IN the late 1920s, the Communist Party of China (CPC) founded the (Chinese) Soviet Area (established during the Second Revolutionary Civil War period, 1927-1937) which operated in the revolutionary base areas. The out...IN the late 1920s, the Communist Party of China (CPC) founded the (Chinese) Soviet Area (established during the Second Revolutionary Civil War period, 1927-1937) which operated in the revolutionary base areas. The outline of the Soviet constitution stipulated that women should have equal rights in politics, economy, culture and hold the same social position as men.展开更多
As the world’s largest population,the total fertility rate(TFR)of China is of global significance.Furthermore,the introduction of recent reforms designed to lessen restrictions on childbearing have received wide atte...As the world’s largest population,the total fertility rate(TFR)of China is of global significance.Furthermore,the introduction of recent reforms designed to lessen restrictions on childbearing have received wide attention.As well as outlining the fertility rate in China as derived from the 20151%sample census,in this short paper we seek to explore the impact of the 2013 reforms to fertility policy which allowed millions of eligible couples to bear a second child.We performed standard demographic analysis on the 20151%sample census to calculate both TFR and parity-specific fertility rates for both the total population and specific sub-groups.The overall national TFR from the census was calculated to be 1.047(down from 1.188 in 2010).TFR in urban areas was 0.914 compared to 1.265 in rural areas.TFR among migrant women was 0.896 compared to 1.115 for non-migrants.While a modest increase in second-births can be identified,a decline in first birth rates offsets it.Even allowing for a generous margin of error,China’s fertility rates appear to be extremely low and declining further.The impact of the recent reforms appears muted,especially in the face of declining first birth rates.The TFRs as calculated from the mini-census would be the lowest national rates in the world.Further research is required to triangulate these findings from other sources.The impact of the two-child policy may be muted.展开更多
This article examines the intersection of law, gender, and modernity during the transitional Republican era （1912-49）. It approaches the topic through a critical reading of the Republican Civil Code of 1929-30, and ...This article examines the intersection of law, gender, and modernity during the transitional Republican era （1912-49）. It approaches the topic through a critical reading of the Republican Civil Code of 1929-30, and related commentary on the code by Chinese legal experts. By analyzing the gender assumptions embodied in several newly emergent categories of legal regulation, including legal personhood, minimum marriage age, consent, domicile, surnames, marital property, and child custody, the article＇s line of questioning reveals how gender meanings helped to shape modem concepts like universality, equality, and freedom. The findings illustrate the ways in which Republican civil law broke with late imperial legal and gender norms tied to Confucian patrilineal ideology and in addition established new legal and gender meanings that helped to consolidate Chinese politics on a republican basis and to reconfigure modem gender difference on a conjugal basis.展开更多
Recent drastic changes in marriage and fertility behaviour have a considerable impact on China’s annual number of births.Population momentum and changing fertility policy largely determine the changing number of birt...Recent drastic changes in marriage and fertility behaviour have a considerable impact on China’s annual number of births.Population momentum and changing fertility policy largely determine the changing number of births in China over the past two decades.While the annual number of births have been steadily fluctuat-ing around 16-18 million,contrary trends in the number of the first births and the second births have been observed.The two-child policy produced marked effects on the rising number of the second births,which is however to a large extent offset by the declining number of the first births resulting from rapidly postponing age at first marriage.A decomposition analysis demonstrates that all demographic factors are depressing birth numbers,including the size of reproductive-age women and its age structure,proportion married and marital fertility in the very recent years.China’s seventh population census conducted in 2020 suggests a more rapid decline in birth numbers,marking the start of a lowest-low fertility in Chinese history.展开更多
文摘IN the late 1920s, the Communist Party of China (CPC) founded the (Chinese) Soviet Area (established during the Second Revolutionary Civil War period, 1927-1937) which operated in the revolutionary base areas. The outline of the Soviet constitution stipulated that women should have equal rights in politics, economy, culture and hold the same social position as men.
文摘As the world’s largest population,the total fertility rate(TFR)of China is of global significance.Furthermore,the introduction of recent reforms designed to lessen restrictions on childbearing have received wide attention.As well as outlining the fertility rate in China as derived from the 20151%sample census,in this short paper we seek to explore the impact of the 2013 reforms to fertility policy which allowed millions of eligible couples to bear a second child.We performed standard demographic analysis on the 20151%sample census to calculate both TFR and parity-specific fertility rates for both the total population and specific sub-groups.The overall national TFR from the census was calculated to be 1.047(down from 1.188 in 2010).TFR in urban areas was 0.914 compared to 1.265 in rural areas.TFR among migrant women was 0.896 compared to 1.115 for non-migrants.While a modest increase in second-births can be identified,a decline in first birth rates offsets it.Even allowing for a generous margin of error,China’s fertility rates appear to be extremely low and declining further.The impact of the recent reforms appears muted,especially in the face of declining first birth rates.The TFRs as calculated from the mini-census would be the lowest national rates in the world.Further research is required to triangulate these findings from other sources.The impact of the two-child policy may be muted.
文摘This article examines the intersection of law, gender, and modernity during the transitional Republican era （1912-49）. It approaches the topic through a critical reading of the Republican Civil Code of 1929-30, and related commentary on the code by Chinese legal experts. By analyzing the gender assumptions embodied in several newly emergent categories of legal regulation, including legal personhood, minimum marriage age, consent, domicile, surnames, marital property, and child custody, the article＇s line of questioning reveals how gender meanings helped to shape modem concepts like universality, equality, and freedom. The findings illustrate the ways in which Republican civil law broke with late imperial legal and gender norms tied to Confucian patrilineal ideology and in addition established new legal and gender meanings that helped to consolidate Chinese politics on a republican basis and to reconfigure modem gender difference on a conjugal basis.
基金support by the Research Fund of Renmin University of China(Grant No.20XNL025).
文摘Recent drastic changes in marriage and fertility behaviour have a considerable impact on China’s annual number of births.Population momentum and changing fertility policy largely determine the changing number of births in China over the past two decades.While the annual number of births have been steadily fluctuat-ing around 16-18 million,contrary trends in the number of the first births and the second births have been observed.The two-child policy produced marked effects on the rising number of the second births,which is however to a large extent offset by the declining number of the first births resulting from rapidly postponing age at first marriage.A decomposition analysis demonstrates that all demographic factors are depressing birth numbers,including the size of reproductive-age women and its age structure,proportion married and marital fertility in the very recent years.China’s seventh population census conducted in 2020 suggests a more rapid decline in birth numbers,marking the start of a lowest-low fertility in Chinese history.
