Research Progress on Poverty Alleviation by Ecological Compensation

Ecological poverty alleviation is one of China’s accurate poverty alleviation strategies. The Guiding Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Three-year Action to Win the Fight against Poverty issued in August 2018 calls for innovating ecological poverty alleviation mechanisms,strengthening ecological protection and restoration in poor areas,and achieving a win-win situation of ecological improvement and poverty alleviation. Poverty alleviation by ecological compensation has realized the effective combination of ecological protection compensation and accurate poverty alleviation policy mechanism. Although China has achieved some practical results in ecological poverty alleviation at the policy level,the combination of ecological protection and accurate poverty alleviation and the corresponding policy measures have not yet been fully integrated. Moreover,the mode of ecological compensation for poverty alleviation is not perfect,and the corresponding operating mechanism of ecological compensation for poverty alleviation has not been fully established. This paper summarizes and expounds the present situation of ecological compensation research( including ecological compensation concept,ecological compensation mechanism,ecological compensation mode),the current situation of ecological poverty alleviation research( including the relationship between ecological compensation and poverty alleviation,ecological poverty alleviation model,ecological poverty alleviation mechanism),and then analyzes the main problems existing in the current poverty alleviation by ecological compensation. This paper puts forward the breakthrough points of establishing and perfecting ecological compensation to help the poor,so as to provide a reference basis for further promoting the development of ecological poverty alleviation.

Theoretical Research on Cultivated Land Ecological Compensation Based on Targeted Poverty Alleviation and Development

The effectiveness of targeted poverty alleviation is related to whether China can build a well-off society on schedule. Poverty alleviation is an arduous and urgent major issue in China,and the Party and the government have always been very concerned about and attached importance to poverty alleviation. At present,China’s poverty alleviation and development faces enormous pressures and challenges. Some poor areas actually shoulder the heavy responsibility of ecological protection in the process of national development. The contradiction between economic development and ecological protection is intensifying. Objectively,these poor areas have made outstanding contributions and great sacrifices for the country’s ecological construction. Therefore,it is necessary to balance the two goals of poverty reduction and building an ecological environment and explore a win-win path that is in line with the actual ecological protection and poverty alleviation and development in poverty-stricken areas. Ecological compensation for poverty alleviation is one of the basic contents of the " five-batch" project of China to implement poverty alleviation. Cultivated land is a very important ecosystem on land. On the basis of studying the ecological effects of cultivated land,the implementation of cultivated land ecological compensation has become an important part of the research on ecological poverty alleviation. On the one hand,ecological compensation for cultivated land can support or promote poverty alleviation and development. On the other hand,poverty alleviation and development policies also provide practical opportunities for cultivated land ecological compensation. Carrying out research on cultivated land ecological compensation and practicing this new direction and new poverty alleviation mode is of great significance to promote and improve the construction of ecological system for cultivated land,targeted poverty alleviation and development,and ecological protection of cultivated land. On the basis of combing the national ecological poverty alleviation strategy related policies and sorting out cultivated land ecological compensation theory research,this paper discusses the new mode of cultivated land ecological compensation to assist poverty alleviation and development,reveals the main problems in the current research and practice of cultivated land ecological compensation,and puts forward some suggestions for improving the ecological compensation for cultivated land to promote poverty alleviation and development.

Ecological Compensation-assisted Relocation in Extreme Poverty-stricken Counties in China’s Ecologically Vulnerable Areas: Taking Dongchuan District of Yunnan Province as an Example

Ecology-oriented poverty alleviation is not only a livelihood project that affects the vast majority of rural people but also a major project to win the fight against poverty. It is also an indispensable income component for the relocation of poor farmers. Dongchuan District,located at the intersection of Jinsha River and Xiaojiang River,is one of the key counties for poverty alleviation and development in China with a wide range of poverty and extreme poverty. The incidence of poverty reached 24. 36%. The ecology is fragile,and earthquake outbreaks frequently. Dongchuan District is a national key monitoring and defense area for earthquakes. A large number of goafs,subsidence areas and geological hazard areas have been formed in the mining area. The number of dangerous houses is large,and ' it has no way of supporting its own inhabitants' is the key point,difficulty and focus of the county’s poverty alleviation. Relocation is a must-have measure to move away from poverty. It is also complex system engineering,which is policy-oriented and difficult. Since 2017,Dongchuan District has regarded relocation has the top priority for poverty alleviation. It has strictly implemented national,provincial and municipal policies,focused on the overall goal of ' moving,securing and getting rich',and strongly promoted the relocation work for poverty alleviation. Obvious social,economic and ecological benefits have been achieved. Successful relocation,combined with ecology-oriented poverty alleviation and other targeted poverty alleviation measures,Dongchuan District’s fight against poverty has achieved a decisive victory. At the end of December 2018,the incidence of poverty in the region fell to 1. 09%,and 129 poor villages( including 86 extremely poor villages) had been successfully lifted out of poverty. This paper analyzes and condenses the specific practices,main achievements,benefits,successful experiences and implications of the region’s relocation combined with ecology-oriented poverty alleviation model,so as to provide necessary reference for the innovation of relocation in poverty-stricken counties of Yunnan Province and similar provinces( cities,districts).

