Development and material characteristics of glaucoma surgical implants

Background:Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide.The reduction of intraocular pressure has proved to be the only factor which can be modified in the treatment,and surgical management is one of the important methods for the treatment of glaucoma patients.Main text:In order to increase aqueous humor outflow and further reduce intraocular pressure,various drainage implants have been designed and applied in clinical practice.From initial Molteno,Baerveldt and Ahmed glaucoma implants to the Ahmed ClearPath device,Paul glaucoma implant,EX-PRESS and the eyeWatch implant,to iStent,Hydrus,XEN,PreserFlo,Cypass,SOLX Gold Shunt,etc.,glaucoma surgical implants are currently undergoing a massive transformation on their structures and performances.Multitudinous materials have been used to produce these implants,from original silicone and porous polyethylene,to gelatin,stainless steel,SIBS,titanium,nitinol and even 24-carat gold.Moreover,the material geometry,size,rigidity,biocompatibility and mechanism(valved versus nonvalved)among these implants are markedly different.In this review,we discussed the development and material characteristics of both conventional glaucoma drainage devices and more recent implants,such as the eyeWatch and the new minimally invasive glaucoma surgery(MIGS)devices.Conclusions:Although different in design and materials,these delicate glaucoma surgical implants have widely expanded the glaucoma surgical methods,and improved the success rate and safety of glaucoma surgery significantly.However,all of these glaucoma surgical implants have various limitations and should be used for different glaucoma patients at different conditions.

Research progress of cholesteric liquid crystals with broadband reflection characteristics in application of intelligent optical modulation materials

Cholesteric liquid crystals（CLCs） have recently sparked an enormous amount of interest in the development of soft matter materials due to their unique ability to self-organize into a helical supra-molecular architecture and their excellent selective reflection of light based on the Bragg relationship.Nowadays,by the virtue of building the self-organized nanostructures with pitch gradient or non-uniform pitch distribution,extensive work has already been performed to obtain CLC films with a broad reflection band.Based on authors＇ many years＇ research experience,this critical review systematically summarizes the physical and optical background of the CLCs with broadband reflection characteristics,methods to obtain broadband reflection of CLCs,as well as the application in the field of intelligent optical modulation materials.Combined with the research status and the advantages in the field,the important basic and applied scientific problems in the research direction are also introduced.

Detonation Propagation Characteristics of Superposition Explosive Materials

In order to investigate detonation propagation characteristics of different charge patterns,the detonation velocities of superposition strip shaped charges made up of a detonating cord and explosives were measured by a detonation velocity measuring instrument under conditions of different ignition.The experimental results and theoretical analysis show that the maximum detonation propagation velocity depends on the explosive materials with the maximum velocity among all the explosive materials.Using detonating cord in a superposition charge can shorten detonation propagation time and improve the efficiency of explosive energy.The measurement method of detonation propagation velocity and experimental results are presented and investigated.

Ore-forming fluid characteristics and ore-forming materials source of the Tudimiaogou – Yindongshan lead-zinc polymetallic orefield, west Henan

1 Introduction The Tudimiaogou-Yindongshan lead-zinc polymetallic orefield is located in the Tudimiaogou-Weimoshi lead and zinc silver polymetallic metallogenic belt.The belt is an important part of southwestern Henan lead and zinc

An Experimental Research to Study the Microwaves transmission Characteristics of Ablating Material in Arc-Heated Plasma Flow

in this paper, an experimental research the effect of ablating material on the reflection and the transmission of microwaves in arc-heated plasma flow is presented by using the C band microwave measuring system. The results show that the ablating material with accidented surface and its high temperature have remarkably affected the reflection and the transmission of microwaves. The experiment proves that the system has outstanding precision and reliability.

