Research on the Pitting Mechanism of Dispersion-Strengthened High-Strength Steel Under Wet-Dry Cycling in a Marine Environment

Due to the wet-dry cycling in the ocean tidal zone,the supply of dissolved oxygen and salt-containing particles were sufficient,so the corrosion was serious.Pitting corrosion was a common form of localized corrosion.This paper studied the pitting corrosion mechanism of dispersion-strengthened high-strength steel under different wet-dry ratio environments.Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy was used to study the changes of corrosion rate and electric double layer structure of the dispersionstrengthened high-strength steel.Scanning electron microscope,Raman spectroscopy,electron probe microanalysis and laser confocal scanning microscope were used to observe the corrosion product morphologies,analyze the corrosion product compositions,analyze the secondary distribution of alloy elements in the corrosion products and analyze the pitting information of the steel after the corrosion products were removed.The results showed that the degree of the steel corrosion was slight when the wetting time was longer,the size and depth of the corrosion pits on the surface were smaller.This was because the environment with longer wetting time made the corrosion products denser.In this environment,the conversion ofγ-FeOOH to Fe3O4 was promoted.In addition,it could also promote the alloying elements to be more concentrated in the rust layer.The above phenomena hindered the further corrosion of the matrix by dissolved oxygen and Cl−in the seawater.

A Study of the Effect of the Miller Cycle on the Combustion of a Supercharged Marine Diesel Engine

The Miller cycle is a program that effectively reduces NOx emissions from marine diesel engines by lowering the maximum combustion temperature in the cylinder,thereby reducing NOx emissions.To effectively investigate the impact of Miller cycle optimum combustion performance and emission capability under high load conditions,this study will perform a one-dimensional simulation of the performance of a marine diesel engine,as well as a threedimensional simulation of the combustion in the cylinder.A 6-cylinder four-stroke single-stage supercharged diesel engine is taken as the research object.The chassis dynamometer and other related equipment are used to build the test system,carry out the diesel engine bench test,and collect experimental data.The simulation results are compared with the test results,and the error is less than 5%.In this study,the authors will use simulation software to simulate several Miller cycle scenarios designed for early inlet valve closure and analyze the impact of the Miller cycle on combustion and emissions at 100%load conditions.By comparing the flow field distribution of the engine at 1500 r/min condition,it was found that proper EIVC can prolong the ignition latency period and homogeneous fuel-air mixture combustion acceleration,but it can reduce pressure and temperature within the piston chamber and NOx emission.However,the Miller cycle reduces end-of-compression temperatures,which increases combustion duration and exhaust temperatures,making it difficult to improve fuel economy at the optimum fuel consumption point,and closing the intake valves prematurely leads to excessive fuel expenditure.Furthermore,temperature and heat release rate within the piston chamber,NOx,and SOOT generation were significantly enhanced.

Effects of virus infection on expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins in the unicellular marine algae Emiliania huxleyi

The authors have investigated the biochemical events by which marine algal virus infection induces cell cycle arrest. The key G 2 /M-phase regulatory proteins are analyzed by immunobloting in unicel-lular Emiliania huxleyi,suggesting that virus induced cell cycle arrest is related with virus＇s effect on cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases. E. huxleyi virus（EhV） represses Cdc2/cyclinB complex activity by inhibiting the activity of Cdc2 kinase in a phosphorylation-related manner,blocking host cells G 2 /M checkpoint. Dephosphorylated /inactive Cdc25C combined with up-regulation of Wee1 expression at early infect period appears to be important mechanisms by which EhV represses Cdc2/cyclinB complex activity that is required for entry into M phase. This study has allowed us to confirm that algal virus infection leads to selective activation or inhibition of certain cell-cycle factors,which may play a significant role in establishing a more efficient environment for viral gene expression and DNA replication.

Durability of concrete beams reinforced with CFRP sheet under wet-dry cycles and loading

The test results of eight concrete beams reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer （CFRP） sheets subjected to an aggressive environment under a sustained load are presented. The beams are 1 700 mm long with a rectangular cross-section of 120- mm width and 200-mm depth. The beams are precracked with a four-point flexural load, bonded CFRP sheets, and placed into wet-dry saline water（ NaCl） either in an unstressed state or loaded to about 30% or 60% of the initial ultimate load. The individual and coupled effects of wet-dry saline water and sustained bending stresses on the long term behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with the CFRP are investigated. The test results show that the coupled action of wet-dry saline water and sustained bending stresses appears to significantly affect the load capacity and the failure mode of beam strengthened with CFRP, mainly due to the degradation of the bond between CFRP and concrete. However, the stiffness is not affected by the coupled action of wet-dry cycles and a sustained load.

