Research on shell-side heat and mass transfer with multi-component in LNG spiral-wound heat exchanger under sloshing conditions

The spiral-wound heat exchanger(SWHE) is the primary low-temperature heat exchanger for large-scale LNG plants due to its high-pressure resistance, compact structure, and high heat exchange efficiency. This paper studied the shell-side heat and mass transfer characteristics of vapor-liquid two-phase mixed refrigerants in an SWHE by combining a multi-component model in FLUENT software with a customized multicomponent mass transfer model. Besides, the mathematical model under the sloshing condition was obtained through mathematical derivation, and the corresponding UDF code was loaded into FLUENT as the momentum source term. The results under the sloshing conditions were compared with the relevant parameters under the steady-state condition. The shell-side heat and mass transfer characteristics of the SWHE were investigated by adjusting the component ratio and other working conditions. It was found that the sloshing conditions enhance the heat transfer performance and sometimes have insignificant effects. The sloshing condition is beneficial to reduce the flow resistance. The comprehensive performance of multi-component refrigerants has been improved and the improvement is more significant under sloshing conditions, considering both the heat transfer and pressure drop.These results will provide theoretical support for the research and design of multi-component heat and mass transfer enhancement of LNG SWHE under ocean sloshing conditions.

Effect of bipolar-plates design on corrosion,mass and heat transfer in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells and water electrolyzers:A review

Attaining a decarbonized and sustainable energy system,which is the core solution to global energy issues,is accessible through the development of hydrogen energy.Proton-exchange membrane water electrolyzers(PEMWEs)are promising devices for hydrogen production,given their high efficiency,rapid responsiveness,and compactness.Bipolar plates account for a relatively high percentage of the total cost and weight compared with other components of PEMWEs.Thus,optimization of their design may accelerate the promotion of PEMWEs.This paper reviews the advances in materials and flow-field design for bipolar plates.First,the working conditions of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)and PEMWEs are compared,including reaction direction,operating temperature,pressure,input/output,and potential.Then,the current research status of bipolar-plate substrates and surface coatings is summarized,and some typical channel-rib flow fields and porous flow fields are presented.Furthermore,the effects of materials on mass and heat transfer and the possibility of reducing corrosion by improving the flow field structure are explored.Finally,this review discusses the potential directions of the development of bipolar-plate design,including material fabrication,flow-field geometry optimization using threedimensional printing,and surface-coating composition optimization based on computational materials science.

Calculation of Mass Concrete Temperature and Creep Stress under the Influence of Local Air Heat Transfer

Temperature-induced cracking during the construction of mass concrete is a significant concern.Numerical simulations of concrete temperature have primarily assumed that the concrete is placed in an open environment.The problem of heat transfer between the air and concrete has been simplified to the concrete’s heat dissipation boundary.However,in the case of tubular concrete structures,where air inlet and outlet are relatively limited,the internal air temperature does not dissipate promptly to the external environment as it rises.To accurately simulate the temperature and creep stress in tubular concrete structures with enclosed air spaces during construction,we establish an air–concrete coupled heat transfer model according to the principles of conjugate heat transfer,and the accuracy of the model is verified through experiments.Furthermore,we conduct a case study to analyze the impact of airflow within the ship lock corridor on concrete temperature and creep stress.The results demonstrate that enhancing airflow within the corridor can significantly reduce the maximum concrete temperature.Compared with cases in which airflow within the corridor is neglected,the maximum concrete temperature and maximum tensile stress can be reduced by 12.5℃ and 0.7 MPa,respectively,under a wind speed of 4 m/s.The results of the traditional calculation method are relatively close to those obtained at a wind speed of 1 m/s.However,the temperature reduction process in the traditional method is faster,and the method yields greater tensile stress values for the corridor location.