Geological characteristics and the origin of ore-forming materials of(Laozhaiwan gold deposit, Yunnan Province

"Golden triangle"area bordered on Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi was one of the most important Carlin-type gold deposits concentration areas.Deep understanding of Carlin-type gold deposits in Guizhou and Guangxi Province had reached through several decades studies,but geological environment was very complex in the southeastern Yunnan,and Carlin-type gold deposits produced in the southeastern Yunnan were different from that of America,few studies were taken there.Based on a large number of field work,studies on the geological characteristics combining with geochemistry characteristics were taken,and analysis the genesis of Laozhaiwan gold deposit.The types of alteration in Laozhaiwan gold deposit were mainly silicification and pyritization,and Gold grade was high when silicification and pyritization were both occurred.It could be caculated that fluid density(g/cm3)varied from 0.7 to 4.9,salinity varied from 0.76%to 0.95%and ore-forming pressure(Pa)varied from 1.81×105 to 49.96×105 according to fluid inclusion test results,showed that Laozhaiwan gold deposit was hypabyssal hydrothermal deposit in low temperature and low salinity.According to composition of fluid inclusion analysis,combining with H-O isotope,made theδD-δ18O figure,showed that the fluid of the deposit rooted in formation water and mixed with meteoric waters later.

Zircon U-Pb age, Lu-Hf Isotopic Characteristics and Origin of the Banshanping Granitoid Rocks in East Qinling Orogenic Belt

The Banshanping granitoid rocks distribute in the east of the North Qinling orogenic belt.It is a diorite-quartz diorite-granodiorite-granite series,spreading in a NW-SE direction,and intrudes into the Erlangping Group.The SiO2 content ranges from 57.04% to 76.56%,Na2O from 2.05% to 4.65%,K2O from 0.84% to 3.40%.Major element characteristics indicate that Banshanping granitoid rocks have properties of I type granotoids.SREE ranges from 36.51 ppm to 473.25 ppm,and LREE/ HREE ratios lie between 3.95 and 22.18.Negative Eu anomalies are not obvious in most samples,though there are obvious Nb,P and Ti positive anomalies.The zircon LA-ICP-MS ages of Banshangping granitoid rocks are 496.0±8.1 Ma-486.9±9.3 Ma.Hf isotope shows that 176Hf/177Hf ratios range from 0.282721 to 0.282876,εHf（t） values from 8.5 to 14,all positive,and corresponding modal ages （TDM2） range from 559 Ma to 908 Ma.Based on Hf isotope characteristics and existing SmNd and Rb-Sr isotope data,we consider that the Banshanping granitoid rocks originate from mantlederived material,i.e.the igneous rocks that formed in Neoproterozoic,and there may be a certain amount of crust-derived material during the formation of Banshanping granitoid rocks.

Ballistic Performance and Damage Characteristics of Chemical Vapor Infiltration Quasi 3D-Cf/SiC Composites

To investigate the ballistic performance and damage characteristics of quasi threedimensional（3D） needle-punched Cf/SiC composites prepared by chemical vapor infiltration（CVI）,penetration experiments were conducted by using 7.62 mm armor piercing incendiary（API）.Macro and micro fracture morphologies were then observed on recycled targets.The results show that the protection coefficient of 3D Cf/SiC composites is 2.54.High porosity and many micro thermal stress cracks may directly lead to the lower ballistic performance.Flat fracture morphology was observed on the crater surface.The low dynamic fracture strength along layer direction may be attributed to the voids and microcracks caused by residual thermal stress.The damage characteristics of Cf/Si C composites include matrix cracking,fiber bundle cracking,interfacial debonding,fiber fracture,and fiber bundle pull-out.And interfacial debonding and fiber fracture may play major roles in energy absorption.

Surface modification and functionalization by electrical discharge coating:a comprehensive review

Hard coatings are extensively required in industry for protecting mechanical/structural parts that withstand extremely high temperature,stress,chemical corrosion,and other hostile environments.Electrical discharge coating(EDC)is an emerging surface modification technology to produce such hard coatings by using electrical discharges to coat a layer of material on workpiece surface to modify and enhance the surface characteristics or create new surface functions.This paper presents a comprehensive overview of EDC technologies for various materials,and summarises the types and key parameters of EDC processes as well as the characteristics of resulting coatings.It provides a systematic summary of the fundamentals and key features of the EDC processes,as well as its applications and future trends.