Effect of salts on earthen materials deterioration after humidity cycling

Salt weathering leads to destruction of many valuable cultural heritage monuments and porous building material. The present study aims at providing more laboratory evidence for evaluating the effects of salt precipitation on the deterioration process. In view of this, the remoulded soil specimens were mixed with three kinds of salts(i.e., NaCl, Na_2SO_4 and their mixture) with different salt concentrations, and the specimens were kept in environment cabinet for undergoing different wet-dry cycles. After each cycle, the ultrasound velocity measurements were employed to monitor the deterioration process. For the specimens that have suffered three wet-dry cycles, the mechanical properties(i.e. shear strength and compression strength) were determined to evaluate the degree of deterioration. Furthermore, considering the realistic conservation environment of earthen sites, mechanical stability of these specimens against sediment-carrying wind erosion was conducted in a wind tunnel. These experiments results indicate that the overall average velocities of the specimens after the third cycle are significantly lower than those subjected to only one cycle. Ultrasound velocity, mechanical strength and wind erosion rate decrease when salt content increases. However, the internal friction angle increases firstly, and then decreases with the increase in salt content added to the specimens. Na_2SO_4 contributes most of the surface deterioration, while NaCl plays little role in the deterioration. The damage potential of the salt mixture is less obvious and largely dependent on the crystallisation location.

Effect of incubation temperature and wet-dry cycle on the availabilities of Cd,Pb and Zn in soil

The effect of incubation temperature and wet-dry cycle on the availabilities of Cd, Pb and Zn was studied. Three soils with pH ranging from 3.8 to 7.3, organic carbon （OC） from 0.7% to 2.4%, and clay from 12.3% to 35.6% were selected. Soils were spiked with reagent grade Cd（NO3）2, Pb（NO3）2, and Zn（NO3）2 at concentrations of 30 mg Cd/kg soil, 300 mg Zn/kg soil and 2000 mg Pb/kg soil. The soils were incubated at 35, 60, 105℃, respectively and went through four wet-dry cycles. Metal availability in soils was estimated by soil extraction with 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2. According to this study, the effect of the spiking temperature on the metal availabilities was different among the metals, soils and wet-dry cycles. Mostly, 35 ~C was the first recommended spiking temperature for Cd and Pb while no spiking temperature was obviously better than others for Zn. Three wet-dry cycles was recommended regardless of the type of metals and incubation temperature.

The sources and transport of iron in the North Paci?c and its impact on marine ecosystems

The limitation of iron(Fe)makes the North Pacific a typically high-nitrate,low-chlorophyll(HNLC)region in comparison with other oceanic regions of the world.Iron inputs from land via river discharge and atmospheric dust deposition are the primary processes introducing Fe into the ocean.Also,subsequent physical processes are crucial in transporting biologically available Fe into the upper ocean.As anthropogenic dust increases,the Fe from anthropogenic activities is expected to become more important in terms of impacting marine ecosystems.To investigate the Fe cycle and its impact on ecosystems,a project entitled‘The sources and transport of Fe in the North Pacific and its impact on marine ecosystems’has been funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.The project will focus on three major scientific questions:(1)What are the major sources of Fe in the North Pacific?(2)What is the influence of the Fe-binding ligand cycle on marine ecosystems?(3)What is the likely influence of global change in the future?The distribution of Fe and its corresponding impact on the marine ecosystem in current and future environmental conditions will be investigated.The results of the project are expected to improve our understanding of the marine ecosystem in the North Pacific.

Performance of Concrete Subjected to Severe Multiple Actions of Composite Salts Solution under Wet-Dry Cycles and Flexural Loading in Lab

Several action regimes were employed, namely, those exposed to solutions containing single and/or composite chloride and sulfate salts, and under wet-dry cycles and/or flexural loading. The variations in dynamic modulus of elasticity（Erd values） were monitored, as well as the key factor impacting on the chloride ingress when concrete subjected to multiple action regimes was identified by the method of Grey Relation Analysis（GRA）. The changes in micro-structures and mineral products of interior concrete after different action regimes were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction（XRD）, mercury intrusion technique（MIP）, and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The test results showed that the cyclic wet-dry accelerated the deterioration of OPC concrete more than the action of 35% flexural loading based on the results of Erd values and the GEA. The analyses from micro-structures could give certain explanations to the change in Erd values under different action regimes.