Structural engineering of Fe single-atom oxygen reduction catalyst with high site density and improved mass transfer

Fe-N-C catalysts are widely considered as promising non-precious-metal candidates for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),Yet despite their high catalytic activity through rational modulation,challenges remain in their low site density and unsatisfactory mass transfer structure.Herein,we present a structural engineering approach employing a soft-template coating strategy to fabricate a hollow and hierarchically porous N-doped carbon framework anchored with atomically dispersed Fe sites(FeNCh) as an efficient ORR catalyst.The combination of hierarchical porosity and high exterior surface area is proven crucial for exposing more active sites,which gives rise to a remarkable ORR performance with a half-wave potential of 0.902 V in 0.1 m KOH and 0.814 V in 0.1 m HClO_(4),significantly outperforming its counterpart with solid structure and dominance of micropores(FeNC-s).The mass transfer property is revealed by in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) measurement.The distribution of relaxation time(DRT) analysis is further introduced to deconvolve the kinetic and mass transport processes,which demonstrates an alleviated mass transport resistance for FeNC-h,validating the effectiveness of structural engineering.This work not only provides an effective structural engineering approach but also contributes to the comprehensive mass transfer evaluation on advanced electrocatalyst for energy conversion applications.

Analysis and modeling of alumina dissolution based on heat and mass transfer

A comprehensive heat and mass transfer model of dissolution process of non-agglomerated and agglomerated alumina particles was established in an aluminum reduction cell. An appropriate finite difference method was used to calculate the size dissolution rate, dissolution time and mass of alumina dissolved employing commercial software and custom algorithm based on the shrinking sphere assumption. The effects of some convection and thermal condition parameters on the dissolution process were studied. The calculated results show that the decrease of alumina content or the increase of alumina diffusion coefficient is beneficial for the increase of size dissolution rate and the decrease of dissolution time of non-agglomerated particles. The increase of bath superheat or alumina preheating temperature results in the increase of size dissolution rate and the decrease of dissolution time of agglomerated particles. The calculated dissolution curve of alumina（mass fraction of alumina dissolved） for a 300 k A aluminum reduction cell is in well accordance with the experimental results. The analysis shows that the dissolution process of alumina can be divided into two distinct stages： the fast dissolution stage of non-agglomerated particles and the slow dissolution stage of agglomerated particles, with the dissolution time in the order of 10 and 100 s, respectively. The agglomerated particles were identified to be the most important factor limiting the dissolution process.

Study of Flow and Heat Transfer in an Ejector-Driven Swirl Anti-Icing Chamber

The formation of ice on the leading edge of aircraft engines is a serious issue,as it can have catastrophic consequences.The Swirl Anti-Icing(SAI)system,driven by ejection,circulates hot fluid within a 360°annular chamber to heat the engine inlet lip surface and prevent icing.This study employs a validated Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)approach to study the impact of key geometric parameters of this system on flow and heat transfer characteristics within the anti-icing chamber.Additionally,the entropy generation rate and exergy efficiency are analyzed to assess the energy utilization in the system.The research findings indicate that,within the considered flow range,reducing the nozzle specific areaφfrom 0.03061 to 0.01083 can enhance the ejection coefficient by over 60.7%.This enhancement increases the air circulating rate,thereby intensifying convective heat transfer within the SAI chamber.However,the reduction inφalso leads to a significant increase in the required bleed air pressure and a higher entropy generation rate,indicating lower exergy efficiency.The nozzle angleθnotably affects the distribution of hot and cold spots on the lip surface of the SAI chamber.Increasingθfrom 0°to 20°reduces the maximum temperature difference on the anti-icing chamber surface by 60 K.

RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS,POWER CONSUMPTION,MASS AND HEAT,TRANSFER DURING XANTHAN GUM FERMENTATION

Xanthan gum fermentation is probably the most complex fermentation process in terms ofrheological property variations and associated mixing,power consumption,mass and heat transferproblems.In order to obtain these data,fermentations of Xanthomonas campestris were carried outon pilot scale bioreactor with different D/T ratios and different feeding strategies(batch andfed-batch).It was discovered that the rheology of xanthan fermentation broth is of paramountimportance to the above characteristics.The aerated power consumption and power number are both afunction of aeration rate during the initial stage of the fermentation when the viscosity is low andthe Reynolds number high.However when the becames viscous and Reynolds unmber≤10~3,thegas velocity does not show any effect on the power number.The oxygen mass transfer coefficientsand the overall heat transfer coefficients are both dependent on the impeller speed,the apparentviscosity of the broth and the D/T ratio.These data taken from practical