生态补偿对国家重点生态功能区居民可持续生计的影响——基于“精准扶贫”视角

以陕西省调研数据为研究样本,将生态补偿政策引入英国国际发展部的可持续生计能力分析框架,采用结构方程模型研究了国家重点生态功能区的生态补偿政策对居民可持续生计能力的直接影响效应和间接影响效应。结果表明:生态补偿对可持续生计能力的直接影响效应为0.182;通过物质资本、人力资本、金融资本和自然资本对可持续生计能力的间接影响效应分别为0.059、0.104、0.066、0.053,总的间接效应为0.282;生态补偿对可持续生计能力总的影响效应为0.464。因此,精准的生态补偿政策能够实现以可持续生计能力提升为主要内容的"造血式"扶贫。

基于希克斯分析法的中国森林碳汇造林生态补偿——以“放牧地-碳汇林地”土地用途转变为例

以希克斯分析法对森林碳汇生态补偿进行理论分析,利用四川省诺华川西南林业碳汇、社区和生物多样性造林项目区参与农户的调查数据,以"放牧地-碳汇林地"土地用途转变造成的机会成本损失为基础,结合农户受偿意愿,运用机会成本法和意愿调查法测算森林碳汇生态补偿额度范围,运用Tobit模型分析农户森林碳汇生态补偿受偿额度的影响因素。研究表明:被调查农户均具有森林碳汇生态补偿受偿意愿,受偿额度在1 758元/(hm2·年)到2 025元/(hm2·年)之间;受教育年限、家庭收入主要来源、参与碳汇造林地面积、牲畜减少量、家庭距最近集市距离、村集体经济状况等对农户受偿额度影响显著。研究对政府制定森林碳汇生态补偿政策、实施生态扶贫等具有一定参考借鉴意义。

双重属性县域生态补偿脱贫发展新路径探索

长期以来,双重属性县域都存在生态保护与地方经济发展背离的现实困境,生态补偿脱贫发展是协同解决这一难题的有效手段。在对当前理论界相关研究成果进行梳理与总结的基础上,分析双重属性县域生态补偿脱贫发展的动力机制、演进路径和支撑体系,并基于共享式增长和要素统筹视角,进一步探索广义就业替代、精准补偿、产业绿色化、异地开发等生态补偿脱贫发展新路径的实现形式,并从政策引导、公共服务体系、多元化投资、生态环保技术等方面构建生态补偿脱贫发展的支撑基础。

生态补偿有助于脱贫攻坚吗?——基于重点生态功能区转移支付的准自然实验研究

构建生态补偿的减贫框架,借助政府“依申请公开”平台手工整理了2002—2016年间重点生态功能区县级数据,采用“PSM-DID”方法实证检验了生态补偿的减贫效应。研究发现,生态补偿能显著改善贫困,其减贫的主要机制是改善区域环境和促进劳动力就业。当前生态补偿政策存在减贫效应不够精准、补助规模较小等缺陷,应进一步强化生态补偿贫困识别机制,提高补助规模并丰富补助形式等。

地方生态扶贫内在循环机制的优化——基于贵州省扶贫实践的研究

生态扶贫并非是若干政策的机械组合,而是多种政策举措、多方社会力量、多个措施对象形成的复杂系统,其内部各环节之间的互动构成了生态扶贫的内在循环机制。生态扶贫内在循环主要由生态资源、经济效益与脱贫成效三个部分组成,各部分两两之间都存在相应转化机制,提高各部分之间的转换效率将加强生态扶贫内在循环,从而利于生态扶贫工作的可持续推进。基于贵州省多地实践调研的经验总结,本文提出当前可从以下途径优化生态扶贫内生循环机制,提升各部分间转换效率,以期实现生态保护与脱贫攻坚的双赢。第一,提高生态资源利用效率,促进生态资源的经济价值变现,具体措施包括合理构建主导生态产业体系,以及延长产业价值链与加强产业间协同;第二,创新生态建设参与激励,宏观上结合生态补偿、生态产业发展等措施为参与生态建设的贫困人口提供相应报酬,微观上善于利用正向激励机制提高民众的环保自觉性;第三,推动生态搬迁以腾置资源,抓好“搬得出、稳得住、能致富”三个环节的要点以保障迁出地生态资源恢复和移民脱贫致富两大目标的实现。

