of the important encrusting coralline algae,which plays important roles as primary producer,carbonate sediment builder,and habitat provider in the marine ecosystems.In this study,L.okamurae was collected from tropical coast of Sanya,and firstly described based on both detailed morph-anatomical characteristics and molecular studies of typic DNA sequences.The structure of the thalli of L.okamurae was pseudoparenchymatous construction with radially organized dimerous organizations in the crustose portion.The pseudoparenchymatous construction were composed of three parts,including 1 to 3 layers of epithelia cells which had flatten to round outermost walls,one layer of square or rectangular cells of the hypothallia and multiple layers of square or elongated rectangular peripheral cells.Palisade cells were observed,and the cells of the contiguous vegetative filaments were connected by secondary pit-connections with cell fusions absent.The carposporangial conceptacles,the spermatangial conceptacles,the bisporangial conceptacles and the tetrasporangial conceptacles were observed,and all these four kinds of conceptacles were uniporate.The spermatangial conceptacles were slightly convex and buried at shallow depths in the thalli tissues,and the carposporangial conceptacles and asexual conceptacles were protruding and conical.Phylogenetic studies based on DNA barcoding markers of 18 S rDNA,COI,rbc L and psb A revealed that L.okamurae clustered with the closest relation of L.atlanticum,and formed a distinct branch.Based on the comparative anatomical features and the molecular data,the detailed description of the valid species of L.okamurae was firstly given in this study to provide theoretical basis for algae resources utilization and conservation in marine ecosystems.

Temporal variations of food web in a marine bay ecosystem based on LIM-MCMC model

Climate change has led to significant fluctuations in marine ecosystems,including alterations in the structure and function of food webs and ecosystem status.Coastal ecosystems are critical to the functioning of the earth’s lifesupporting systems.However,temporal variations in most of these ecosystems have remained unclear so far.In this study,we employed a linear inverse model with Markov Chain Monte Carlo(LIM-MCMC)combined with ecological network analysis to reveal the temporal variations of the food web in Haizhou Bay of China.Food webs were constructed based on diet composition data in this ecosystem during the year of 2011 and 2018.Results indicated that there were obvious temporal variations in the composition of food webs in autumn of 2011 and 2018.The number of prey and predators for most species in food web decreased in 2018 compared with 2011,especially for Trichiurus lepturus,zooplankton,Amblychaeturichthys hexanema,and Loligo sp.Ecological network analysis showed that the complexity of food web structure could be reflected by comprehensive analysis of compartmentalized indicators.Haizhou Bay ecosystem was more mature and stable in 2011,while the ecosystem’s self-sustainability and recovery from disturbances were accelerated from 2011 to 2018.These findings contribute to our understanding of the dynamics of marine ecosystems and highlight the importance of comprehensive analysis of marine food webs.This work provides a framework for assessing and comparing temporal variations in marine ecosystems,which provides essential information and scientific guidance for the Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management.

A review of ecological impacts of global climate change on persistent organic pollutant and mercury pathways and exposures in arctic marine ecosystems

Bioaccumulative and biomagnifying contaminants, such as persistent organic pollutants （POPs） and mercury （Hg）, have for decades been recognized as a health concern in arctic marine biota. In recent years, global climate change （GCC） and related loss of arctic sea ice have been observed to be driving substantial change in arctic ecosystems. This review summarizes findings documenting empirical links between GCC-induced ecological changes and alterations in POP and Hg exposures and pathways in arctic marine ecosystems. Most of the studies have reported changes in POP or Hg concentrations in tissue in relation to GCC-induced changes in species trophic interactions. These studies have typically focused on the role of changes in abun- dance, habitat range or accessibility of prey species, particularly in relation to sea ice changes. Yet, the ecological change that re- suited in contaminant trend changes has often been unclear or assumed. Other studies have successfully used chemical tracers, such as stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios and fatty acid signatures to link such ecological changes to contaminant level variations or trends. Lower sea ice linked-diet changes/variation were associated with higher contaminant levels in some popula- tions of polar bears, ringed seals, and thick-billed murres, but the influence of changing trophic interactions on POP levels and trends varied widely in both magnitude and direction. We suggest that future research in this new area of GCC-linked ecotox- icology should focus on routine analysis of ancillary ecological metrics with POP and Hg studies, simultaneous consideration of the multiple mechanisms by which GCC and contaminant interactions can occur, and targeted research on changing exposures and toxicological effects in species known to be sensitive to both GCC and contaminants [Current Zoology 61 （4）： 617-628, 2015].