Numerical Simulation of Three-dimensional Heat and Mass Transfer in Spray Cooling of Converter Gas in a Venturi Scrubber

In order to predict the pressure drop, collection efficiency, velocity, temperature and mole fraction of vapor in an industrial venturi scrubber with water spraying for converter gas cooling, a three-dimensional model of heat and mass transfer with phase change is established. The gas flow and liquid droplets are treated as a continuous phase with a Eulerian approach and as a discrete phase with a Lagrangian approach, respectively. The coupled problem of heat, force, and mass transfers between gas flow and liquid droplets is solved by a commercial computational fluid dynamics（CFD） package, FLUENT. The numerical results show that the water injections have an important influence on the distributions of pressure, velocity, temperature, and mole fraction of vapor, especially for the spraying region in the throat. In the spraying region, the pressure drop is higher and the velocity is lower than in other regions due to the gas-droplet drag, while the temperature is lower because the droplet absorbs large amounts of heat from the high temperature gas and the mole fraction of vapor is higher due to the phase change of the liquid droplet. A number of cases with different Water-to-gas volume flow ratios and baffle openings were simulated. The dependence of pressure drop, velocity, temperature, mole fraction of vapor, and collection efficiency on both the water-to-gas volume flow ratio and baffle opening are analyzed. The good agreements between simulation results and experiment data of pressure drop, temperature, and collection efficiency validate the model. The model should facilitate optimization of the venturi scrubber design in order to give better performance with lower pressure drops and higher collection efficiency.

Heat and Mass Transfer in MHD Visco-Elastic Fluid Flow through a Porous Medium over a Stretching Sheet with Chemical Reaction

This paper presents the study of convective heat and mass transfer characteristics of an incompressible MHD visco-elastic fluid flow immersed in a porous medium over a stretching sheet with chemical reaction and thermal stratification effects. The resultant governing boundary layer equations are highly non-linear and coupled form of partial differential equations, and they have been solved by using fourth order Runge-Kutta integration scheme with Newton Raphson shooting method. Numerical computations are carried out for the non-dimensional physical parameters. Here a numerical has been carried out to study the effect of different physical parameters such as visco-elasticity, permeability of the porous medium, magnetic field, Grashof number, Schmidt number, heat source parameter and chemical reaction parameter on the flow, heat and mass transfer characteristics.

Simultaneous effects of chemical reaction and Ohmic heating with heat and mass transfer over a stretching surface: A numerical study

In this article, we have considered the simultaneous influence of ohmic heating and chemical reaction on heat and mass transfer over a stretching sheet. The effects of applied magnetic field are also taken into consideration while the induced magnetic field is not considered due to very small magnetics Reynolds number. The governing flow problem comprises of momentum, continuity, thermal energy and concentration equation which are transformed into highly nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations by means of similarity transforms, which are then, solved numerically with the help of Successive Linearization method(SLM) and Chebyshev Spectral collocation method. Numerical values of skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are also taken into account with the help of tables. The physical influence of the involved parameters of flow velocity, temperature and concentration distribution is discussed and demonstrated graphically. The numerical comparison is also presented with the existing published results and found that the present results are in excellent agreement which also confirms the validity of the present methodology.

A review on metal additive manufacturing:modeling and application of numerical simulation for heat and mass transfer and microstructure evolution

Metal additive manufacturing technology has been widely used in prototyping,parts manufacturing and repairing.Metal additive manufacturing is a multi-scale and multi-physical coupling process with complex physical phenomena of heat and mass transfer and microstructure evolution.It is hard to directly observe the dynamic behavior and microstructure evolution of molten pool during additive manufacturing.Therefore,numerical simulation of additive manufacturing process is significant since it can efficiently and pertinently predict and analyze the physical phenomena in the process of metal additive manufacturing,and provide a reference for technological parameters selection.In this review,the research progress of numerical simulation of metal additive manufacturing is discussed.Various aspects of numerical simulation models are reviewed,including:(1)Introduction of basic control method and physical description of numerical simulation models;(2)Comparison of various heat and mass transfer models based on different physical assumptions(heat conduction model;heat flux coupling model;discrete powder particle heat flux coupling model);(3)Applications of various microstructure evolution models[phase field(PF),cellular automata(CA),and Monte Carlo(MC)].Finally,the development trend of numerical simulation of metal additive manufacturing,including the thermal-flow-solid coupling model and deep learning for numerical model,is analyzed.

