A Novel High-Efficiency Transaction Verification Scheme for Blockchain Systems

Blockchain can realize the reliable storage of a large amount of data that is chronologically related and verifiable within the system.This technology has been widely used and has developed rapidly in big data systems across various fields.An increasing number of users are participating in application systems that use blockchain as their underlying architecture.As the number of transactions and the capital involved in blockchain grow,ensuring information security becomes imperative.Addressing the verification of transactional information security and privacy has emerged as a critical challenge.Blockchain-based verification methods can effectively eliminate the need for centralized third-party organizations.However,the efficiency of nodes in storing and verifying blockchain data faces unprecedented challenges.To address this issue,this paper introduces an efficient verification scheme for transaction security.Initially,it presents a node evaluation module to estimate the activity level of user nodes participating in transactions,accompanied by a probabilistic analysis for all transactions.Subsequently,this paper optimizes the conventional transaction organization form,introduces a heterogeneous Merkle tree storage structure,and designs algorithms for constructing these heterogeneous trees.Theoretical analyses and simulation experiments conclusively demonstrate the superior performance of this scheme.When verifying the same number of transactions,the heterogeneous Merkle tree transmits less data and is more efficient than traditional methods.The findings indicate that the heterogeneous Merkle tree structure is suitable for various blockchain applications,including the Internet of Things.This scheme can markedly enhance the efficiency of information verification and bolster the security of distributed systems.

Optimized scheduling of integrated energy systems for low carbon economy considering carbon transaction costs

With the introduction of the“dual carbon”goal and the continuous promotion of low-carbon development,the integrated energy system(IES)has gradually become an effective way to save energy and reduce emissions.This study proposes a low-carbon economic optimization scheduling model for an IES that considers carbon trading costs.With the goal of minimizing the total operating cost of the IES and considering the transferable and curtailable characteristics of the electric and thermal flexible loads,an optimal scheduling model of the IES that considers the cost of carbon trading and flexible loads on the user side was established.The role of flexible loads in improving the economy of an energy system was investigated using examples,and the rationality and effectiveness of the study were verified through a comparative analysis of different scenarios.The results showed that the total cost of the system in different scenarios was reduced by 18.04%,9.1%,3.35%,and 7.03%,respectively,whereas the total carbon emissions of the system were reduced by 65.28%,20.63%,3.85%,and 18.03%,respectively,when the carbon trading cost and demand-side flexible electric and thermal load responses were considered simultaneously.Flexible electrical and thermal loads did not have the same impact on the system performance.In the analyzed case,the total cost and carbon emissions of the system when only the flexible electrical load response was considered were lower than those when only the flexible thermal load response was taken into account.Photovoltaics have an excess of carbon trading credits and can profit from selling them,whereas other devices have an excess of carbon trading and need to buy carbon credits.

TRADE DEPENDENCIES AND TRANSACTION COSTS: THE OC-CUPATION OF DECELEA HIGHLIGHTS BOTH THE BENEFITS AND THE DRAWBACKS OF A MARITIME ECONOMY

Thucydides asserts that the occupation of Decelea by the Spartans in 413 BC made the grain supply for Athens costly by forcing the transport from land onto the sea.This calls into question the well-established consensus that sea transport was far cheaper than land transport.This paper contends that the cost of protecting supply lines-specifically the expenses associated with the warships which escorted the supply ships-rendered the grain transported on the new route exceptionally costly.In this paper,the benefits and drawbacks of a maritime economy,including transaction costs,trade dependencies,and the capabilities of warships and supply ships are discussed.

Current Trends in the Management of Distributed Transactions in Micro-Services Architectures: A Systematic Literature Review

In the evolving landscape of software engineering, Microservice Architecture (MSA) has emerged as a transformative approach, facilitating enhanced scalability, agility, and independent service deployment. This systematic literature review (SLR) explores the current state of distributed transaction management within MSA, focusing on the unique challenges, strategies, and technologies utilized in this domain. By synthesizing findings from 16 primary studies selected based on rigorous criteria, the review identifies key trends and best practices for maintaining data consistency and integrity across microservices. This SLR provides a comprehensive understanding of the complexities associated with distributed transactions in MSA, offering actionable insights and potential research directions for software architects, developers, and researchers.

