Study on Markedness in Linguistics

Markedness Theory is one of the most important theories in structural linguistics. Its academic significance has long attracted more scholars and linguists. This paper intends to explore markedness from both formal and semantic perspectives： formal markedness, distributional markedness, and semantic markedness. These three types of markedness are accounted for in detail from their definitions to their characteristics. Then the relationship of these three types of markedness is explicated. The ultimate aim of this paper is to give an insight to markedness phenomenon not only from linguistic form or structure, but from its semantic distinctions and pragmatic use. The study also aims to help foster the greater application of Markedness Theory to other linguistic fields＇ study

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Marked Suction Tubes vs. Plain Suction Tubes in Pediatric Mechanically Ventilated Patients

Introduction: Endotracheal suction plays a crucial role in the management of mechanically ventilated patients. This study aims to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of suction tubes with markings in mechanically ventilated pediatric patients. Materials and Methods: A randomized assignment was carried out on a cohort of 52 pediatric patients who underwent mechanical ventilation in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, covering the period from January 2022 to December 2022. These patients were divided into two groups: an improved group (n = 26) utilizing marked suction tubes, and a regular group (n = 26) employing conventional suction tubes. The objective of our study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of marked suction tubes. Results: The effects of the improved group on the vital signs of children undergoing mechanical ventilation were small and statistically significant compared with the regular group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the improved group exhibited a reduced frequency of sputum suction, shorter mechanical ventilation duration, and fewer days of hospitalization in the PICU compared to the regular group during the ventilation period. Notably, the difference in the duration of PICU hospitalization was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Moreover, the incidence of adverse reactions in the improved group was notably lower, with statistically significant differences observed in airway mucous membrane damage and irritating cough when compared to the regular group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The utilization of marked suction tubes provides clinical nurses with clear guidance for performing suctioning with ease, efficiency and safety. Consequently, advocating for the widespread implementation of marked suction tubes in clinical practice is a commendable pursuit.

Markedness,Unmarkedness与学生翻译能力——一次针对英语专业学生翻译能力的测试

主要解释标记性(markedness)这一语言现象,并将此理论运用于英语专业学生句子翻译中,以此为标准来测试非母语学生英语翻译能力。通过对英语专业学生翻译能力的测试与分析得出一个启示:英语教师如何帮助学生在翻译中用词更地道,更接近于无标记,最后指出英语教师在学生翻译中应给予这方面的指导。

Contrastive Analysis on Unmarkedness of English and Chinese Passives from the Perspective of Markedness Theory

Markedness refers to the asymmetric phenomenon in a linguistic category. Unmarked item, compared with marked item,is more natural, more neutral, more fundamental, and has higher using frequency and wider distribution. From the perspective of markedness theory, the study, collecting 86 English passives and 85 Chinese passives(including 35 notional passives and 50 Beisentences), contrastively analyzes the unmarkedness of English and Chinese passives from the aspects of patient animacy, emotional color, and tense through example-illustration and description. The analysis shows that the unmarkedness of English and Chinese passives has different expressions in the three aspects. Inanimate patient has stronger unmarkedness in both English and Chinese passives, for it is more frequently-used than animate patient. According to people's cognition and language using habits, the emotional color of English passives and Chinese notional passives is neutral in most cases, so the neutral emotional color is unmarked.But in Chinese Bei-sentences, negative emotional color has stronger unmarkedness. As for the tense expression, English passives have wider distributions in time span and simpler structure than Chinese passives. Thus, English passives possess stronger unmarkedness in the light of tense. According to the analysis, the study proposes feasible advice for second language acquisition and translation.

The Application of Pragmatic-Markedness Equivalence Principle in the Translation of Tourist Publicity Materials

Chinese tourism becomes a thriving field with the promotion of China reform and opening policy and the rapid development of social economy. The translation of tourist materials thus weighs a lot in the economic development and cross-cultural communication. But the condition is not satisfactory, there are still existing some problems in the translation of tourist publicity materials. Therefor the readers can't receive the equal information that the original text expressed. Based on this fact,the paper attempts to analyze what pragmatic failures there are in the translation of tourist materials and to analyze how the Pragmaticmarkedness Equivalence Principle(PMEP) approach can be applied to the translation of tourist publicity materials to achieve the translation equivalence.