Degradation of Pore Structure and Microstructures in Hardened Cement Paste Subjected to Flexural Loading and Wet-dry Cycles in Sea Water

Hardened cement paste was subjected to the flexural loading and wet-dry cycles in sea water. The degradation of microstructures was obtained using scanning electron microscope （SEM）, and the energy dispersive spectrum （EDS） analysis was carried to analyze the local composition. Mercury intrusion porosimetry （Poremaster GT-60） was used to analyze the degradation of pore structures. The experimental results show that the synergistic action of the flexural loading, wet-dry cycles and sea water leads to significant deterioration of hardened cement paste. The degradation of microstructures in the tensile region is more serious than that in the compressive region. The flexural loading and wet-dry cycles accelerate the chemical attack of sea water.

Supercritical CO_(2) Cycles for Nuclear-Powered Marine Propulsion:Preliminary Conceptual Design and Off-Design Performance Assessment

Using the efficient,space-saving,and flexible supercritical carbon dioxide(sCO_(2)) Brayton cycle is a promising approach for improving the performance of nuclear-powered ships.The purpose of this paper is to design and compare sCO_(2) cycle power systems suitable for nuclear-powered ships.Considering the characteristics of nuclear-powered ships,this paper uses different indicators to comprehensively evaluate the efficiency,cost,volume,and partial load performance of several nuclear-powered sCO_(2) cycles.Four load-following strategies are also designed and compared.The results show that the partial cooling cycle is most suitable for nuclear-powered ships because it offers both high thermal efficiency and low volume and cost,and can maintain relatively high thermal efficiency at partial loads.Additionally,the new load-following strategy that adjusts the turbine speed can keep the compressor away from the surge line,making the cycle more flexible and efficient compared to traditional inventory and turbine bypass strategies.

Recognition of Milankovitch Cycles in the Natural Gamma—Ray Logging of Upper Cretaceous Terrestrial Strata in the Songliao Basin

Spectrogram analysis of seven natural gamma-ray logging of Member 1 of the Qingshankou Formation （K2qn^1） and Member 1 and 2 of the Nenjiang Formation （K2n^1-2） of Late Cretaceous age in the Songliao Basin reveals sedimentary cyclicities controlled by Milankovitch climate periodicities. The recognition of Milankovitch cycles allows estimation of an average accumulation rate of ～7.55- 8.62 cm/ka for the K2qn^1 sections, and ～6.69-10.16 cm/ka for the K2n^1-2 sections. Two marine transgression events occurred during the deposition of K2qn^1 and K2n^1-2 and their ages are at ～0.74- 1.10 Ma and ～2.38-4.84 Ma, respectively. Identification of Milankoviteh cycles from fine-grained deep lake sedimentary rocks in the Songliao Basin may provide great potential for high-resolution stratigraphic subdivisions and correlations.

Black carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of China’s marginal seas

This study investigates the distribution of black carbon （BC） and its correlation with total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （EPAH） in the surface sediments of China＇s marginal seas. BC content ranges from 〈0.10 to 2.45 mg/g dw （grams dry weight） in the sediments studied, and varied among the different coastal regions. The Bohai Bay sediments had the highest BC contents （average 2.18 mg/g dw）, which comprises a significant fraction （27%-41%） of the total organic carbon （TOC） preserved in the sediments. In comparison, BC in the surface sediments of the North Yellow Sea, Jiaozhou Bay, East China Sea and the South China Sea is less abundant and accounted for an average of 6%, 8%, 14% and 5%, respectively, of the sedimentary organic carbon pool. The concentration of EPAH in the surface sediments ranges from 41 to 3 667 ng/g dw and showed large spatial variations among the sampling sites of different costal regions. The Bohai Bay has the highest ZPAH values, ranging from 79 to 3 667 ng/g dw. This reflects the high anthropogenically contaminated nature of the sediments in the bay. BC is positively correlated to TOC but a strong correlation is not found between BC and ZPAH in the surface sediments studied, suggesting that BC and PAHs preserved in the sediments are derived from different sources and controlled by different biogeochemical processes. Our study suggests that the abundance of BC preserved in the sediments could represent a significant sink pool of carbon cycling in China＇s marginal seas.

