Optimized Numerical Model Based Assessment of Wave Power Potential of Marmara Sea

Marmara Sea, located between Black Sea and Aegean Sea, is an important sea for ocean engineering activities. In this study, wave power potential of Marmara Sea was investigated using the third generation spectral wind-wave model MIKE 21 SW with unstructured mesh. Wind data was obtained from ECMWF ERA-Interim re-analyses wind dataset at 10 m with a spatial resolution of 0.1? for the period of 1994 to 2014. The numerical model was calibrated with measured wave data from a buoy station located in Marmara Sea. Mesh optimization was also performed to obtain the most suitable mesh structure for the study area. This study is the first that dealt with the determination of wave energy potential of Marmara Sea. The numerical model results are presented in terms of monthly, seasonal and annual average of wave power flux(k W m^(-1)). The maximum wave power flux is 1.13 kW m^(-1) and occurs in November. The overall annual mean wave power flux during 1994–2014 is found to be 0.27 kW m^(-1) in the offshore regions.

Assessment of the consecutive harmful dinoflagellate blooms during 2015 in the Izmit Bay(the Marmara Sea)

A series of red tides were observed during 2015 in the Izmit Bay（the Marmara Sea） which is located in the most industrialized and populated region of Turkey. Six samplings were carried out in this area following the red tides.Nitrite-N, nitrate-N, ammonia, silica and orthophosphate concentrations were analyzed spectrophotometrically.Physicochemical conditions were measured by CTD probe. Plankton quantification was performed using counting chambers under microscopes. Prorocentrum micans was the most abundant species, except on May 14,2015, when Noctiluca scintillans was dominant. The abundance of P. micans reached average 18×10~6 ind./L on May 3, 2015 in the Karamürsel station, simultaneously with elevated levels of NH_3 and o-PO_4^（3–）. The sample was also abundant in dead amphipods（（72±12） ind./L） that had been covered by mucilage aggregates produced by P.micans. The highest biomass（calculated by carbon） was recorded as（268±26.0） mg/L on May 14 in the Hereke station. Beside the anthropogenic wastewater discharges, unknown sources and resuspensions caused increases in nutrient levels. After long term northeaster gusts（35 km/h for 5 d） an upwelling occurred on November 6, 2015 after wind-induced sediment resuspension. Although nutrient discharges remarkably decreased over 30 years through established wastewater treatment plants, harmful phytoplankton blooms still occur. Comparing the present results with other studies in nearby Mediterranean seas reveals that the most intense harmful dinoflagellate bloom in recent years occurred in the Izmit Bay. Therefore, additional protection measures necessary for a cleaner Izmit Bay. These incidents also demonstrate that contaminants, accumulated in sediment,may have long-lasting effects on enclosed marine ecosystems.

Salinity Distribution at Canal Istanbul and Its Possible Impacts on the Northern Marmara Sea

Turkey has announced its plan to construct a new waterway, Canal Istanbul, parallel to the Bosphorus. In this study,the influence of Canal Istanbul on salinity distribution in the northern Marmara Sea is investigated using a previously calibrated 3 D hydrodynamic and salinity model. Moreover, the salinity field of the canal and its propagation are examined based on various meteorological cases. Finally, the flow structure of the canal is determined. It is calculated that at the southern end of the canal, mainly unidirectional flow(from the Black Sea to the Marmara Sea)occurs during 68% of the simulation period. A two-layer flow is seen only 28% of the time with a weak lower layer flow, whereas this value decreases to 4% at the north end of the canal. In the southward direction(to the Marmara Sea), velocities higher than 1.5 m/s are rarely observed along the canal. The average surface salinity difference in the northern Marmara Sea due to the construction of the canal is calculated to be smaller than 0.50 ppt. The salinity difference gradually diminishes as water depth increases and after 25 m(from the surface) almost no difference is observed.

海上封锁法适用于非国际性武装冲突:困境、演进与融合

以色列与加沙地区存在持久武装冲突的现实,尤其是“马维·马尔马拉”号事件诱发海上封锁法在非国际性武装冲突下的争论与困境。海上封锁中交战团体承认制度的形成、不同历史时期各国实施海上封锁的实践,乃至海上封锁习惯法的编纂与逐渐发展,昭示着海上封锁法适用于非国际性武装冲突顺应了武装冲突法的发展趋势。第三国能否容忍由于实施海上封锁导致对海洋航行自由的干涉或阻碍,构成非国际性武装冲突下实施海上封锁的关键和挑战。区域化不仅成为越来越重要的政治现象,而且成为确保未来的海洋制度达成全球性协议的一种较优路径。为此,海洋区域主义构建了应对上述挑战与困境的可行性模式,其实质属于海上封锁法在非国际性武装冲突中的融合性适用。

A New Host for Meloidogyne incognita （Kofoid ＆ White 1919） Chitwood, 1949 （Nemata： Tylenchida） in Turkey： Potato

Potato is the main material of nutrition comes after the wheat and, is subjected to attacks of different plant parasitic nematodes which cause serious damages in our country. Especially, root-knot nematodes cause serious crop losses on them. Due to usage oflnfested seeds, parasitic nematodes are increasing from year to year. In our country, so far, many infested hosts of Meloidogyne incognita （Kofoid ＆White, 1919） Chitwood, 1949 were detected but there is no report on investigation on potato. During this study, adult females of root-knot nematodes were obtained via extracting gals of 133 tuber samples, collected potatoes fields in the Marmara region especially Balikesir, Bilecik, Bursa, Canakkale, Edirne, Istanbul, Kirklareli, Kocaeli, Sakarya and Tekirdag provinces during 2007-2008. During identification the species, second stage larvae were taken into consideration as well as genital preparations of adult females. For the identification classical methods were used together with molecular methods. As result, M. incognita was detected, only species detected among the Meloidogyne genus upon the 10 provinces investigated in Edirne province, Bosna village. This is the first report of the infestation of this species potato and also in Marmara Region.

Spatiotemporal variation of shallow water fish assemblages along the coastline of Çanakkale,Turkey

Objective:To determine the shallow water fish species richness ofÇanakkale and to analyse the spatiotemporal variations of these fish assemblages.Methods:Samplings were carried out monthly with a beach seine between January and December 2007.Samples were collected from 6 stations(No.1,2,3,4,5,6).Stations 1 and 4 located in theÇanakkale Strait,2 and 5 in North Aegean Sea,3 and 6 in Sea of Marmara.Results:A total of 112 fish species were sampled and the two most common species were Atherina boyeri and Pomatoschistus marmoratus.A total of 93 species were sampled in theÇanakkale Strait,85 in the Aegean Sea,and 77 in the Sea of Marmara.Shannon diversity index was the highest in the Aegean Sea.Dominant species were caused significant differences of both regional and seasonal fish assemblage fluctuations.Species richness and abundances decreased significantly in winter.Although more species were caught at night and a greater abundance of fishes was obtained during the day,no significant differences were found between day and night in terms of species richness and abundance.Conclusions:The results supported the biogeographical differences between the Aegean Sea,theÇanakkale Strait and the Sea of Marmara in terms of the shallow water fish community.The inventory in the current study can serve as baseline data prior to management strategies to ensure sustainable conservation of the area.