Spatio-temporal evolution analysis of landscape pattern and habitat quality in the Qinghai Province section of the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2022 based on InVEST model

Habitat quality is an important indicator for evaluating the quality of ecosystem.The Qinghai Province section of the Yellow River Basin plays an important role in the ecological protection of the upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin.To comprehensively analysis the alterations of habitat quality in the Qinghai Province section of the Yellow River Basin,this study utilized the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model to calculate the habitat quality index and analyze the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of habitat quality in the study area from 2000 to 2022,and calculated seven landscape pattern indices(number of patches,patch density,largest patch index(LPI),landscape shape index(LSI),contagion index(CONTAG),Shannon diversity index,and Shannon evenness index)to research the variation of landscape pattern in the study area.The results showed that the number of patches,patch density,LPI,LSI,Shannon diversity index,and Shannon evenness index increased from 2000 to 2022,while the CONTAG decreased,indicating that the landscape pattern in the Qinghai Province section of the Yellow River Basin changed in the direction of distribution fragmentation,shape complexity,and heterogeneity.The average value of the habitat quality index in the Qinghai Province section of the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2022 was 0.90.Based on the value of habitat quality index,we divided the level of habitat quality into five categories:lower(0.00-0.20),low(0.20-0.40),moderate(0.40-0.60),high(0.60-0.80),and higher(0.80-1.00).Most areas were at the higher habitat quality level.The lower habitat quality patches were mainly distributed in Longyang Gorge and Yellow River-Huangshui River Valley.From 2000 to 2022,the habitat quality in most areas was stable;the increase areas were mainly distributed in Guinan County,while the decrease areas were mainly distributed in Xining City,Maqen County,Xinghai County,Qumarleb County,and Darlag County.To show the extent of habitat quality variation,we calculated Sen index.The results showed that the higher habitat quality area had a decrease trending,while other categories had an increasing tendency,and the decreasing was faster than increasing.The research results provide scientific guidance for promoting ecological protection and high-quality development in the Qinghai Province section of the Yellow River Basin.

Spatiotemporal landscape pattern changes and their effects on land surface temperature in greenbelt with semi-arid climate:A case study of the Erbil City,Iraq

Urban expansion of cities has caused changes in land use and land cover(LULC)in addition to transformations in the spatial characteristics of landscape structure.These alterations have generated heat islands and rise of land surface temperature(LST),which consequently have caused a variety of environmental issues and threated the sustainable development of urban areas.Greenbelts are employed as an urban planning containment policy to regulate urban expansion,safeguard natural open spaces,and serve adaptation and mitigation functions.And they are regarded as a powerful measure for enhancing urban environmental sustainability.Despite the fact that,the relation between landscape structure change and variation of LST has been examined thoroughly in many studies,but there is a limitation concerning this relation in semi-arid climate and in greenbelts as well,with the lacking of comprehensive research combing both aspects.Accordingly,this study investigated the spatiotemporal changes of landscape pattern of LULC and their relationship with variation of LST within an inner greenbelt in the semi-arid Erbil City of northern Iraq.The study utilized remote sensing data to retrieve LST,classified LULC,and calculated landscape metrics for analyzing spatial changes during the study period.The results indicated that both composition and configuration of LULC had an impact on the variation of LST in the study area.The Pearson's correlation showed the significant effect of Vegetation 1 type(VH),cultivated land(CU),and bare soil(BS)on LST,as increase of LST was related to the decrease of VH and the increases of CU and BS,while,neither Vegetation 2 type(VL)nor built-up(BU)had any effects.Additionally,the spatial distribution of LULC also exhibited significant effects on LST,as LST was strongly correlated with landscape indices for VH,CU,and BS.However,for BU,only aggregation index metric affected LST,while none of VL metrics had a relation.The study provides insights for landscape planners and policymakers to not only develop more green spaces in greenbelt but also optimize the spatial landscape patterns to reduce the influence of LST on the urban environment,and further promote sustainable development and enhance well-being in the cities with semi-arid climate.