Damage characteristics and new constitutive model of sandstone under wet–dry cycles

The mechanical properties of rock deteriorate under repeated wet-dry(WD)cycles,causing the deformation and failure of the rock mass.A reasonable damage constitutive model can truly reflect the whole process of rock deformation and failure.Therefore,it is of great significance to study the damage characteristics and constitutive behaviour of rock subjected to numerous WD cycles.First,sandstone from Tingliang tunnel was sampled for the WD cycle experiment,and uniaxial and triaxial tests were carried out on the rock samples after various numbers of WD cycles to analyze their macroscale damage characteristics.Then,the damage mechanisms of the rock samples under the action of WD cycling were identified by X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Finally,based on the test data,the WD cycle-induced damage variable,Weibull distribution function,damage threshold,Drucker-Prager(D-P)yield criterion and residual strength correction coefficient were introduced,a wet-dry loading(WDL)constitutive damage model that considers the cracking stress of rock masses was established,and the expressions of the corresponding parameters were given.The results show that an increasing number of WD cycles induces considerable variations in the macroscopic physical and mechanical parameters(such as the rock sample mass,saturated water content,longitudinal-wave velocity,compressive strength and elastic modulus),and the rate of change presents two stages,the inflection point of their rate of change is the 15th WD cycle.Microscopically,the rock sample structure changes from intact and dense to fragmented and unconsolidated;additionally,the surface roughness increases,and the mineral composition changes.The established constitutive damage model exhibited good agreement with the experimental data;thus,this model can reflect the deformation and failure of rocks under WDL conditions,and the physical meaning of each parameter is clear.

Sea-level Eustatic Cycles and Potash Formation Event:A Case Study of Triassic Sichuan Basin

Identification of the favorable salt-and potash-forming layer,we still mainly rely on logging interpretation and coring verification.However,we both know that the continuously carbonate platform is cyclical growing.It has recorded valuable information about the phase transition of carbonate rocks,which were synchronized with the relative sea-level cycles.This paper presents a fast and

基于AMI-CycleGAN的海洋垃圾图像增强算法

针对循环生成对抗网络(CycleGAN)的海洋垃圾图像增强存在色彩失真、轮廓模糊的问题,提出一种结合自适应空间特征融合的多输入循环生成对抗网络(AMI-CycleGAN)。首先,减少生成器U-Net的网络深度和跨层连接次数以减少参数量,借助平滑扩张卷积避免网格伪影,得到多尺度感受野信息;其次,引入自适应空间特征融合来解决因垃圾尺寸不一导致不同层特征图融合时的信息冲突,得到语义信息丰富的融合特征图,通过与色彩校正网络的增强特征图融合保留了原图像的色彩信息;最后,引入边缘差损失函数和内容感知损失函数丰富细节信息。在trash_ICRA19上,与CycleGAN相比,其结构相似性值和峰值信噪比分别提升了27.52%和20.75%。与FUnIE-GAN相比,其参数量减少了79.36%,计算速度提高了12.50%。该算法改善了CycleGAN的色彩失真和轮廓模糊问题,且能达到实时检测标准。

海洋软黏土不排水循环强度的触变性试验研究

以长江入海口海域软黏土为研究对象,开展了系列不固结不排水循环三轴试验,研究了静置时间T、含水率w及塑性指数IP对重塑海洋软黏土不排水触变循环强度的影响。试验结果表明:以双幅轴向应变εad=5%为重塑海洋软黏土试样的失效判据,破坏振次为15的循环强度CRR15随T的增加而增大,T=14 d,CRR15的增长速度最快,T>28 d时CRR15增加略有上升或趋于稳定。前期扰动或循环荷载的施加会导致软黏土触变性减弱,软黏土的触变循环强度比Ad明显小于静剪强度比As。Ad随IP的增加先增大后降低,随w的增加而增大,随归一化含水率w/wL的增加先增大后减小,当w/wL=0.76时,Ad达到最大值。开展平行工况的无侧限抗压强度试验,提出以循环轴应力幅值σd与2倍无侧限抗压强度qu之比σd/2qu表征循环应力水平,发现σd/2qu与不同w及T的试样达到εad=5%所需的破坏振次N_f存在唯一性关系,且σd/2qu随N_f的增大呈幂函数减小。