Characteristic Analysis of AC Plasma Arc in Water

An experimental system of AC arc discharge in water was designed with pole-pole electrodes and a peak voltage of 1500 V and a test circuit was set up using virtual instrument technology. The mechanism of an AC plasma arc generated in water was analyzed. The voltage- current characteristic of the AC plasma are was obtained from the waveform. The temperature characteristic was tested with a spectrum diagnosis system, and the effect of different electrode materials on the striking voltage and peak current was analyzed. The results show that when a power supply of 6 kW is applied on electrodes with a gap of 2 mm in water, the striking voltage is from 900 V to 1300 V, the arc voltage is from 40 V to 100 V, the arc current is from 2 A to 7 A, and the zero rest period is from 1 ms to 2 ms. In addition, the arc voltage and current are different for electrodes in aluminum, copper and stainless steel. The arc voltage is lower and the current is higher for an aluminum electrode than those for copper and stainless steel ones. The highest temperature of the arc is 7643 K.

Thermal stress and fracture temperature prediction for flexible pavement

Analytical solutions of thermal stresses in multilayered elastic system whose materials characteristics are dependent on temperature are derived by a transfer matrix and integral transformation method.The resulting formulation is used to calculate thermal stresses in the low temperature cracking problem of asphalt pavement.Numerical simulations and analyses are performed using different structural combinations and material characteristics of base course.And fracture temperatures are predicted for a given flexible pavement constructed with three types of asphalt mixtures based on the calculated results and experimental data.This approach serves as a better model for real pavement structure as it takes into account the relationships between the material characteristics and temperature in the pavement system.

Integrated GIS, Remote Sensing and Survey Data for Damage Assessment of Buildings in Tsunami Event, Ishinomaki City, Japan

The 2011 Tsunami event in the eastern coastal area of Japan caused a huge amount of damages or devastations on buildings. To this date, several field surveys have been conducted which provide detailed information about inundation areas and building damage characteristics in attacking east coastal areas by this tsunami. In this study, building damage data of Ishinomaki city, with special attention to the plain coast affected area, are classified and analyzed using data surveyed by the Ministry of Lands, Infrastructure and Transportation of Japan (MLIT) for more than 52,000 structures. The classification includes information on six levels of damage, four types of building materials and damages due to tsunami inundation for each building material which are necessary information for an effective hazard mitigation. Notably, damage level percentage distribution of different building materials is plotted for different inundation depth ranges in several sets of figures. This graphic illustration not only shows a better resistant performance of Reinforced Concrete (RC) and steel buildings over wood or other buildings for all inundation depth ranges, but also can explain clearly the inundation-induced damage behavior for each building material as well as the threshold depth for each damage level. Moreover, this research contains an analysis of vulnerable areas due to the coastal topography and the geographical factors. Surveyed data provided by Geospatial information authority of Japan (GSI) that classifies Ishinomaki plain coast area into three classes are compared with the damage map produced using an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology in ArcGIS 10.2 environment. The influence of key geographical features on tsunami-induced building damage, notably Kitakami river and water canals flooding, is taken into account with respect to the weighting of factors. A good agreement produced building damage map with surveyed GSI data shows the power of a GIS tool based on the AHP approach for tsunami damage assessment. The results of this study are useful to understand the damage behavior of buildings with different structural materials located in coastal areas vulnerable to the tsunami disaster.

Prospects and Current Studies on the Fault Zone Seismic Waves

Deep structure and material properties of faults can be understood by observing and simulating the particular phase in a fault fracture zone. This paper reviews the development of fault-zone seismic waves in the seismological domain. The present research status of fault-zone head wave and trapped wave are summarized systematically. Based on recent progress in this field,the paper discusses the prospect on the utilization of seismic wave in fault structure research.