Spatio-temporal Evolution and Optimization of Landscape Ecological Risk in Karst Mountainous Areas

[Objective]The ecological vulnerability and landscape ecological risk of karst mountainous areas have increased as a result of enhanced disturbance of natural resources by human activities.This paper aimed to explore the characteristics of ecological risk evolution under different landscape patterns in the region,with a view to providing reference for land classification protection,sustainable use of resources and regional ecological risk optimization in karst mountainous areas.[Method]Taking Huangping County,a typical karst mountainous area,as an example,eight evaluation factors of natural and landscape patterns were selected to construct a landscape ecological risk evaluation model,to quantitatively explore the spatio-temporal evolution of landscape ecological risk and the trend of risk level transfer in the study area from^(2)010-2018,and to reveal the complex relationship between ecological risk and topography in karst mountainous areas.[Result]①From 2010 to 2018,land use types changed to different degrees,with the most amount of woodland transferred out(1627.37 hm^(2))and the most amount of construction land transferred in(1303.93 hm^(2));a total of 3552.31 hm^(2) of land was transferred,with a change ratio of 2.13%,and there was a significant conversion between construction land,arable land,and woodland.②From 2010 to 2018,the landscape ecological risk in the study area changed significantly,and the landscape ecological risk index decreased from 0.3441 to 0.1733,showing an upward and then downward trend;the landscape ecological risk of the whole region was dominated by low-risk and lower-risk zones,and the ecological risk level generally shifted from a high level to a low level,and the ecological environment was improved.③There was a negative correlation between ecological risk and topographic position,and high-risk zones were mainly distributed among low topographic zones;with the change of time,the advantage of risk level for the selection of topography was gradually weakened,and the influence of anthropogenic factors on the ecological risk of the landscape was becoming more and more prominent.[Conclusion]This paper can provide theoretical basis for land use optimization and ecological protection in karst mountainous areas.

VECTOR ANALYSIS THEORY ON LANDSCAPE PATTERN (VATLP) IN SANJIANG PLAIN MARSH, CHINA

Landscape indices are popular for the quantification of landscape pattern. But all landscape indices being used so far are scalar quantity, which measure patterns without considering sufficiently the pattern size and the directionality together. Based on planar characteristics defined in mechanics such as centroid, moment of inertia, product of inertia, principal axes and so on, vector analysis theory on landscape pattern (VATLP) is explored here. Firstly we establish a coordinate system of centroidal principal axes (CSCPA) of a patch or patches. Some related new indices including those describing the direction of pattern distribution (patch orientation (PO), vectorial patch orientation (VPO)), and those indicating the shape of patch' s equivalent ellipse ( major axis (MJA), minor axis (MIA) and eccentric rate (ER)) are deduced. These landscape metrics are then applied to the pattern analysis of Sanjiang plain marsh, the study area. Two temporal vector-based data sets of the study area come from interpretation of remote sensing images MSS (1980) and TM (2000). The application of the theory captures some shape properties of riparian wetland in Sanjiang plain marsh. The dissymmetrieal featires of Sanjiang plain marsh around principal axes due to agricultural development could also be explained.

Study on the Vegetation Landscape Pattern of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province

This study aimed to provide theoretical bases for optimized land use in minority settlements at high altitude. On the basis of forest form map and land use type map (1∶250 000) of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province in 2007, this study carried out further analysis and assessment on the landscape pattern and fragmentation degree of Ganzi from the perspective of overall landscape characteristics, area and perimeter of patches, quantity and fractal dimension of patches and so on with the support of geo-info systematical software ArcCIS and landscape structure analysis software Fragstats. The results showed that among all landscape elements alpine meadow and evergreen broad-leaved shrubs take up a larger part as temperate and cool temperate grassland and marsh are scattered with small areas; deciduous and broad-leaved as well as their mixed forest have higher landscape fragmentation degree, on the whole, the fragmentation degree of forest type is higher than that of meadow and shrub; fractal dimensions of landscape components are all small and tend to 1, which indicates that the folded degree of all landscape boundaries are small.