Markedness and UG in Chinese Children's Acquisition of One-word and Negative Sentences

Thepresentstudyisaninvestigationandanalysisoftherelationshipbetweenmarkednessandfirstlanguageacquisitionsequence,asshowninthecasesofone-wordandnegativesentences.Hereourobjectivesaretoargueforthepriorityofunmarkednessovermarkednessintheacquisitionsequ...

Parametric Transformation of Timed Weighted Marked Graphs:Applications in Optimal Resource Allocation

Timed weighted marked graphs are a subclass of timed Petri nets that have wide applications in the control and performance analysis of flexible manufacturing systems.Due to the existence of multiplicities(i.e.,weights)on edges,the performance analysis and resource optimization of such graphs represent a challenging problem.In this paper,we develop an approach to transform a timed weighted marked graph whose initial marking is not given,into an equivalent parametric timed marked graph where the edges have unitary weights.In order to explore an optimal resource allocation policy for a system,an analytical method is developed for the resource optimization of timed weighted marked graphs by studying an equivalent net.Finally,we apply the proposed method to a flexible manufacturing system and compare the results with a previous heuristic approach.Simulation analysis shows that the developed approach is superior to the heuristic approach.

Feminine Consciousness—From the perspective of Gender Markedness

Some researches have been conducted concerning the Markedness Theory about the marked and the unmarked, from aspects of Phonetics, Grammar, Pragmatic, Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic. Few researches have combined the Markedness Theory with literature theories and even no research has been done to study the Feminism Theory from the perspective of the Markedness Theory. This paper discusses markedness theory with regard to two basic issues: Why it is ok to say"历史"in Chinese, but the equivalent in English is"history", not"*herstory". Why the meaning of"governor"and"governess"is distinctively different? No research concerning the issues from the perspective of markedness has been conducted yet. This paper gives a brief review of the studies concerning the Markedness Theory, on the basis of which the question is aroused.

The Study on English Lexical Morphology Acquisition of Chinese High School Students from the Perspective of Markedness Theory

Chinese negative transfer makes negative effects on English vocabulary acquisition of Chinese high school students, andone of the important reasons is that Chinese is weak marked while English is strong marked. Therefore, it is easy for Chinese highschool students to transfer the solidified usage of Chinese words into English when they acquire English words. The thesis analyzesthe negative effects of Chinese negative transfer in English lexical morphology acquisition in terms of two categories inflections andderivations according to markedness theory.

CARBOXYMETHYLPACHYMAN(Ⅰ),A NEW WATER SOLUBLE POLYSACCHARIDE WITH MARKED ANTITUMOUR ACTIVITY

Carboxymethylpachyman(Ⅰ)was formed by carboxymethylation of β-pachyman.The antitumour activity of carboxymethylpachyman(Ⅰ)against S_(180)、EAC、 MA、U_(14)was measured.The structure of carboxymethylpachyman(Ⅰ)was proved by IR ^(13)CNMR spectroscopy.

Design and Construction of an Equipment for the Radiochemistry Process of Molecules Marked for the Sector Health

At the Plant of Production of Radioisotopes part of Nuclear Center of Mexico （ININ）, weekly radiofarmaceutics of sodium iodohippurate and meta-iodobenzyl-guanidine are prepared, these compounds are known as marked molecules with iodine-131. Currently the processes for the preparation of these compounds are carried out individually and in manual form, in box of gloves, presenting radiological risks. To avoid these risks, this work, shows equipment that is inside a warm cell with the finality of minimizing the radiological risks. Also, this semi-automated equipment has the purpose of to reduce the radiation exposure of personnel involved in the process of marking molecules. The routine industrial production with this equipment starts with the preparation of 9 marked doses of sodium iodohippurate of 2.73 mCi of iodine-131, each of the vials with saline solution of 4.5 mL and the product that containing the marked molecules of 0.5 mL with a percentage of marked of 95.6%. The innovation of this work consists in presenting a new design of equipment, for marked molecules, formed by electrical, mechanical, vacuum systems, and air extraction system.

Markedness and unmarkedness——An Analysis From Relevance Theory

Based on some pragmatic theories,this paper mainly analyzes how the markedness/unmarkedness works in the daily discourses. It isfound that markedness/unmarkedness are used alternatively which aims to express the deep meaning or the new information.