Cryptocurrency Transaction Network Embedding From Static and Dynamic Perspectives: An Overview

Cryptocurrency, as a typical application scene of blockchain, has attracted broad interests from both industrial and academic communities. With its rapid development, the cryptocurrency transaction network embedding(CTNE) has become a hot topic. It embeds transaction nodes into low-dimensional feature space while effectively maintaining a network structure,thereby discovering desired patterns demonstrating involved users' normal and abnormal behaviors. Based on a wide investigation into the state-of-the-art CTNE, this survey has made the following efforts: 1) categorizing recent progress of CTNE methods, 2) summarizing the publicly available cryptocurrency transaction network datasets, 3) evaluating several widely-adopted methods to show their performance in several typical evaluation protocols, and 4) discussing the future trends of CTNE. By doing so, it strives to provide a systematic and comprehensive overview of existing CTNE methods from static to dynamic perspectives,thereby promoting further research into this emerging and important field.

Transaction Frequency Based Trust for E-Commerce

Most traditional trust computing models in E-commerce do not take the transaction frequency among participating entities into consideration,which makes it easy for one party of the transaction to obtain a high trust value in a short time,and brings many disadvantages,uncertainties and even attacks.To solve this problem,a transaction frequency based trust is proposed in this study.The proposed method is composed of two parts.The first part is built on the classic Bayes analysis based trust modelswhich are ease of computing for the E-commerce system.The second part is the transaction frequency module which can mitigate the potential insecurity caused by one participating entity gaining trust in a short time.Simulations show that the proposed method can effectively mitigate the self-promoting attacks so as to maintain the function of E-commerce system.

An Optimized Method for Information System Transactions Based on Blockchain

Accounting Information System(AIS),which is the foundation of any enterprise resource planning(ERP)system,is often built as centralized system.The technologies that allow the Internet-of-Value,which is built onfive aspects that are network,algorithms,distributed ledger,transfers,and assets,are based on blockchain.Cryptography and consensus protocols boost the blockchain plat-form implementation,acting as a deterrent to cyber-attacks and hacks.Blockchain platforms foster innovation among supply chain participants,resulting in ecosys-tem development.Traditional business processes have been severely disrupted by blockchains since apps and transactions that previously required centralized struc-tures or trusted third-parties to authenticate them may now function in a decentra-lized manner with the same level of assurance.Because a blockchain split in AIS may easily lead to double-spending attacks,reducing the likelihood of a split has become a very important and difficult research subject.Reduced block relay time between the nodes can minimize the block propagation time of all nodes,resulting in better Bitcoin performance.In this paper,three problems were addressed on transaction and block propagation mechanisms in order to reduce the likelihood of a split.A novel algorithm for blockchain is proposed to reduce the total pro-pagation delay in AIS transactions.Numerical results reveal that,the proposed algorithm performs better and reduce the transaction delay in AIS as compared with existing methods.

The transaction behavior of cryptocurrency and electricity consumption

Rapidly increasing cryptocurrency prices have encouraged cryptocurrency miners to participate in cryptocurrency production,increasing network hashrates and electricity consumption.Growth in network hashrates has further crowded out small cryptocurrency investors owing to the heightened costs of mining hardware and electricity.These changes prompt cryptocurrency miners to become new investors,leading to cryptocurrency price increases.The potential bidirectional relationship between cryptocurrency price and electricity consumption remains unidentified.Hence,this research thus utilizes July 312015–July 122019 data from 13 cryptocurrencies to investigate the short-and long-run causal effects between cryptocurrency transaction and electricity consumption.Particularly,we consider structural breaks induced by external shocks through stationary analysis and comovement relationships.Over the examined time period,we found that the series of cryptocurrency transaction and electricity consumption gradually returns to mean convergence after undergoing daily shocks,with prices trending together with hashrates.Transaction fluctuations exert both a temporary effect and permanent influence on electricity consumption.Therefore,owing to the computational power deployed to wherever high profit is found,transactions are vital determinants of electricity consumption.

An Interoperability Cross-Block Chain Framework for Secure Transactions in IoT

The purpose of this research is to deal with effective block chain framework for secure transactions.The rate of effective data transactions and the interoperability of the ledger are the two major obstacles involved in Blockchain and to tackle this issue,Cross-Chain based Transaction(CCT)is introduced.Traditional industries have been restructured by the introduction of Internet of Things(IoT)to become smart industries through the feature of data-driven decision-making.Still,there are a few limitations,like decentralization,security vulnerabilities,poor interoperability,as well as privacy concerns in IoTs.To overcome this limitation,Blockchain has been employed to assure a safer transaction process,especially in asset exchanges.In recent decades,scalable local ledgers implement Blockchains,simultaneously sustaining peer validations of transactions which can be at local or global levels.From the single Hyperledger-based blockchains system,the CCT takes the transaction amid various chains.In addition,the most significant factor for this registration processing strategy is the Signature to ensure security.The application of the Quantum cryptographic algorithm amplifies the proposed Hyperledger-based blockchains,to strengthen the safety of the process.The key has been determined by restricting the number of transactions that reach the global Blockchain using the quantum-based hash function and accomplished by scalable local ledgers,and peer validations of transactions at local and global levels without any issues.The rate of transaction processing for entire peers has enhanced with the ancillary aid of the proposed solution,as it includes the procedure of load distribution.Without any boosted enhancement,the recommended solution utilizes the current transaction strategy,and also,it’s aimed at scalability,resource conservation,and interoperability.The experimental results of the system have been evaluated using the metrics like block weight,ledger memory,the usage of the central processing unit,and the communication overhead.

