Simple electrode assembly engineering:Toward a multifunctional lead-acid battery

Electrochemical energy storage is a promising technology for the integration of renewable energy.Lead-acid battery is perhaps among the most successful commercialized systems ever since thanks to its excellent cost-effectiveness and safety records.Despite of 165 years of development,the low energy density as well as the coupled power and energy density scaling restrain its wider application in real life.To address this challenge,we optimized the configuration of conventional Pb-acid battery to integrate two gas diffusion electrodes.The novel device can work as a Pb-air battery using ambient air,showing a peak power density of 183 mW cm^(−2),which was comparable with other state-of-the-art metal-O_(2)batteries.It can also behave as a fuel cell,simultaneously converting H_(2)and air into electricity with a peak power density of 75 mW cm^(−2).Importantly,this device showed little performance degradation after 35 h of the longevity test.Our work shows the exciting potential of lead battery technology and demonstrates the importance of battery architecture optimization toward improved energy storage capacity.

Research on thin grid materials of lead-acid batteries

A detailed investigation on Pb-Ca-Sn alloys was made in order to choose suitable grid alloys materials for thin plate lead-acid batteries. The electrochemical performances of alloys were investigated by electrochemical corrosion experiment, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) test. The results indicate that Pb-Ca-Sn-Bi-Cu alloys can be used to make the grids used for thin grid lead-acid batteries, the content of bismuth has primary effects on the corrosion resistance of grid alloys, the composition of alloys plays an important role on batteries performance, and appropriate scale of elements can be choosed to obtain optimal electrochemical performance. The lead-acid batteries using this kind of grid show good performance by cycle life test.

Experiments Study on Charge Technology of Lead-Acid Electric Vehicle Batteries

The basic theory of the fast charge and several charge methods are introduced. In order to heighten charge efficiency of valve-regulated lead-acid battery and shorten the charge time, five charge methods are investigated with experiments done on the Digatron BNT 400-050 test bench. Battery current, terminal voltage, capacity, energy and terminal pole temperature during battery experiment were recorded, and corresponding curves were depicted. Battery capacity-time ratio, energy efficiency and energy-temperature ratio are put forward to be the appraising criteria of lead-acid battery on electric vehicle （EV）. According to the appraising criteria and the battery curves, multistage-current/negative-pulse charge method is recommended to charge lead-acid EV battery.

PREPARATION OF LEAD-ACID BATTERY USING ELECTROPLATED RETICULATED SiC AS THE POSITIVE CURRENT COLLECTOR

The possibility of using Pb-electroplated reticulated SiC as the positive current collector for lead-acid batteries was investigated. Reticulated SiC with two aperture sizes (3 and 2mm) were tested as the substrate of positive electrode. It was found that the reticulated SiC has an excellent corrosion resistance in H2SO4 solution, and the Pb layer electroplated on reticulated SiC showed analogous electrochemical behavior to metal Pb. Preliminary test of the battery performance indicated that the utilization efficiency of the positive active mass of new designed batteries are improved compared with the conventional batteries. The improvement could be ascribed to the high specific surface area of the reticulated structured positive current collector, which was further supported by the even better performance of the battery made from a smaller aperture size (2mm) reticulated SiC as the substrate of the positive electrode.

Self-Discharge in Valve-Regulated Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries

Factors that cause the self-discharge in valve-regulated sealed lead-acid batteries are discussed and measures to inhibit the self-discharge are put forward.

Study of the Charge Acceptance of Small-Size Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries

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Mathematical Model and Experiment of Temperature Effect on Discharge of Lead-Acid Battery for PV Systems in Tropical Area

This paper presents Mathematical Model and Experiment of Temperature effect on Charge and Discharge of Lead-Acid Battery performance in PV system power supply. To test temperature effect on battery discharge cycles, a temperature range of tropical area from 25 - 60 degrees Celsius in a simulator is set up for testing. This temperature range is normally practical for battery usage. This allows the battery to determine the parameters of the battery quickly and high accurate. A Mathematical Model with MATLAB Program is written and constructed as block diagram using the equations of battery the parameters. By running program, the effects of various parameters are investigated. The results showed that time of discharge the battery is longer. Then, the experiment is set up by battery VRLA 12 V 20 AH. The results confirmed the mathematical model simulations.