Studies on Marine Oil Spills and Their Ecological Damage

The sources of marine oil spills are mainly from accidents of marine oil tankers or freighters, marine oil-drilling platforms, marine oil pipelines, marine oilfields, terrestrial pollution, oil-bearing atmosphere, and offshore oil production equipment. It is concluded upon analysis that there are two main reasons for marine oil spills: (I) The motive for huge economic benefits of oil industry owners and oil shipping agents far surpasses their sense of ecological risks. (II) Marine ecological safety has not become the main concern of national security. Oil spills are disasters because humans spare no efforts to get economic benefits from oil. The present paper draws another conclusion that marine ecological damage caused by oil spills can be roughly divided into two categories: damage to marine resource value (direct value) and damage to marine ecosystem service value (indirect value). Marine oil spills cause damage to marine biological, fishery, seawater, tourism and mineral resources to various extents, which contributes to the lower quality and value of marine resources.

Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis of Regional Marine Ecosystem Services Value

Marine ecosystem services are the benefits which people obtain from the marine ecosystem,including provisioning services,regulating services,cultural services and supporting services. The human species,while buffered against environmental changes by culture and technology,is fundamentally dependent on the flow of ecosystem services. Marine ecosystem services become increasingly valuable as the terrestrial resources become scarce. The value of marine ecosystem services is the monetary flow of ecosystem services on specific temporal and spatial scales,which often changes due to the variation of the goods prices,yields and the status of marine exploitation. Sensitivity analysis is to study the relationship between the value of marine ecosystem services and the main factors which affect it. Uncertainty analysis based on varying prices,yields and status of marine exploitation was carried out. Through uncertainty analysis,a more credible value range instead of a fixed value of marine ecosystem services was obtained in this study. Moreover,sensitivity analysis of the marine ecosystem services value revealed the relative importance of different factors.

Adjoint Assimilation in Marine Ecosystem Models and an Example of Application

This paper aims at a review of the work carried out to date on the adjoint assimilation of data in marine ecosys-tem models since 1995. The structure and feature of the adjoint assimilation in marine ecosystem models are also introduced. To illustrate the application of the adjoint technique and its merits, a 4-variable ecosystem model coupled with a 3-D physical model is established for the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. The chlorophyll concentration data derived from the SeaWiFS o-cean colour data are assimilated in the model with the technique. Some results are briefly presented.

Biotic communities of the marine ecosystem in Meizhou Bay

The current situation of biotic communities in Meizhou Bay is presented in this paper.The species composition,seasonal variation,and distribution of phytoplankton,zooplankton, red tide organisms,fishes,and benthos in Meizhou Bay were investigated,and the content of chlorophyll a and primary production and their seasonal variation were also determined.The water quality of Meizhou Bay was monitored by measuring the density of Escherichia coli. Results reveal that there is a great variety of species in Meizhou Bay and the water in Meizhou Bay is oligotrophic.But the individual numbers of various organisms are very low, especially those of algae.Moreover,there are more than 40 species of red tide organisms and there exist opportunities of red tides between May and November.All these demand cautious be taken in the future development of this area although it has great environment capacity.

Restorating marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goad for integrated catchment management in Tolo Harbour,Hong Kong,China

The paper demonstrates why it is necessary to take the restoration of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal for integrated catchment management, in coastal area of the Tolo Harbour. The present goal of integrated catchment management (ICM) in the Tolo Harbour is to meet with Water Quality Objectives. The performance of an ICM plan, Tolo Harbour Action Plan (THAP), is evaluated by using marine coastal ecosystem health indicators including stress indicators and responses indicators. Since the implementation of THAP in 1988, some significant reduction in pollution loading has been observed - reduction of 83 % of BOD load and 82 % of TN between 1988 and 1999. There has been an improvement in the health state of Tolo Harbour marine coastal ecosystem as evidenced in the trends of the physical, chemical and biological indicators, although some reverse fluctuations in some periods exist. However, this can only be considered as the first sign of the ecosystem health restoration, since ecosystem health

Discussion of skill improvement in marine ecosystem dynamic models based on parameter optimization and skill assessment