On the Out-of-Plane Vibration of Rotating Circular Nanoplates

A rotating axisymmetric circular nanoplate is modeled by the Mindlin plate theory.The Mindlin plate theory incorporates the nonlocal scale and strain gradient effects.The shear deformation of the circular nanoplate is considered and the nonlocal strain gradient theory is utilized to derive the governing differential equation of motion that describes the out-of-plane free vibration behaviors of the nanoplate.The differential quadrature method is used to solve the governing equation numerically,and the natural frequencies of the out-of-plane vibration of rotating nanoplates are obtained accordingly.Two kinds of boundary conditions are commonly used in practical engineering,namely the fixed and simply supported constraints,and are considered in numerical examples.The variations of natural frequencies with respect to the thickness to radius ratio,the angular velocity,the nonlocal characteristic scale and the material characteristic scale are analyzed in detail.In particular,the critical angular velocity that measures whether the rotating circular nanoplate is stable or not is obtained numerically.The presented study has reference significance for the dynamic design and control of rotating circular nanostructures in current nano-technologies and nano-devices.

An Investigation of Effect of Stand-Off Distance on the Material Removal Characteristics and Surface Generation in Fluid Jet Polishing

Fluid jet polishing(FJP)is a versatile polishing process that has many advantages compared to other polishing processes.Stand-off distance(SOD)is one of the key parameters in flu id jet polishi ng.However,relatively little research work has been carried out to investigate its effect of SOD on material removal characteristics and surface generation in FJP.In this paper,a systematic investigation of the effect of SOD on the tool influence function and surface topography in FJP was conducted.Experiments were designed for FJP two kinds of materials corresponding to ductile and brittle materials.They are nickel copper(NiCu)alloy and BK7 optical glass,respectively.In this study,the SOD was varied from 2 to 35 mm.Analysis and discussions were made on its effect on the shape of TIF,material removal rate,and surface topography.It is interesting to note that the TIF shape becomes a Gaussian-like shape with large SOD both on NiCu and BK7,which provides a novel way to optimize the TIF in FJP.The variation of the material removal rate and surface roughness versus SOD on NiCu and BK7 were also determined from the experimental results.Moreover,the surface topography of NiCu and BK7 were characterized from the results measured from the white light interferometer and scan electron microscope.The outcome of the study provides a better understanding of the material removal characteristics and surface generation mechanism in FJP.

Enhancing the biological functionality of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)cage-like structures through surface modification with micro-and nano-sized hydroxyapatite particles

Biomaterials with exceptional performance are crucial for addressing the challenges of complex bone regeneration.Compared with traditional three-dimensional scaffolds,injectable microspheres enable new strategies for the treatment of irregular bone defects.Biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)has found widespread applications as microcarriers of drugs,proteins,and other active macromolecules.Applied to the surface of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)cage-like structures(PLGA-CAS),hydroxyapatite(HA)effectively reduces inflammation while enhancing biological effects.In this study,we loaded the surface of PLGA-CAS with micro-and nano-hydroxyapatite particles,referred to asμHA/PLGA-CAS and nHA/PLGA-CAS,respectively.Subsequently,their material characteristics and biological effects were assessed.The incorporation of hydroxyapatite onto PLGA-CAS resulted in enhanced surface roughness and hydrophilicity,coupled with improved thermal stability and delayed degradation.Furthermore,μHA/PLGACAS induced osteogenic differentiation of osteoblast precursor cells,while nHA/PLGACAS improved endothelial cell adhesion and stimulated angiogenic differentiation in vitro.Collectively,these findings suggest thatμHA/PLGA-CAS and nHA/PLGA-CAS,each with distinct characteristics,hold significant potential for application as microcarriers in various biomedical contexts.

Review of Bipolar Plate in Redox Flow Batteries:Materials,Structures,and Manufacturing

Interest in large-scale energy storage technologies has risen in recent decades with the rapid development of renewable energy.The redox flow battery satisfies the energy storage demands well owing to its advantages of scalability,flexibility,high round-trip efficiency,and long durability.As a critical component of the redox flow battery,the bipolar plates provide mechanical support for the electrodes and act as a physical separator between adjacent cells,as well as constructing the internal circuit and guiding the electrolyte flow.The present work offers a comprehensive review of the development of bipolar plates in redox flow batteries,covering materials,structures,and manufacturing methods.In terms of materials,the effects of material types and composition on the compactness,mechanical strength,and electrical conductivity are summarized in detail.Furthermore,the corrosion mechanisms of bipolar plates and the corresponding detection and mitigation methods are discussed.In addition,the structures of the bipolar plates refer to the flow field designs on the surface.The advantages and disadvantages of these existing flow fields are described,and the tendencies for further optimization are also discussed.The manufacturing of composite bipolar plates in terms of material cost and preparation methods is also outlined.Based on the summary of previous research,this work provides suggestions for the future development of high-performance bipolar plates.