A study on equivalent circuit model of lead-acid battery for electric vehicles

A 100Ah@42V lead-acid battery package for electric vehicles are used for study. 1he hybrid pulse test is applied to the battery package to acquire enough data, by which the partnership for a new generation of vehicles （PNGV） equivalent circuit model parameters are identified by the least square method. Then, the PNGV model is verified under two conditions, i.e., the composite pulse excitation and the constant-current respectively. The corresponding maximum relative errors of output voltage are less than 3 % and 3.5 %. Results show that the present PNGV equivalent circuit model and verification method is effective, which can satisfy requirement of simulation of power system of electric vehicles.

Potentiometric Measurement of State-of-Charge of Lead-Acid Batteries Using Polymeric Ferrocene and Quinones Derivatives

Measurement of state-of-charge of lead-acid batteries using potentiometric sensors would be convenient;however, most of the electrochemical couples are either soluble or are unstable in the battery electrolyte. This paper describes the results of an investigation of poly (divinylferrocene) (PDVF) and Poly(diethynylanthraquinone) (PAQ) couples in sulfuric acid with the view to developing a potentiometric sensor for lead-acid batteries. These compounds were both found to be quite stable and undergo reversible reduction/oxidation in sulfuric acid media. Their redox potential difference varied linearly with sulfuric acid concentration in the range of 1 M - 5 M (i.e. simulated lead-acid electrolyte during battery charge/discharge cycles). A sensor based on these compounds has been investigated.

Application of a Sulfur Removal Hydrometallurgical Process in a Lead-Acid Battery Recycling Plant in Costa Rica

This study presents the implementation of a desulphurization process for lead recycling under different chemical and physical conditions using pyro-metallurgical processes. Desulphurization was done using a hydrometallurgical process using sodium carbonate as a desulphurization agent and different lead-bearing loads compositions. Waste characterization included: SO2 concentrations in the stack emissions, total lead content in the furnace ash, the total lead content in the slag, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). A significant reduction in SO2 emissions was achieved (~55% reduction) where mean SO2 concentrations changed from 2193 ± 135 ppm to 1006 ± 62 ppm after the implementation of the modified processes. The desulfurized lead paste (i.e. the metallic fraction lead of the battery) of the modified process exhibited an improvement in the concentration of the lead in the TCLP test, with an average value of 1.5 ppm which is below US EPA limit of 5 ppm. The traditional process TCLP mean value for the TCLP was 54.2 ppm. The total lead content in the bag house ashes shows not significant variations, when comparing the desulphurization (67.6% m/m) and non-desulphurization process (64.9% m/m). The total lead mean content in the slag was higher in the desulphurization process (2.49% m/m) than the traditional process (1.91% m/m). Overall, the implementation of a new desulphurization method would potentially increase the operation costs in 10.3%. At the light of these results, a combination of hydrometallurgical and pyro-metallurgical processes in the recycling of lead-acid batteries can be used to reduce the environmental impact of these industries but would increase the operational costs of small lead recyclers.

Battery Management System with State ofCharge Indicator for Electric Vehicles

Aim To research and develop a battery management system(BMS)with the state of charge(SOC)indicator for electric vehicles (EVs).Methods On the basis of analyzing the electro-chemical characteristics of lead-acid. battery, the state of charge indicator for lead-acid battery was developed by means of an algorithm based on combination of ampere-hour, Peukert's equation and open-voltage method with the compensation of temperature,aging,self- discharging,etc..Results The BMS based on this method can attain an accurate surplus capa- city whose error is less than 5% in static experiments.It is proved by experiments that the BMS is reliable and can give the driver an accurate surplus capacity,precisely monitor the individual battery modules as the same time,even detect and warn the problems early,and so on. Conclusion A BMS can make the energy of the storage batteries used efficiently, develop the batteries cycle life,and increase the driving distance of EVs.