Marine ecosystem dynamic models(MEDMs) are important tools for the simulation and prediction of marine ecosystems. This article summarizes the methods and strategies used for the improvement and assessment of MEDM skill, and it attempts to establish a technical framework to inspire further ideas concerning MEDM skill improvement. The skill of MEDMs can be improved by parameter optimization(PO), which is an important step in model calibration. An effi cient approach to solve the problem of PO constrained by MEDMs is the global treatment of both sensitivity analysis and PO. Model validation is an essential step following PO, which validates the effi ciency of model calibration by analyzing and estimating the goodness-of-fi t of the optimized model. Additionally, by focusing on the degree of impact of various factors on model skill, model uncertainty analysis can supply model users with a quantitative assessment of model confi dence. Research on MEDMs is ongoing; however, improvement in model skill still lacks global treatments and its assessment is not integrated. Thus, the predictive performance of MEDMs is not strong and model uncertainties lack quantitative descriptions, limiting their application. Therefore, a large number of case studies concerning model skill should be performed to promote the development of a scientifi c and normative technical framework for the improvement of MEDM skill.

The teleconnection between marine silicon supply and desertification in China

Desertification has been notably expanding in China in the recent decade, especially in North China where dust/sand storm （DSS） frequently assaulted local communities. Analyses in marine ecology found that the earth ecosystem could be able to complement nutrient silicon for keeping sustainable development of marine ecosystem, and decreasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere; as a result, the area of desertification would be enlarged. Modem human being activities have resulted in constant changes in the amount of silicon transport from land into sea, leading to oversupply of nitrogen and phosphorus but silicon in seawater. The proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon was seriously imbalanced and the limitation of silicon for phytoplankton growth has become more serious. The silicon deficiency has damaged the marine ecosystem in coastal regions and slowed down the carbon sedimentation in the atmosphere of the world. The authors believe that the continual discharge of CO2 into the atmosphere is the cause for the global warming including marine water temperature rise. Consequently, the earth ecosystem would have to trigger its complementary action to resume to the silicon balance by algae bloom in seawater for reducing air and water temperatures. In order to complement nutrient silicon into the sea, the ecosystem would transport silicon via the atmosphere; therefore, the desertification in the inner land is a natural reaction. As marine phytoplankton booming can reduce the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere and further ease the green-house effect, during this process, a large amount of silicon are demanded by the ecosystem, which human being are unable to stop desertification from happening but slow down the progress and ease the risk. Therefore, as an important role in earth ecosystem, people should reduce the CO2 discharge into the atmosphere first; then, the normal function of river transporting silicon must be restored. In this way, the CO2 in the atmosphere can be kept in balance, the global warming slowed down, marine ecosystem development sustained, the drought in inner land eased, and the desert gradually under-controlled.

A statistical dynamics model of the marine ecosystem and its application in Jiaozhou Bay

Models of marine ecosystem dynamics play an important role in revealing the evolution mechanisms of marine ecosystems and in forecasting their future changes. Most traditional ecological dynamics models are established based on basic physical and biological laws, and have obvious dynamic characteristics and ecological significance. However, they are not flexible enough for the variability of environment conditions and ecological processes found in offshore marine areas, where it is often difficult to obtain parameters for the model, and the precision of the model is often low. In this paper, a new modeling method is introduced, which aims to establish an evolution model of marine ecosystems by coupling statistics with differential dynamics. Firstly, we outline the basic concept and method of inverse modeling of marine ecosystems. Then we set up a statistical dynamics model of marine ecosystems evolution according to annual ecological observation data from Jiaozhou Bay. This was done under the forcing conditions of sea surface temperature and surface irradiance and considering the state variables of phytoplankton, zooplankton and nutrients. This model is dynamic, makes the best of field observation data, and the average predicted precision can reach 90% or higher. A simpler model can be easily obtained through eliminating the terms with smaller contributions according to the weight coefficients of model differential items. The method proposed in this paper avoids the difficulties of obtaining and optimizing parameters, which exist in traditional research, and it provides a new path for research of marine ecological dynamics.

Development and Application of a Marine Ecosystem Dynamic Model

A nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton-detritus （NPZD） type of marine ecosystem model was developed in this study,and was further coupled to a three-dimensional primitive-equation ocean circulation model with a river discharge model and a solar radiation model to reproduce the dynamics of the low nutrition level in the Bohai Sea （BS）.The simulation results were validated by observations and it was shown that the seasonal variation in the phytoplankton biomass could be characterized by the double-peak structure,corresponding to the spring and summer blooms,respectively.It was also found that both nitrogen and phosphate declined to the lowest level after the onset of the summer bloom,since the large amounts of nutrients were exhausted by phytoplankton for photosynthesis,and the concentrations of nutrients could resume in winter after a series of the biogeochemical-physical processes.By calculating the nitrogen/phosphorus （N/P） ratio,it is easy to see that the phytoplankton dynamics is nitrogen-limited as a whole in BS,though the phosphorus limitation may occur in the Yellow River （YR） Estuary where the input of riverine nitrogen is much more than that of phosphate.