Evaluation method for assessing the auxiliary service transaction mechanism in regional power markets

Accurate and seamless auxiliary services in the power market can guarantee smooth and continuous power system operation. China’s new round of power system reform has entered a critical period, and reform implementation requires comprehensive improvements in the maturity of the supporting auxiliary service market. This study reviews the development status and evolution path of the European unified power market and the US regional power market, provides experience for the development of China’s regional power market, then identifies the key influencing factors of auxiliary service trading mechanism design in regional power markets. To analyze the rationality of the auxiliary service trading evaluation index, this paper established an evaluation model for assessing regional power markets. Using combined weight optimization, the gray correlation TOPSIS method was applied to comprehensively evaluate auxiliary service trading in the regional power market. Finally, the application of the proposed evaluation method was briefly analyzed to examine four regional power markets in China and evaluate the effectiveness of current market construction in different regions and provide suggestions for future market construction.

Inter-Provincial Transaction Model in Two-Level ElectricityMarket Considering Carbon Emission and Consumption Responsibility Weights

In the context of the joint operation of China’s intra-provincial markets and inter-provincial trading,how to meet the load demand and energy consumption using inter-provincial renewable energy trading is a key problem.The combined operation of intra-provincial and inter-provincial markets provides a new way for provincial power companies to optimize and clear the intra-provincial power market,complete the intra-provincial consumption responsibility weight index,and consume renewable energy across provinces and regions.This paper combines power generation and consumption within the province,uses inter-provincial renewable energy trading tomeet the load demand within the province and completes the index of intra-provincial consumption responsibility weights.The intra-provincial market trading and inter-provincial market clearing are respectively taken as the upper and lower levels of the model.Under the two-level electricity market operation framework,the upper-level model aims to minimize the expected total operating cost within the province considering the carbon emission cost and the weight of the consumption responsibility,while the lower-level model aims to minimize the inter-provincial renewable energy purchasing cost.Finally,the influence of inter-provincial transaction mechanism,risk aversion coefficient,voucher price,and responsibility weight on operating cost is analyzed.Simulation is used to verify that the proposed model can meet the requirements of the provincial load power consumption and the consumption responsibility weight index,and promote the consumption of renewable energy.

Blockchain-Based Power Transaction Method for Active Distribution Network

A blockchain-based power transaction method is proposed for Active Distribution Network(ADN),considering the poor security and high cost of a centralized power trading system.Firstly,the decentralized blockchain structure of the ADN power transaction is built and the transaction information is kept in blocks.Secondly,considering the transaction needs between users and power suppliers in ADN,an energy request mechanism is proposed,and the optimization objective function is designed by integrating cost aware requests and storage aware requests.Finally,the particle swarm optimization algorithm is used for multi-objective optimal search to find the power trading scheme with the minimum power purchase cost of users and the maximum power sold by power suppliers.The experimental demonstration of the proposed method based on the experimental platform shows that when the number of participants is no more than 10,the transaction delay time is 0.2 s,and the transaction cost fluctuates at 200,000 yuan,which is better than other comparison methods.

Securing Stock Transactions Using Blockchain Technology: Architecture for Identifying and Reducing Vulnerabilities Linked to the Web Applications Used (MAHV-BC)

This paper deals with the security of stock market transactions within financial markets, particularly that of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA). The confidentiality and integrity of sensitive data in the stock market being crucial, the implementation of robust systems which guarantee trust between the different actors is essential. We therefore proposed, after analyzing the limits of several security approaches in the literature, an architecture based on blockchain technology making it possible to both identify and reduce the vulnerabilities linked to the design, implementation work or the use of web applications used for transactions. Our proposal makes it possible, thanks to two-factor authentication via the Blockchain, to strengthen the security of investors’ accounts and the automated recording of transactions in the Blockchain while guaranteeing the integrity of stock market operations. It also provides an application vulnerability report. To validate our approach, we compared our results to those of three other security tools, at the level of different metrics. Our approach achieved the best performance in each case.