Analysis of Changing Landscape Pattern in Baiyangdian before and after Ecological Water Supplement Project Based on RS and GIS

By using TM remote sensing images of Baiyangdian Wetland in 1989,1999,2003 and 2004,taking the water area between Anxin County and Cangzhou where most of Baiyangdian Wetland water body lies for landscape classification,changes in landscape pattern of Baiyangdian before and after the water supplement were analyzed with landscape indexes calculated by Fragstats3.3. The results showed that after the water supplement,from the perspective of landscape cell index,fractal dimension of major ecosystems in Baiyangdian decreased to some extent;from the perspective of landscape diversity index,diversity index of the study region also decreased,which demonstrated that ecosystem diversity in this region reduced,land cover grew to simplification;and the decreasing evenness degree of the study region also showed the uneven development of its ecosystems. That is to say,water supplement has brought favorable ecological changes to the eco-environment of Baiyangdian,which has further optimized the health condition of ecosystems in this region.

RS and GIS-based Analysis on Dynamic Changes of Landscape Pattern on Urban-rural Fringe——A Case Study of Licheng District, Jinan City of China

By using GIS, RS and landscape ecology, LandsatTM (1993 and 2009) and ETM (2001) remote sensing images of Licheng District of Ji’nan City, Shandong Province were interpreted, and dynamic changes of landscape pattern in the district were analyzed at the levels of class and landscape. The results showed that during the 16 years the landscape pattern in the district had changed significantly. (a) From the perspective of patch category, areas of arable land, woodland and grassland decreased unceasingly, and arable land accounted for the largest reduction from 488.15 km 2 in 1993 down to 324.37 km 2 in 2009, witnessing a reduction rate of 33.56%. But the patch quantity and fragmentation increased, patch connectivity reduced. Spatial pattern of construction land expanded and its area witnessed a significant increase of 147.05%. Patch cohesion index increased and connectivity grew better. (b) From the perspective of overall landscape, patch quantity, contagion and perimeter-area fractal dimension decreased, patch shape became simple, the Shannon’s diversity index, Shannon’s evenness index and splitting index increased, landscape heterogeneity rose. With the rapid social and economic development, landscape pattern will be more and more influenced by human behaviors

Analysis on Landscape Pattern of Urban Green Space in Tianjin City

Based on IKONOS satellite image in August of 2008,and by using GIS technique and spatial pattern analysis software FRAGSTATS,the paper analyzed landscape pattern of urban green space in Tianjin City from the aspects of patch composition and level of category and landscape.The result showed that there were manymin-sized patches in Tianjin City while large patches occupied a large proportion of the total area of green space.Green spaces were unbalanced in distribution and unreasonable in structure.It suggested adjusting the structure of urban green space,reducing the degree of landscape fragmentation,strengthening the construction of large and mid-sized green patches,so as to improve ecological function of green space.

RS/GIS-Based Analysis of Landscape Pattern Evolution in Tianjin City

Taking the downtown area of Tianjin City and Beichen District,Xiqing District,Jinnan District and Dongli District in its neighborhood as the study area,TM remote sensing images(with a resolution ratio of 30 m)of 1993 and 2001 were utilized to analyze landscape structures and evolution characteristics of the study area by calculating its landscape pattern indexes with the help of ArcGIS9.3.The results showed that:A.Ratios of landscape components changed greatly,area ratio of each landscape component varied in different degrees.Area of farmland decreased from 32.7% to 29.2%;area of green spaces decreased from 27.4% to 20.4%;water area decreased from 26.1% to 23.7%;construction land area increased from 13.8% to 26.8%,and replaced the dominant status of farmland.B.There were 99 366 landscape patches in the study area by 2001,which was almost twice as much as 52 832 landscape patches in 1993.C.Urbanization and increasing human interventions led to the increase of landscape diversity indexes,and the aggravated fragmentation.Through analyzing dynamic changes of urban landscape structures in Tianjin City,evolution trend of the structural characteristics of urban spaces and its factors can be better understood,city pattern and land use properly planned,benign development of economy,society and eco-environment realized.

Analysis and Simulation for Landscape Pattern Changes of Land Use in Wuzhong District, Suzhou City

Based on analyzing the changes of land use in Wuzhong District, Suzhou City from 2005 to 2008, temporal and spatial changes of land use from 2008 to 2020 were analyzed by using the model CLUE-S and, from the perspective of landscape ecology, future landscape pattern changes of land use in Wuzhong District were also quantitatively discussed by utilizing landscape indices. The results indicated that there was a large variation range of land use in Wuzhong District from 2005 to 2008 and massive farmland and woodland were transformed into construction land and gardens. Guided by the policy of saving intensive land and protecting farmland, future variation range of land use will get smaller obviously. The fragmentation degree for farmland, woodland and water area will get decreased but will get increased relatively for construction land. In general, all landscapes tend to a balanced development.