蓄电池混合储能系统研究

锂离子电池系统成本高昂是阻碍其在电动设备中广泛使用的最大挑战之一。对某船采用的电池混合储能系统(Hybrid Energy Storage System,HESS)进行研究,分析电池混合对成本、系统效率和电池重量等3个关键指标的影响。该HESS的使用寿命设计为10 a,采用镍钴锰酸锂和钛酸锂作为高能(High-Energy,HE)和高功率(High-Power,HP)电池单体。研究表明,与采用HP电池和HE电池的单一型电池储能系统相比,HESS的效率没有下降,成本能分别下降约28%和14%,总重量能减少30%以上。

PSO-LSSVM-based Online SOC Estimation for Simulation Substation Battery

As the emergency power supply for a simulation substation,lead-acid batteries have a work pattern featuring noncontinuous operation,which leads to capacity regeneration.However,the accurate estimation of battery state of charge(SOC),a measurement of the amount of energy available in a battery,remains a hard nut to crack because of the non-stationarity and randomness of battery capacity change.This paper has proposed a comprehensive method for lead-acid battery SOC estimation,which may aid in maintaining a reasonable charging schedule in a simulation substation and improving battery’s durability.Based on the battery work pattern,an improved Ampere-hour method is used to calculate the SOC during constant current and constant voltage(CC/CV)charging and discharging.In addition,the combined Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)and Least Squares Support Vector Machine(LSSVM)model is used to estimate the SOC during non-CC discharging.Experimental results show that this method is workable in online SOC estimation of working batteries in a simulation substaion,with the maximum relative error standing at only 2.1%during the non-training period,indicating a high precision and wide applicability.

A Robust Single-Sensor MPPT Strategy for Shaded Photovoltaic-Battery System

A robust single-sensor global maximum power point tracking(MPPT)strategy based on modern optimization for photovoltaic systems considering shading conditions is proposed in this work.The proposed strategy is designed for battery charging applications and direct current(DC)microgrids.Under normal operation,the curve of photovoltaic(PV)output power versus PV voltage contains only a single peak point.This point can be simply captured using any traditional tracking method like perturb and observe.However,this situation is completely different during the shadowing effect where several peaks appear on the power voltage curve.Most of these peaks are local with only a single global.This condition leads to the incapability of traditional tracking approaches to extract the global peak power due to their inability to distinguish between the local and global peak points.They are trapped in the first peak point even when the point is local.Therefore,global tracking approaches based on modern optimization are highly required.A recent marine predators algorithm(MPA)has been used to solve the problem of tracking the global MPP under shadowing influence.Different shadowing scenarios are used to test and evaluate the performance of MPA based tracker.The obtained results are compared with particle swarm optimization(PSO)and ant lion optimizer(ALO).The results of the comparison con-firmed the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed global MPPT-MPA based tracker over PSO and ALO.

Simple Rational Model for Discharge of Batteries with Aqueous Electrolytes, Based on Nernst Equation

A simple rational model is proposed for discharge of batteries with aqueous electrolytes, based on Nernst equation. Details of electrode kinetics are not taken into account. Only a few overall parameters of the battery are considered. A simple algorithm, with variable time step-length Δt, is presented, for proposed model. The model is first applied to Daniel cell, in order to clarify concepts and principles of battery operation. It is found that initial pinching, in time-history curve of voltage E-t, is due to initial under-concentration of product ion. Then, model is applied to a lead-acid battery. In absence of an ion product, and in order to construct nominator of Nernst ratio, such an ion, with coefficient tending to zero, is assumed, thus yielding unity in nominator. Time-history curves of voltage, for various values of internal resistance, are compared with corresponding published experimental curves. Temperature effect on voltage-time curve is examined. Proposed model can be extended to other types of batteries, which can be considered as having aqueous electrolytes, too.

Pb-Ca-Sn-Ba Grid Alloys for Valve-Regulated Lead Acid Batteries

The effect of barium additives on the process of anodic corrosion of lead-tin-calcium alloys in a 4.8 М sulfuric acid solution was studied. Cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, weight loss measurements and scanning electronic microscope analysis have allowed exploring the oxidation process and characterizing the formed corrosion layer. According to our results, barium introduction into lead-tin-calcium alloys increases their hardness, reduces their electrochemical activity, and improves their corrosion stability. Reduction of the calcium content in the alloy can be compensated by adding barium. Barium dopation at lead-tin-calcium alloys decreases the resistance of the oxide layer formed on the grid surface, in a deeply discharged state, and raises its resistance during floating conditions and at a charged state of the positive electrode.