Transaction在PAR平台中的实现方法及应用研究

随着电子商务和金融软件应用日益广泛,提高这类软件系统的可靠性和安全性就显得特别重要。虽然能够提高这类软件可靠性的事务处理技术早在数据库管理系统中普遍使用,近几年在Java软件开发环境中也新增了事务处理接口JTA,但是在基于模型驱动架构设计的建模语言中嵌入事务处理机制的成功案例尚不多见。论文在已有体现模型驱动软件架构思想的PAR方法和PAR平台中,融入抽象事务处理机制,并使用融入了事务处理机制的PAR平台及其建模语言开发了具有事务处理功能的金融软件模型,通过PAR平台的模型自动转换工具生成了Java和SQL程序。实验证明融入了事务处理机制的PAR方法和PAR平台具有建模简单、实用,软件开发效率高,便于形式化推导和证明等特点。

A Semantics-based Cooperative Transaction Model

In CSCW system, there are many long-time, cooperative, interactive transactions. Traditional transaction model and advanced transaction model do not effectively support transaction processing in CSCW system. In this paper, a semantics-based cooperative transaction model(SCTM) is put forward. This model is based on the semantics information of cooperative process and data objects, and can satisfy the demands of transaction processing in CSCW system.

The Training Model and Development Route of Market-oriented Professional Farmers

To cultivate new professional farmers is a key way for rural labor development, resolving existing problems such as how to farming. It is notable that government and market take advantages in training of new professional farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to guarantee government and market playing the roles. The research explored market-oriented farmer training model and the characteristics and investigated training routes for new professional farmers.

基于Transaction模式的SoC软硬件协同验证策略

SoC的验证越来越成为集成电路发展的突出问题,而传统的信号级别的验证方法由于工作量巨大,已经很难满足系统的要求。研究了基于Transaction模式的验证方法,并通过开发的验证平台,用实验进行了验证。该方法在Transaction级别上实现对系统的验证,提高了验证速度,可以缩短设计周期,降低设计成本。

A Storage Optimization Scheme for Blockchain Transaction Databases

As the typical peer-to-peer distributed networks, blockchain systemsrequire each node to copy a complete transaction database, so as to ensure newtransactions can by verified independently. In a blockchain system (e.g., bitcoinsystem), the node does not rely on any central organization, and every node keepsan entire copy of the transaction database. However, this feature determines thatthe size of blockchain transaction database is growing rapidly. Therefore, with thecontinuous system operations, the node memory also needs to be expanded tosupport the system running. Especially in the big data era, the increasing networktraffic will lead to faster transaction growth rate. This paper analyzes blockchaintransaction databases and proposes a storage optimization scheme. The proposedscheme divides blockchain transaction database into cold zone and hot zone usingexpiration recognition method based on Least Recently Used (LRU) algorithm. Itcan achieve storage optimization by moving unspent transaction outputs outsidethe in-memory transaction databases. We present the theoretical analysis on theoptimization method to validate the effectiveness. Extensive experiments showour proposed method outperforms the current mechanism for the blockchaintransaction databases.

Nested Transaction Concurrency Control in Parallel Real-Time Dat-abases

An integrated method for concurrency control in parallel real-time databases has been proposed in this paper. The nested transaction model has been investigated to offer more atomic execution units and finer grained control within in a transaction. Based on the classical nested locking protocol and the speculative concurrency control approach, a two-shadow adaptive concurrency control protocol, which combines the Sacrifice based Optimistic Concurrency Control (OPT-Sacrifice) and High Priority two-phase locking (HP2PL) algorithms together to support both optimistic and pessimistic shadow of each sub-transaction, has been proposed to increase the likelihood of successful timely commitment and to avoid unnecessary replication overload.

Implementation of Transaction Level AMBA Bus Models Using SystemC

This paper deals with how to implement AMBA bus transaction level modeling in SystemC. There are two main techniques used in the whole modeling process, which consist of starting the platform modeling at the transaction level and using the uniformed modeling language— System C. According to the concepts of interface, port and hierarchical channel introduced in SystemC 2.0, the system of master-channel (AMBA bus) slave is created as the architecture of the AMBA bus transaction level model, which can make it more extendable. The port and interface classes of the model that are prone to program are defined in accordance with the SoC hierarchical design methodology. In addition, method calls, not signal communication, are used between different modules in the model, so the higher-level abstraction is achieved and the simulation performance is improved. The AMBA bus transaction level model is analyzed and certified by simulation experiment, and proved to be completely compliant to the AMBA specification 2.0. Key words AMBA - transaction level - SystemC - SoC CLC number TP 393 Foundation item: Supported by the National High Technology Development 863 Program of China (2002AA1Z1490)Biography: He Zhen (1979-), male, Master candidate, research direction: system level modeling in SoC hardware/software co-design.