Laminar Forced Convection Heat and Mass Transfer of Humid Air across a Vertical Plate with Condensation

Condensation of humid air along a vertical plate was numerically investigated, with the mathematical model built on the full boundary layer equations and the film-wise condensation assumption. The velocity, heat and mass transfer characteristics at the gas-liquid interface were numerical analyzed and the results indicated that it was not reasonable to neglect the condensate film from the point of its thickness only. The condensate film thickness, interface temperature drop and the interface tangential velocity affect the physical fields weakly. However, the subcooling and the interface normal velocity were important factors to be considered before the simplification was made. For higher wall temperature, the advective mass transfer contributed much to the total mass transfer. Therefore, the boundary conditions were the key to judge the rationality of neglecting the condensate film for numerical solutions. The numerical results were checked by comparing with experiments and correlations.

Geologic-Geophysical Indicators of the Deep Structure of Zones of Geothermal Anomalies for Allocation of Channels of the Deep Heat and Mass Transfer

On the basis of the analysis of field thermogeochemical data along abnormal zones of a thermal stream in the Bukhara-Khiva, oil-and-gas region of the Turan (Tegermen, Chagakul, Shimoly Alat, Beshtepa) was succeeded to obtain important data on a deep structure of sites. Data of gas-chemical and geothermal observations show about confinedness of abnormal concentration of methane to zones of the increased values of the temperature field the measured values of temperatures (Tegermen Square and others). On geoelectric section mines 2-D of inversion of the MT-field depth of 4000 m are lower, among very high-resistance the chemogenic and carbonate deposits of the Paleozoic is traced the subvertical carrying-out abnormal zone. This zone is identified as the channel of a deep heat and mass transfer with which hydrocarbon (HC) deposits are connected. It is shown that electro-investigation when using a geophysical complex can and has to become “advancing” at exploration by oil and gas.

A Cell Model to Describe and Optimize Heat and Mass Transfer in Contact Heat Exchangers

A cell model to describe and optimize heat and mass transfer in contact heat exchangers for utilization of exhaust gases heat is proposed. The model is based on the theory of Markov chains and allows calculating heat and mass transfer at local moving force of the processes in each cell. The total process is presented as two parallel chains of cells (one for water flow and one for gas flow). The corresponding cells of the chains can exchange heat and mass, and water and gas can travel along their chains according to their transition ma-trices. The results of numerical experiments showed that the most part of heat transfer occurs due to moisture condensation from gas and the most intense heat transfer goes near the inlet of gas. Experimental validation of the model showed a good correlation between calculated and experimental data for an industrial contact heat exchanger if appropriate empirical equations were used to calculate heat and mass transfer coefficient. It was also shown that there exists the optimum height of heat exchanger that gave the maximum gain in heat energy utilization.

Simulation of Heat and Mass Transfer in a Grain Pile on the Basis of a 2D Irregular Pore Network

The so-called pore network model has great advantages in describing the process of heat and mass transfer in porous media.In order to construct a random two-dimensional(2D)irregular pore network model for an unconsolidated material,image processing technology was used to extract the required topological and geometric information from a 2D sample of soybean particles,and a dedicated algorithm was elaborated to merge some adjacent small pores.Based on the extracted information,a 2D pore network model including particle information was reconstructed and verified to reflect the pore structure of discrete particles.This method was used to reconstruct a random 2D irregular pore network model of wheat.Accordingly,a multi-scale heat and mass transfer model was implemented to simulate the drying of wheat.The simulation results were consistent with the experimental results,which indicates that the reconstructed irregular pore network model can effectively simulate the real pore structure inside unconsolidated porous media.The present approach may be regarded as the foundation for establishing in the future a three-dimensional pore network model and studying the heat and mass transfer process in a grain pile.