库区绿色发展的难点与突破——以三峡库区为例

库区经济具有不同于一般区域经济的特点,包括以水域范围为界限、涉及多个管理主体、承担功能多样化等;绿色发展是库区可持续发展的必然选择。三峡库区既是我国乃至全世界最大的水库淹没区,也是长江上游重点生态保护区,面临着资源开发与生态环保的矛盾、生态脆弱与贫困落后的矛盾、不同管理主体之间的利益冲突以及资源的综合开发与整治、移民可持续性生计等一系列难题。三峡库区绿色发展,需要加快对水域资源产权的确权,建立有效的生态补偿和污染联防联控机制;完善和实施精准扶贫制度,实现全面脱贫致富;构建地区和部门协同发展机制;并对接国家战略,深化对内对外开放。

集中连片特困地区农户对生态补偿扶贫的满意度及其影响因素研究--基于罗霄山片区3县的调研

生态补偿是巩固脱贫攻坚成果的重要政策工具之一,深入分析集中连片特困地区农户对生态补偿扶贫的满意度及其影响因素,对巩固脱贫攻坚成果与乡村振兴有效衔接具有重要意义。论文基于罗霄山集中连片特困地区3县512户实地调查数据,运用多元有序Logistic模型,分析农户对生态补偿扶贫的满意度及其影响因素。结果表明:集中连片特困地区农户对生态补偿扶贫的满意度总体较高,且对其有显著影响的因素主要有性别、年龄、受教育程度、健康状况、是否为建档立卡贫困户、主要收入来源、家庭人均收入、政策了解程度、政策认可程度、政策实施公平程度等。因此,政府要加快提升农户素质,强化生态补偿向低收入群体倾斜,针对不同群体实施多元化生态补偿举措,同时要加大生态补偿巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果与乡村振兴有效衔接政策的宣传力度,提高低收入群体对生态补偿的认可度,以更好发挥生态补偿政策在巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接中的作用。

环首都贫困带的脱贫问题——基于生态性贫困视角

环首都贫困带具有一个重要特点,就是生态性贫困。生态因素对区域经济发展有很大的影响,生态遭到破坏甚至不断恶化都会对经济发展产生很大的抑制作用。该地区脱贫致富,需要从生态视角进行研究,加大财政支持力度,完善市场调节机制,优化资源配置,建立合理的生态补偿机制,发展特色产业,使生态和经济取得双赢。

基于扶贫开发的金寨县生态补偿机制研究

生态补偿是扶贫开发的新手段和新途径,已经成为人们关注的热点问题。2012年金寨县生态补偿和水库移民直补资金分别为1.122亿元、1.432亿元,以上补偿为扶贫开发提供资金支持、解决生态保护与区域发展之间矛盾、促进区域城镇化和产业化均发挥重要的作用。目前生态补偿存在补偿主体和类型有限、标准低、资源有偿制度有待完善、补偿方式单一等问题。在此基础上,从扶贫协作、制度和效益评估方面,探讨金寨县生态补偿机制。

生态补偿式扶贫的证成与进路分析——基于饮用水源地生态补偿视角

结合饮用水源地生态补偿,从生态补偿和扶贫开发的差异与共性入手,证成了生态补偿式扶贫的存在价值和可行性,并在此基础上,从理念、制度和实践三个维度,探寻了生态补偿式扶贫的合理进路。

旅游扶贫与生态补偿协同发展研究——以张家界为例

从物理学的协同理论视角,研究张家界旅游扶贫与生态补偿协调发展关系:首先构建旅游扶贫与生态补偿两个系统的指标体系,其次利用客观熵值法确定各自权重,最后建立子系统评价模型、协调度模型与协调发展度模型,测算出两者的评价指数、协调度与协调发展度。研究表明:整体上看,张家界旅游扶贫评价指数与生态补偿评价指数处于攀升状态,协调发展度等级由中度失调经历(2005)、轻度失调(2006-2007,2009)、濒临失调(2008,2010-2013)发展到勉强协调(2014)。协调度在接近完全协调水平变化范围内波动。

三峡库区贫困县扶贫对策研究

三峡库区面临的贫困是一个多层次的复合概念,是一个历史范畴。从历史上看,并非是修建三峡电站才导致其贫困。但是,三峡库区人民为修建三峡电站付出了绝大部分赖以生存的可耕种土地,致使本来就因为生存环境恶劣而贫困的他们的生存条件更加恶化。国家和重庆市应当加大交通等基础设施投入,发展工商业、旅游业和现代农业,转变生产方式,建立生态补偿机制,实施大规模的生态移民,突出金融支持重点,优化三峡库区农村经济结构,从而有效解决贫困问题,有力地维护三峡库区的生态安全。