Markedness and unmarkedness——An Analysis From Relevance Theory

Based on some pragmatic theories,this paper mainly analyzes how the markedness/unmarkedness works in the daily discourses.It is found that markedness/unmarkedness are used alternatively which aims to express the deep meaning or the new information.

Marked Improvement in China's Maternal and Child Health

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Marked Effect in Handling Patent Disputes by China's Patent Administrative Organs

In handling patent disputes, China observes an operational method of mutual cooperation and coordination through two channels: judicial adjudication and administrative settlement. Over the past decade, practice has proved that the specific way of handling patent disputes by patent administrative organs has played an important role in the prompt resolu tion of patent disputes, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of patent-

61st Anniversary of Adoption of Universal Declaration of Human Rights Marked in Beijing

On Dec. 10, 2009, the International Human Rights Day, Scholars and students inBeijing gathered to commemorate the 61st anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in China University of Political Science and Law. The Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Institute of China University of Political Science and Law, the Law School of Renmin University of China, and the LawSchool of Tsinghua University jointly sponsored the commemorations. The commemoration consisted of four parts including ＂the 61 st Anniversary of the Adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Photo Exhibition＂, ＂Remembrance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights＂, and relative academic seminars.

Improving constraint onΩ_(m)from SDSS using marked correlation functions

Large-scale structure(LSS)surveys will increasingly provide stringent constraints on our cosmological models.Recently,the density-marked correlation function(MCF)has been introduced,offering an easily computable density-correlation statistic.Simulations have demonstrated that MCFs offer additional,independent constraints on cosmological models beyond the standard two-point correlation(2PCF).In this study,we apply MCFs for the first time to SDSS CMASS data,aiming to investigate the statistical information regarding clustering and anisotropy properties in the Universe and assess the performance of various weighting schemes in MCFs,and finally obtain constraints onΩ_(m).Upon analyzing the CMASS data,we observe that,by combining different weights(α=[-0.2,0,0.2,0.6]),the MCFs provide a tight and independent constraint on the cosmological parameterΩ_(m),yieldingΩ_(m)=0.293±0.006 at the 1σlevel,which represents a significant reduction in the statistical error by a factor of 3.4 compared to that from 2PCF.Our constraint is consistent with recent findings from the small-scale clustering of BOSS galaxies(Zhai et al.Astronphys.J.948,99(2023))within the 1σlevel.However,we also find that our estimate is lower than the Planck measurements by about 2.6σ,indicating the potential presence of new physics beyond the standard cosmological model if all the systematics are fully corrected.The method outlined in this study can be extended to other surveys and datasets,allowing for the constraint of other cosmological parameters.Additionally,it serves as a valuable tool for forthcoming emulator analysis on the Chinese Space Station Telescope(CSST).

从标出性反思中国当代漆艺的争论与发展——基于近20年全国性漆艺展作品

中国当代漆艺从工艺美术向纯艺术突进过程中,因身份认同割裂而存在多种争论。本文以近20年来的11个全国性漆艺展作品为样本,统计参展作品的类别、工艺和图式,先进行内容分析,再通过spss进行对应分析。结合定量与定性方法,得出当代漆艺的标出性特征是“镶嵌”与“变涂”等工艺为主的,多材料、偶发效果和抽象图式表达。通过标出性探讨,解答当代漆艺多元发展引发的争论,并反思漆艺进入现代后,从材料到工艺以及表现中的价值旁落与重建。

TYPOLOGICAL MARKEDNESS AND AVOIDANCE IN CHINESE COLLEGE STUDENTS' PRODUCTION OF ENGLISH RELATIVE CLAUSES

Research on students' avoidance in the production of English relative clauses is of vital importance, which can help researchers and teachers know better how students learn languages. However, there are only few experimental studies on it and no consensus has been achieved. When it comes to Mainland Chinese foreign language learners, hardly any relevant research on such a phenomenon has been conducted so far. This paper has analyzed a sample of materials out of Chinese Learner English Corpus, and used sentence-completion and sentence-joining tests to investigate 37 college students' behavior on four types of relative clauses, in order to explore the relationship between their avoidance and typological markedness.