Self-Similar Solution of Heat and Mass Transfer of Unsteady Mixed Convection Flow on a Rotating Cone Embedded in a Porous Medium Saturated with a Rotating Fluid

A self-similar solution of unsteady mixed convection flow on a rotating cone embedded in a porous medium saturated with a rotating fluid in the presence of the first and second orders resistances has been obtained. It has been shown that a self-similar solution is possible when the free stream angular velocity and the angular velocity of the cone vary inversely as a linear function of time. The system of ordinary differential equations governing the flow has been solved numerically using an implicit finite difference scheme in combination with the quasi-linearization technique. Both prescribe wall temperature and prescribed heat flux conditions are considered. Numerical results are reported for the skin friction coefficients, Nusselt number and Sherwood number. The effect of various parameters on the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are also presented here.

Mixed convective heat and mass transfer analysis for peristaltic transport in an asymmetric channel with Soret and Dufour effects

The present investigation addresses the simultaneous effects of heat and mass transfer in the mixed convection peristaltic flow of viscous fluid in an asymmetric channel. The channel walls exhibit the convective boundary conditions. In addition, the effects due to Soret and Dufour are taken into consideration. Resulting problems are solved for the series solutions. Numerical values of heat and mass transfer rates are displayed and studied. Results indicate that the concentration and temperature of the fluid increase whereas the mass transfer rate at the wall decreases with increase of the mass transfer Biot number. Furthermore, it is observed that the temperature decreases with the increase of the heat transfer Biot number.

Effects of Combined Heat and Mass Transfer on Entropy Generation due to MHD Nanofluid Flow over a Rotating Frame

The current investigation aims to explore the combined effects of heat and mass transfer on free convection of Sodium alginate-Fe_(3)O_(4) based Brinkmann type nanofluid flow over a vertical rotating frame.The Tiwari and Das nanofluid model is employed to examine the effects of dimensionless numbers,including Grashof,Eckert,and Schmidt numbers and governing parameters like solid volume fraction of nanoparticles,Hall current,magnetic field,viscous dissipation,and the chemical reaction on the physical quantities.The dimensionless nonlinear partial differential equations are solved using a finite difference method known as Runge-Kutta Fehlberg(RKF-45)method.The variation of dimensionless velocity,temperature,concentration,skin friction,heat,and mass transfer rate,as well as for entropy generation and Bejan number with governing parameters,are presented graphically and are provided in tabular form.The results reveal that the Nusselt number increases with an increase in the solid volume fraction of nanoparticles.Furthermore,the rate of entropy generation and Bejan number depends upon the magnetic field and the Eckert number.

Thermal Diffusion Effect on MHD Heat and Mass Transfer Flow past a Semi Infinite Moving Vertical Porous Plate with Heat Generation and Chemical Reaction

The objective of present work is to study the thermo diffusion effect on an unsteady simultaneous convective heat and mass transfer flow of an incompressible, electrically conducting, heat generating/absorbing fluid along a semi-infinite moving porous plate embedded in a porous medium with the presence of pressure gradient, thermal radiation field and chemical reaction. It is assumed that the permeable plate is embedded in a uniform porous medium and moves with a constant velocity in the flow direction in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. It is also assumed that the free stream consists of a mean velocity, temperature and concentration over which are super imposed an exponentially varying with time. The equations of continuity, momentum, energy and diffusion, which govern the flow field, are solved by using a regular perturbation method. The behavior of the velocity, temperature, concentration, Skin-friction, rate of heat transfer and rate of mass transfer has been discussed for variations in the physical parameters. An increase in both Pr and R results a decrease in thermal boundary layer thickness. However, concentration decreases as Kr, Sc increase but it increases with an increase in both So and δ.

AN ANALYSIS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFERPHENOMENON IN WOOD DURING DRYING

According to modeling simulation and experiments study, the heat and mass transtfer phenomenon.in wood during dring processes was analyzed. The results indicate: at initial stage of drying, moisture movement in wood is due to capillary force, heat transfer is major effect, at end stage, moisture movement in wood is due to diffusive transport, heat transfer is less