全球“限塑令”对我国东部沿海省份的影响预测及对策建议——以浙江省为例

塑料产品应用广泛,同时也是重要的环境污染源。联合国环境大会拟在2024年底形成全球“限塑令”,旨在控制塑料消耗总量,结束塑料污染,这将是自《巴黎协定》以来最重要的环境多边协议。浙江省是塑料生产、消费和出口大省,面对日益收紧的国际形势,如何落实习近平总书记考察浙江省时指出的“主动适应国际经贸规则重构走向,在环境保护等方面先行先试”,将全球“限塑令”转变为浙江省的发展机遇是亟需思考的问题。在分析全球“限塑令”主要行动指向和各国实践基础上,系统性研判浙江省在传统企业转型升级、生物可降解行业发展、全生命周期管理体系建立以及海洋塑料污染治理经验输出等方面面临的契机和挑战,提出了传统行业绿色转型、可替代行业高质量发展、提升塑料污染治理国际参与度和完善绿色消费制度体系等相关政策建议。

船用低速机烟气余热回收SCRBC参数多算法优化

针对船用低速机烟气余热回收(WHR)的超临界二氧化碳(S-CO_(2))再压缩布雷顿循环(SCRBC)参数优化,利用低速机台架的试验数据,建立了再压缩布雷顿循环一维仿真模型,基于神经网络模型拟合得到循环参数增压比、分流比与循环效率和净回收功的关系,通过多目标遗传算法优化(MOGA)和多准则决策方法(TOPSIS)确定低速机不同负荷下的最佳循环参数组合,提高了循环效率和净回收功.结果表明:在低速机100%负荷、分流比为0.117及增压比为1.804时,净回收功达到178.14 kW,布雷顿循环效率达到19.22%,此时,系统总效率提升了1.68%,燃油消耗率降低了6.43 g/(kW·h).通过对系统进行火用分析,冷却器火用损失最大为85 kW,火用损失效率为11.44%;换热器的火用损失为32 kW,火用损失效率为3.44%.完成了船舶低速机烟气余热S-CO_(2)再压缩布雷顿循环性能优化方法的研究,并可推广到其他低速机.

胶州湾沉积物中一氧化碳的微生物产生及消耗研究

本研究通过测定一氧化碳(CO)原位浓度和地球化学参数并结合实验室培养实验,系统地探究了胶州湾沉积物中CO的产生及消耗过程。本文首次测定胶州湾沉积物孔隙水中CO的浓度在46.8~189.9 nmol·L^(-1),培养实验结果表明三甲胺及甜菜碱的添加明显促进了CO的生物产生,2-溴乙烷磺酸钠(Sodium 2-Bromoethanesulfonate,BES)及钼酸钠等抑制剂的添加对CO消耗没有明显影响,表明产甲烷过程和硫酸盐还原过程不是消耗CO的主要微生物过程。硝酸盐浓度的增加对CO消耗有明显的抑制作用。研究结果可以为深化海洋沉积物中CO生物地球化学循环及微生物介导的碳循环过程认知提供基础支撑。

Significance of Vibrio species in the marine organic carbon cycle-A review

The genus Vibrio,belonging to Gammaproteobacteria of the phylum Proteobacteria,is a genetically and ecologically diverse group of heterotrophic bacteria,that are ubiquitous in marine environments,especially in coastal areas.In particular,vibrios dominate,i.e.up to 10%of the readily culturable marine bacteria in these habitats.The distribution of Vibrio spp.is shaped by various environmental parameters,notably temperature,salinity and dissolved organic carbon.Vibriospp.may utilize a wide range of organic carbon compounds,including chitin(this may be metabolized by most Vibrio spp.),alginic acid and agar.Many Vibrio spp.have very short replication times(as short as～10 min),which could facilitate them developing into high biomass content albeit for relatively short durations.Although Vibriospp.usually comprise a minor portion(typically^1%of the total bacterioplankton in coastal waters)of the total microbial population,they have been shown to proliferate explosively in response to various nutrient pulses,e.g.,organic nutrients from algae blooms and iron from Saharan dust.Thus,Vibrio spp.may exert large impacts on marine organic carbon cycling especially in marginal seas.Genomics and related areas of investigation will reveal more about the molecular components and mechanisms involved in Vibrio-mediated biotransformation and remineralization processes.