Researches on preparation and properties of polypropylene nonwovens containing rare earth luminous materials

Polypropylene composite nonwovens containing rare-earth strontium aluminates Sr Al2O4：Eu2＋,Dy3＋ and functional additives were fabricated by the spun-bonded technique.The optical properties, morphology and mechanical properties of the samples were characterized.Results from scanning electron microscopy photographs（SEM） indicated that the surface of the fiber was destroyed by the addition of rare earth luminescent materials lightly but the thickness of the fiber was uniform.Differential scanning calorimetry results showed that pure polypropylene has the double crystallization peak at 162.3 and 165.1 °C.Studies from X-ray diffraction showed that the nonwoven prepared with the luminescent materials contained the α-monoclinic crystal and β crystalline phase.Furthermore, the afterglow properties were tested, which showed that the afterglow curve of the luminous nonwoven was similar to that of strontium aluminate, and the intensity was more intensive than luminous nonwoven at the beginning.The nonwoven fabricated with the luminescent material did not affect the crystal lattice of the polymer making the materials have potential applications in fluorescent lamps and field emission displays（FEDs）.

Growth and spectral characteristics of a new promising stoichiometric laser crystal: Ca_9Yb(VO_4)_7

A Ca9Yb（VO4）7 crystal with dimensions of Φ23 mm×35 mm was grown successfully by Czochralski method. Its thermal conductivity was 1.06 W/（m？K） at room temperature. The absorption cross-sections at 980 nm were 1.80×10–20 cm2 and 1.28×10–20 cm2 for π- and σ- polarizations, respectively, with a full-width at half-maximum of 34 nm. The crystal had a broad emission at around 1025 nm with a full-width at half-maximum of 67 nm for π- polarization and 70 nm for σ- polarization. The emission cross-sections of the crystal were calculated by using reciprocity method and Füchtbauer-Ladenburg formula. The emission cross-sections at 1025 nm were 3.57×10–20 cm–2 and 1.91×10–20 cm–2 for π- and σ- polarization, respectively. The fluorescence lifetime was 332 μs. The results indicated that the crystal is a promising femtosecond and tunable laser material.

Advances and trends in plastic forming technologies for welded tubes

With the implementation of environmental protection, sustainable development and conservation-oriented policies, components and parts of thin-walled welded tubes have gained increasing application in the aircraft and automotive industries because of their advantages： easily achieving forming and manufacturing process at low cost and in a short time. The current research on welded tube plastic forming is mainly concentrated on tube internal high-pressure forming, tube bending forming, and tube spinning forming. The focuses are on the material properties and char- acterization of welded tubes, finite element modeling for welded tube forming, and inhomogeneous deformation behavior and the mechanism and rules of deformation coordination in welded tube plastic forming. This paper summarizes the research progress in welded tube plastic forming from these aspects. Finally, with a focus on the urgent demand of the aviation, aerospace and automotive industries for high-strength and light-weight tubes, this paper discusses the development trends and challenges in the theory and technology of welded tube plastic forming in the future. Among them, laser tailor-welded technology will find application in the manufacture of high-strength steel tubes. Tube-end forming technology, such as tube flaring and flanging technology, will expand its appli- cation in welded tubes. Therefore, future studies will focus on the FE modeling regarding how to consider effects of welding on residual stresses, welding distortions and microstructure, the inhomo- geneous deformation and coordination mechanism of the plastic forming process of tailor-welded tubes, and some end-forming processes of welded tubes, and more comprehensive research on the formin~ mechanism and limit of welded tubes.