安徽大别山区贫困县扶贫移民补偿测算及政策建议

在生态资源价值补偿必要性和机理分析的基础上,借助遥感影像等数据,从生态服务功能价值、机会发展损失和碳排放的角度,估算安徽省大别山片区扶贫县补偿标准,结果显示:岳西、金寨和太湖的生态服务价值和碳排放价值均很大,而阜南、临泉、颍上、利辛、寿县和霍邱等县的发展权损失较大,以上各县应该获得相应的生态补偿。根据扶贫移民对区域发展的影响,提出生态补偿和扶贫移民的政策建议。

生态补偿有利于精准扶贫吗?——以三峡生态屏障建设区为例

基于三峡库区生态屏障区的1 080户农户调查数据,利用分位数回归和OLS分组回归的方法,分析了不同生态补偿形式对农户家庭收入的影响,进而验证生态补偿能否实现精准扶贫。研究发现:生态林、退耕还林和经济林等三种现金补偿方式更有利于高收入农户;长江绿化项目雇员等工作岗位型补偿在低分位数上显著提升了农户的家庭收入。现行三峡生态屏障区生态补偿政策起到了一定的益贫作用,但为实现精准脱贫的目标,后续应考虑到农户异质性以扩大其适应范围,并注重措施的长期性执行和保障机制的完善。

生态补偿助力脱贫攻坚:协同、拮抗与对接

中央政府提出的“生态补偿脱贫一批”标志着生态补偿扶贫正逐步成为我国打赢脱贫攻坚战的重要途径之一。2020年是脱贫攻坚战的决胜之年,生态补偿如何有效助力脱贫攻坚成为研究的热点。本文以实践与政策为导向,运用文献研究法和逻辑分析法,在厘清生态补偿扶贫理念形成与发展的基础上,解析生态补偿与脱贫攻坚之间存在的协同效应和拮抗效应。研究发现生态补偿与脱贫攻坚在地理空间位置、实施主客体、标准、方式和途径等方面相耦合容易产生协同效应,在价值诉求、农户资源禀赋、政府部门工作等方面矛盾产生拮抗效应。生态补偿有效助力脱贫攻坚的关键在于构建对接机制以强化协同效应、弱化或去除拮抗效应。为此,通过建立精准的瞄准制度、稳定脱贫的长效机制、政府部门内部生态补偿扶贫协调机制等举措,构建生态补偿与脱贫攻坚的对接机制,以促进二者高效协同发展。

地方政府推广市场化生态补偿式扶贫的理论作用与实践确认

在中国限制开发的农产品主产区推广市场化生态补偿式扶贫项目,既可在一定程度上帮助贫困农户减贫脱贫,也可保护和恢复当地生态环境,是实现生态文明与扶贫开发战略协同发展的重要途径。以贵州省从江县推广养殖粪污环保处理的市场化生态补偿式扶贫项目为背景,将贫困农户、农业合作社、地方政府三个主体共同纳入推广市场化生态补偿式扶贫项目的动态演化博弈模型,并结合系统动力学仿真,分析地方政府在推广市场化生态补偿式扶贫项目中是否能真正发挥作用,如何发挥作用。结果表明,地方政府能够且应该在推广市场化生态补偿式扶贫项目中真正发挥关键性的"一锤定音"式作用,方能尽快促成该项目。而在农户、农业合作社均加入该项目的情况下,无论地方政府选择何时推动该市场化生态补偿式扶贫项目,最终都能实现农户、农业合作社、地方政府三个主体策略选择的均衡稳定。当然,发挥地方政府在其中的关键性作用,可以通过增加地方政府推动该项目的综合收益、减少其投入成本和增加其不推动生态扶贫的执政公信力损失等方式,以实现农户、农业合作社、地方政府共同加入推广市场化生态补偿式扶贫项目的均衡稳定,最大程度保证贫困农户减贫脱贫。其中,增加地方政府推动市场化生态补偿式扶贫的综合收益、增加其不推动该项目的执政公信力损失,将更显著地促成市场化生态补偿式扶贫项目推广的均衡稳定。根据以上结果,提出应根据不同区域环境,有针对性地设计市场化生态补偿式扶贫项目,建立信息共享和沟通交流机制,增进农户、农业合作社对地方政府的执政能力信任,提高地方政府对市场化项目收益的认知,以及进一步优化地方政府对市场化生态补偿式扶贫项目的审核机制等政策建议。

生态补偿式扶贫:问题分析与政策优化

生态补偿式扶贫将生态保护与扶贫有机结合,是贫困地区保护生态、实现绿色发展的重要途径。生态补偿式扶贫在实践过程中存在补偿对象识别精确度低、标准制定不合理、补偿方式缺乏"造血"功能以及配套保障机制不完善等问题。针对问题提出了优化生态补偿式扶贫的政策优化措施,主要包括:精确识别补偿对象、动态调整补偿标准、合理选择补偿方式、逐步完善保障机制等。