Initial labor market conditions affect how individuals build their human capital and look for jobs and thus can have long-term effects on their income levels,work performance,and career development.Based on data from ...Initial labor market conditions affect how individuals build their human capital and look for jobs and thus can have long-term effects on their income levels,work performance,and career development.Based on data from the Urban Household Survey(UHS)of urban households in China from 1986 to 2009,we perform an empirical test of how initial labor market conditions affect the employability of individuals.Our research shows that people’s future incomes suffer if they start out in an adverse job market.Each percentage point of increase in the unemployment rate at an individual’s entry into the labor market is associated with a two-percentage-point drop in his or her average annual income.Even after looking at different parts of the job market and sample groups,this conclusion still holds.In the context of global economic instability,our findings may assist government policymakers in addressing adverse labor market conditions.展开更多
Nutrition poverty alleviation is an effective measure to improve the nutritional status of economically disadvantaged individuals,fundamentally improving their health and reducing poverty.Based on the Entitlement Theo...Nutrition poverty alleviation is an effective measure to improve the nutritional status of economically disadvantaged individuals,fundamentally improving their health and reducing poverty.Based on the Entitlement Theory and using the China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS)data,this paper examines the relationship between farmers’nutritional intake,production structure and regional market conditions.Results show that farmers with diversified production have better nutritional intake than those who specialize.Furthermore,the correlation between regional market conditions and nutritional intake varies between economically disadvantaged and non-economically disadvantaged households.Market conditions significantly influence the carbohydrate and fat intake of economically disadvantaged households and are positively associated with the dietary structure and nutritional intake of non-economically disadvantaged ones.Moreover,income is positively correlated with the nutritional intake of non-economically disadvantaged households but not with economically disadvantaged ones.展开更多
This study examines how individuals'fertility outcomes were affected by the labor market conditions they experienced at graduation.Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey,it finds that poor labor market ...This study examines how individuals'fertility outcomes were affected by the labor market conditions they experienced at graduation.Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey,it finds that poor labor market conditions at graduation delayed individuals'entry into parenthood.Higher unemployment rates at graduation reduced the probability of having at least one child in the survey year for both men and women.The negative fertility effects generally followed a U-shape,reached the maximum around average childbearing ages,and faded out within 15 years after graduation.Low-skilled workers mainly contribute to the negative fertility effects observed in the whole sample.Employment and marital outcomes are also analyzed as potential mechanisms.Estimation results indicate that individuals who experienced poor labor market conditions at graduation delayed marriage and the birth of the first child due to a lower probability of being employed,reduced working hours,and adverse income shocks.The negative long-term fertility effects should be brought to policymakers'attention,especially when China's low fertility issue worsens.Policymakers are expected to create more favorable employment conditions for labor market entrants to encourage fertility and expand the future working-age population.展开更多
Investments in the exploitation of the continent’s raw material reserves have resulted in little (positive) impact on the energy security situation within Africa. This paper attempts to explore factors influencing th...Investments in the exploitation of the continent’s raw material reserves have resulted in little (positive) impact on the energy security situation within Africa. This paper attempts to explore factors influencing the level of energy security of Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana, and from the dimension of availability, affordability, economic efficiency and environmental stewardship or sustainability of energy. The cross-sectional survey design was employed as the design for the collection and analysis of data. The study applied a quantitative research method in examining the indicators of energy security for SMEs in Accra Metropolis in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. The population covered about 500 SMEs who have about 100 employees and total revenue of $1 million or the equivalence in Ghana Cedis. A sample of 246 was selected through a cluster and simple random sampling. The analysis adopted statistical techniques to conduct descriptive, exploratory and inferential analysis of the data collected. Factors that influence the level of energy security of SMEs are broadly categorized into the environment and economic change, political factors, physical disruptions and market conditions. Ge- nerally, the level of energy security under the availability dimension is medium among the SMEs. Issues of affordability, economic efficiency and environmental stewardship provide high medium interventions on energy security for SMEs. It is recommended that managers of Ghana’s energy sector should ensure prudent management of the country’s energy resources since the disruption of supply lines or sources form the key conditions that influence the energy security level of SMEs. SMEs should adopt energy efficiency measures to ensure that energy is conserved for future use.展开更多
The definitions of the bear,sidewalk and bull markets are ambiguous in the existing literature.This makes it difficult for practitioners to distinguish between different market conditions.In this paper,we propose stat...The definitions of the bear,sidewalk and bull markets are ambiguous in the existing literature.This makes it difficult for practitioners to distinguish between different market conditions.In this paper,we propose statistical definitions of the bear,sidewalk and bull markets,which correspond to the three states in our hidden semi-Markov model.We apply this analysis to the daily returns of the Chinese stock market and seven developed markets.Using the Viterbi algorithm to globally decode the most likely sequence of the market conditions,we systematically find the precise timing of the bear,sidewalk and bull markets for all the eight markets.Through the comparison of the estimation and decoding results,many unique characteristics of the Chinese stock market are revealed,such as‘crazy bull’,‘frequent and quick bear’and‘no buffer zone’.In China,the bull market is more volatile than in developed markets,the bear market occurs more frequently than in developed markets,and the sidewalk market has not functioned as a buffer zone since 2005.Possible causes of these unique characteristics are also discussed and implications for policy-making are suggested.展开更多
基金supported by the General Project of the National Natural Science Fund of China(NSFC)“China’s Labor Market Matching Efficiency and Economic Effects”(Grant No.71973015)the Major Project of the National Social Science Fund of China(NSSFC)“Study on Enhancing Employment Priority for Stable Job Growth”(Grant No.21ZDA098).