Effects of a mixture of Cu, Cd, Hg and Zn on marine plankton: Marine Ecosystem Enclosure Experiment

Five experiment ecosystems (MEEE) were employed in April, 1985 to test the effects of a mixture of Cu, Cd, Hg, Pb and Zn on a subtropical planktonic ecosystem in Xiamen Bay, Xiamen, China. The results indicated that the ppb-level of the mixture could suppress the planktonic production. Zooplankton in Xiamen were very sensitive to the metal contamination, especially the larvaceans.

Numerical study on spatially varying control parameters of a marine ecosystem dynamical model with adjoint method

Based on the simulation of a marine ecosystem dynamical model in the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, chlorophyll data are assimilated to study the spatially varying control parameters （CPs） by using the adjoint method. In this study, the CPs at some grid points are selected as the independent CPs, while the CPs at other grid points can be obtained through linear interpolation with the independent CPs. The independent CPs are uniformly selected from each 30′ × 30′area, and we confirm that the optimal influence radius is 1.2° by a twin experiment. In the following experiments, when only the maximum growth rate of phytoplankton （Vm） is estimated by two given types of spatially varying CPs, the mean relative errors of Vm are 1.22% and 0.94% while the decrease rates of the mean error of chlorophyll in the surface are 94.6% and 95.8%, respectively. When the other four CPs are estimated respectively, the results are also satisfactory, which indicates that the adjoint method has a strong ability of optimizing the prescribed CP with spatial variations. However, when all these five most important CPs are estimated simultaneously, the collocation of the changing trend of each parameter influences the estimation results remarkably. Only when the collocation of the changing trend of each parameter is consistent with the ecological mechanisms which influence the growth of the phytoplankton in marine ecosystem, could the five most important CPs be estimated more accurately.

Review on the Progress of Marine Ecosystem Management

Along with the industrial development, adverse impacts on the natural environment become more serious, and ecosystem health and ecological security have also been deteriorated. The traditional environment management focused on the shorterm and economic benefits. Such managing pattern is not accommodating to the new situation of increasingly global environment problems and large scale marine environment problems. This paper introduces the advance and definition of a new managing patternecosystem management. Meanwhile, the con- notation of ecosystem management was summarized as seven points： Sustainability; Human is an important aspect of ecosystem management; Cooperation is the foundation of ecosystem management; Maintain health and security of ecosystem; Ecological diversity protection characters ecosystem management; Maintain the integrity of ecosystem; Ecosystem management must be founded on scientific theories and precise information. Somebody said Ecosystem Management is ＂a new label of old ideas＂. However, there is an essential difference between ecosystem management and traditional environmental management. In the last part of this paper, the differences of the approaches between ecosystem management and traditional environmental management are compared.

Evaluation Techniques of the Loss of Marine Ecosystem Services Caused by Sea Reclamation Project Based on Three Methods

Based on the effect of marine environment caused by sea reclamation and Technical Directives for Marine Ecological Capital Assessment(GB/T 28058-2011), the indexes of the loss of coastal ecosystem services led by sea reclamation were built. The lost value of sea reclamation was calculated using three methods, namely, economic evaluation, emergy analysis and biodiversity experiential formula. The three methods were applied in the new sea reclamation in Taxia, Fuding City, Fujian Province, and the total ecosystem lost value was 6.720 million CNY/year, 8.092 million CNY/year, and 1.333 million CNY/year, respectively. Compared with other relevant researches, this paper analyzed feasibility and applicability of the three methods, so as to include project external cost into the project economic profi t and loss analysis in the evaluation of environmental infl uence, and to provide technical support for the sustainable economic development of coastal zones.

The effects of sediment from an industrial outfall area on a marine planktonic ecosystem

-Sediment from Xiamen industrial area was added to marine ecosystem enclosures to test the effects on the planktonic communities in Xiamen Bay, China, in April, 1985. Sediments were added at two concentrations, 11.2 and 112 ppm dry wt. respectively. The species of phytoplankton did not change as compared with the control, but the number of diatoms markedly decreased in the sediment treated enclosures. A suppression of photosynthesis was presumed to be due to light attenuation by the added sediment. Microflagellates, zooplankton and bacteria were resistant to sediment increase in water column.