Battery Management for the Electric Hydraulic Pump System of a Lifting Trolley

This study proposed a battery management approach for the electric hydraulic pump system of a lifting trolley.The pump system was powered by two 12-V lead-acid batteries in series.Because direct measurement of the actual battery state of charge is unlikely,it has mostly been determined through estimation based on the measured open-circuit voltage.A discharge current will result in a voltage drop and hence a lower voltage during discharge;however,the battery voltage will return to the original open-circuit voltage once the discharge stops.The operating current of the electric hydraulic pump system employed in this study was associated with three factors:the lifting height,lifting load,and battery state of charge.The operating current remained constant during the first half of the lifting phase and increased gradually with the lifting height in the second half.The operating current peaked when the lifting height reached the maximum.The power management approach for the electric hydraulic pump system featured the following basic functions:overcharge protection,overdischarge protection,short-circuit protection,overload protection,and an operating timer established in accordance with the system’s operating current variation.According to the manufacturer-defined maximum lifting load and lifting height of the lifting trolley,this study conducted experiments to obtain the maximum required operating time.An operating time greater than the maximum required operating time indicates the occurrence of an unexpected event,discharge should be stopped until the fault is resolved.

面向刮底安全的电池包防护结构轻量化设计

为保护刮底工况中的电池包,提出了一种铝合金防护结构的截面-布置设计方法。建立了整车刮底仿真模型,并定义了电池包模组侵入量目标,通过对防撞梁进行三点静压试验和仿真分析验证了材料模型的准确性;对铝合金防护梁的截面进行拓扑优化,确定了防护结构的最优截面形状为“人”字形结构;对比分析了不同截面形状、安装位置和布置参数对刮底性能的影响,并研究了刮底防护的机理;最后,构建了混合近似模型,采用多目标海洋捕食者算法对结构进行截面-布置优化。研究结果表明,优化后的两种铝合金防护结构方案与原钢制结构方案相比,分别减重59.6%和46.8%,且电池模组侵入量满足要求。

船舶锂电池LLZO/聚合物基固态电解质的构筑

为提高固态锂电池能量存储系统的安全性和体积能量密度,采用高温固相烧结法和溶液浇注法,以石榴石型氧化物固态电解质(典型分子式为Li_(7)La_(3)Zr_(2)O_(12),LLZO)为无机填料,将聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯(polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene,PVDF-HFP)与聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(polymethyl methacrylate,PMMA)共混制备复合固态电解质PVDF-HFP/PMMA-LLZO。结果表明:固态电解质PVDF-HFP/PMMA-LLZO降低了聚合物体系的结晶度和抑制锂枝晶的形成,LLZO提供支撑基质有利于提高电解质的机械性能和离子电导率,当LLZO占整体复合固态电解质质量的30%时,PVDF-HFP/PMMA-LLZO中的离子电导率为9.58μS/cm。加入LLZO有利于提高复合聚合物PVDF-HFP/PMMA的锂离子电导率,提高热稳定性和机械性能。采用PVDF-HFP/PMMA-LLZO与LiFePO_(4)/Li制备固态锂电池,室温下,放电倍率为0.1 C时首次放电比容量为138.96 mAh/g,循环50次后放电比容量保持率为86%,放电倍率为0.2 C时放电比容量为152.7 mAh/g。LLZO/聚合物复合固态电解质的构筑可为船舶固态锂电池的应用提供借鉴与参考。

锂-亚硫酰氯电池的试验与性能分析

能源供给是海洋能源与资源开发需重点突破的核心共性关键技术。文章介绍了锂-亚硫酰氯电池的特性及优势,设计出一种电池舱来保证电池组在海底低温情况下也不会降低放电效率;同时根据哈尔伯格—佩克公式,评估出电池在高温高湿的环境下功能和使用寿命也不会受到影响;最后利用微热量仪测试电池的自放电率,测得在常温条件下电池的年容量损失<1%。电池舱的设计保证了海洋装备供电系统的高效性与安全性,锂-亚硫酰氯电池的使用保障了海底观测的长期续航。