文摘Initial labor market conditions affect how individuals build their human capital and look for jobs and thus can have long-term effects on their income levels,work performance,and career development.Based on data from the Urban Household Survey(UHS)of urban households in China from 1986 to 2009,we perform an empirical test of how initial labor market conditions affect the employability of individuals.Our research shows that people’s future incomes suffer if they start out in an adverse job market.Each percentage point of increase in the unemployment rate at an individual’s entry into the labor market is associated with a two-percentage-point drop in his or her average annual income.Even after looking at different parts of the job market and sample groups,this conclusion still holds.In the context of global economic instability,our findings may assist government policymakers in addressing adverse labor market conditions.
基金supported by the National Social Science Fund of China (19AGL020)funding from the National Institute for Health (NIH), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) for R01 HD30880+2 种基金National Institute on Aging (NIA) for R01 AG065357National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) for R01DK104371 and R01HL108427the NIH Fogarty grant D43 TW009077
文摘Nutrition poverty alleviation is an effective measure to improve the nutritional status of economically disadvantaged individuals,fundamentally improving their health and reducing poverty.Based on the Entitlement Theory and using the China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS)data,this paper examines the relationship between farmers’nutritional intake,production structure and regional market conditions.Results show that farmers with diversified production have better nutritional intake than those who specialize.Furthermore,the correlation between regional market conditions and nutritional intake varies between economically disadvantaged and non-economically disadvantaged households.Market conditions significantly influence the carbohydrate and fat intake of economically disadvantaged households and are positively associated with the dietary structure and nutritional intake of non-economically disadvantaged ones.Moreover,income is positively correlated with the nutritional intake of non-economically disadvantaged households but not with economically disadvantaged ones.
文摘This study examines how individuals'fertility outcomes were affected by the labor market conditions they experienced at graduation.Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey,it finds that poor labor market conditions at graduation delayed individuals'entry into parenthood.Higher unemployment rates at graduation reduced the probability of having at least one child in the survey year for both men and women.The negative fertility effects generally followed a U-shape,reached the maximum around average childbearing ages,and faded out within 15 years after graduation.Low-skilled workers mainly contribute to the negative fertility effects observed in the whole sample.Employment and marital outcomes are also analyzed as potential mechanisms.Estimation results indicate that individuals who experienced poor labor market conditions at graduation delayed marriage and the birth of the first child due to a lower probability of being employed,reduced working hours,and adverse income shocks.The negative long-term fertility effects should be brought to policymakers'attention,especially when China's low fertility issue worsens.Policymakers are expected to create more favorable employment conditions for labor market entrants to encourage fertility and expand the future working-age population.
文摘Investments in the exploitation of the continent’s raw material reserves have resulted in little (positive) impact on the energy security situation within Africa. This paper attempts to explore factors influencing the level of energy security of Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana, and from the dimension of availability, affordability, economic efficiency and environmental stewardship or sustainability of energy. The cross-sectional survey design was employed as the design for the collection and analysis of data. The study applied a quantitative research method in examining the indicators of energy security for SMEs in Accra Metropolis in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. The population covered about 500 SMEs who have about 100 employees and total revenue of $1 million or the equivalence in Ghana Cedis. A sample of 246 was selected through a cluster and simple random sampling. The analysis adopted statistical techniques to conduct descriptive, exploratory and inferential analysis of the data collected. Factors that influence the level of energy security of SMEs are broadly categorized into the environment and economic change, political factors, physical disruptions and market conditions. Ge- nerally, the level of energy security under the availability dimension is medium among the SMEs. Issues of affordability, economic efficiency and environmental stewardship provide high medium interventions on energy security for SMEs. It is recommended that managers of Ghana’s energy sector should ensure prudent management of the country’s energy resources since the disruption of supply lines or sources form the key conditions that influence the energy security level of SMEs. SMEs should adopt energy efficiency measures to ensure that energy is conserved for future use.
基金The research of Shixuan Wang was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council(UK)[grant number ES/J50001X/1].
文摘The definitions of the bear,sidewalk and bull markets are ambiguous in the existing literature.This makes it difficult for practitioners to distinguish between different market conditions.In this paper,we propose statistical definitions of the bear,sidewalk and bull markets,which correspond to the three states in our hidden semi-Markov model.We apply this analysis to the daily returns of the Chinese stock market and seven developed markets.Using the Viterbi algorithm to globally decode the most likely sequence of the market conditions,we systematically find the precise timing of the bear,sidewalk and bull markets for all the eight markets.Through the comparison of the estimation and decoding results,many unique characteristics of the Chinese stock market are revealed,such as‘crazy bull’,‘frequent and quick bear’and‘no buffer zone’.In China,the bull market is more volatile than in developed markets,the bear market occurs more frequently than in developed markets,and the sidewalk market has not functioned as a buffer zone since 2005.Possible causes of these unique characteristics are also discussed and implications for policy-making are suggested.