Analysis of Forest Landscape Pattern in Nanling National Nature Reserve,Guangdong

[Objective] The study was to analyze the forest landscape in Nanling Na- tional Nature Reserve to provide information for the protection of local forest ecosys- tems. [Method] With the documents of 1：10 000 topographic maps, updated Forest Resource Inventory Data, based on the GIS platform and Fragstats software, the paper analyzed the patterns and heterogeneity of forest landscapes by adopting the landscape ecological theory and the method of landscape index. [Result] The forest landscape types, in terms of area occupation from large to small, are in the order of evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous mixed forest, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, shrubs, mixed needle leaf forest, suitable land for forest deciduous broad-leaved forest and non-forest. [Conclusion] Overall, the Reserve had maintained sufficient forest landscape diversity with a low level fragmentation. The distribution of various types of forest landscape was extremely uneven, dominated by several types such as evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest, etc.

Landscape pattern and diversity of natural secondary forests in the eastern mountainous region, northeast China:A case study of Mao'ershan region in Heilongjiang Province

Mao抏rshan region is a representative natural secondary forested region in the eastern mountainous region, north-east of China. Under the support of ARC/INFO, the landscape pattern and landscape diversity of Maoerhshan region were studied by combining the forest type map (1:10000), which was drawn from the aerial photographs (1999), field investigation and land utilization map (1:10000). The selected indices included patch number, patch size, patch density index, richness index, dominance index, evenness index and diversity index. The results showed that the landscape dominant forest type in Mao抏rshan region was softwood broad-leaved forest. In all landscape types, the average patch area of natural secondary for-ests was bigger than that of artificial forest. The patch density index of each landscape formed in artificial forest was higher than that of natural secondary forest. The landscape diversity index and landscape evenness index of natural forest were highest, the landscape heterogeneity was also, but the landscape dominance was lower. In natural forest, the control effects of landscape elements on landscape-structure, function and its change were weakened. The artificial forest was on the contrary.

Analysis on Land Cover Change and Landscape Pattern of Wuzhi Mountain in Hainan Province

Combining the integrated technology of ecological quantity analytical method with GIS technology, based on the Landsat TM images and SPOT images in 1995 and 2009, this paper made a quantitative analysis of the changing process of land use/cover. The results showed that land use/cover in study area had undergone obviously changes from 1995 to 2009. The artificial landscapes which were mainly tropical crops plantation increased dramatically, natural forest and rubber forest was substantially reduced. The major patterns of land use change in the study area were the conversions of the natural forest and rubber forest to tropical crops plantation and cultivated land, cultivated land converted to tropical crops plantation and residential area. The analysis of landscape index showed that the role of landscape structure more diverse and uniform with the diversity of landscape fragmentation increases, the dominance of natural forest and rubber forest on the overall control of landscape reduced under the influence of human activities in the study area. The driving force analysis showed that economic development, agriculture industrial structure, policy and technology factors were the dominant factors of land use/change in the study area in the short term.

Establishment and Application of Agricultural Landscape Pattern Spatial Optimization Model Based on GIS-MATLAB-CA

Reasonable degree of the landscape pattern spatial distribution directly influences the sustainable use of regional land resources. Aiming at the unreasonable distribution of agricultural ecological landscape pattern, the deterioration of ecological environment, the Cellular Automaton (CA) principles were used to establish the optimized rules, such as landscape suitability rules, landscape prior rules and restraint conditions; and the standardization of the spatial data was realized by the competence of GIS spatial data handling and data spatial analysis, and finally, landscape pattern spatial optimization model was established with the support of MATLAB platform, i.e. LPSO Model. The spatial pattern optimization of agricultural landscape in west Jilin Province has been realized, which also laid a theoretical foundation for the proper spatial distribution of landscape pattern in west Jilin Province and realizing the sustainable agricultural development.

GIS-based Study on the Evolution of County-scale Land Use Landscape Pattern —A Case Study of Da'an City, China

With land use landscape pattern of Da'an City in west Jilin Province as an example, internal mechanism of regional land use changes was explored on the basis of GIS and remote sensing interpretation data. County-scale RS images were processed in ENVI, relevant indexes of land use change and landscape ecology selected to analyze quantity structure change, dynamic change and transition matrix of land use, and evolution trends of land use/cover change and landscape pattern in the study area analyzed. The results showed that from 1995 to 2005 Da'an City has witnessed a decreasing mean patch area of farmland, grassland and woodland, aggravating fragmentation of woodland and grassland; declining landscape diversity and increasing dominance degrees of certain landscapes; diversified land use types but lower rationality, increasing areas of certain landscape types.

Quantitative Analysis of Land Use Landscape Pattern in Shihezi Desert Oasis

Based on the land use status map of Shihezi City,the land use landscape map of Shihezi City was made with the support of GIS then many landscape indices were selected to quantitatively analyze the landscape pattern characteristics of Shihezi Oasis from three aspects of landscape diversity index,landscape space configuration index and plaque characteristics index. The results showed that the main plaque types of the landscape in Shihezi reclamation area are arable land and water areas,which totally account for 58% of the total area; farmland,gardens,woodland,urban sites,industrial and mining land use were embedded in this oasis landscape in the form of mosaics,and their fractal index was high due to the strong impact of human activities; arable land and mining land distribution was scattered,but marshes and other uncultivated land were relatively concentrated. The dominance degree of the landscape was low because there was no advantageous type in this landscape and all patches distributed equably which was easily to be disturbed so that the whole landscape was unstable. Comprehensively speaking,the landscape in Shihezi region was rather complicate,and its diversity index,fragmentation degree and heterogeneity were high.

Analysis of Dynamic Variation of Landscape Pattern in Shaoguan City

With the aid of remote sensing and geographical information system,and by selecting multiple landscape indices including NP,SHID,LSI,IJI and so on,the dynamic variation of landscape pattern of Shaoguan City in 1993 and 2004 was analyzed from the perspective of landscape type and level based on the value of 300 meters size. The result showed that forest landscape of Shaoguan City had been eroded and divided;water landscape was much more stable;farmland landscape enjoyed high import rate and export rate;the construction land was in the process of decentralized non-equilibrium,all of which indicated that the heterogeneity and fragmentation of the overall landscape had increased.

Study on Land Use and Landscape Pattern Change in Yanqing County of Beijing in Past Twenty Years

With Yanqing County as the study subject,land use and landscape pattern change were discussed by using transition matrix,gravity center model and landscape pattern indexes.Based on this,the correlation between them was analyzed by using SPSS technology,taking transformation among the main land types as the dependent variable,and the elevation,slope ratio,distance to towns as the independent variables.In addition,the influences of policy factor,economic development and demographic factor on land use change were discussed.

Study on Coastal Landscape Pattern Change Based on GIS

Based on GIS technology,from the perspective of landscape ecology and by taking Dianbai County for example,the paper had made landscape layout division according to land use types and studied dynamic change of local land use through indexes' change.The result showed that coastal mudflat in Diantai County had increased obviously while water area had decreased substantially and other lands also decreased in a way from 2005 to 2009.The number of land use patches increased,fractal dimension and isolating degree appeared to be in increasing trend,and diversity and evenness degree presented to be in decreasing trend.Spatial heterogeneity of landscape layout reduced,and dominance and fragmentation degree of it increased.Human activity made larger interference on landscape layout.

Analysis of Landscape Pattern Feature of Land Use Based on Landscape Ecology——A Case Study of Panshi City in China

Based on land use data of 2009 and GIS, by combining with Fragstats3.3, landscape pattern features of Panshi City have been analyzed through landscape area, number of patches, patch density, and mean patch size. The results show that forest land and cultivated land take the dominance in Panshi City, the use ratio of construction land is not high and reserved land resource is not abundant. On this basis, some suggestions have been proposed in view of establishing sustainably developing land use planning and increasing landscape stability. It should adjust land use structure and increase land productivity; reasonably arrange rural residential lands and enhance the treatment of discarded industrial lands; and reasonably control land scale of key towns and cities.