Surgical organ displacement: what is the best “materials and methods” for proton radiotherapy?

In the mid 1940s, Robert Wilson （1） hypothesized that a highly localized deposition of energy from a proton beam could be used to increase the radiation dose to tumors while minimizing radiation to adjacent normal tissues. The depth- dose distribution of a proton beam differs significantly from that of a photon beam. Protons show increasing energy deposition with penetration distance, reaching a maximum- named the Bragg peak-near the end of the range of the proton beam. In front of the Bragg peak, the dose level is modest compared to photon beams; beyond the Bragg peak, the dose decreases to nearly zero. By choosing the appropriate proton beam energy, the depth of the Bragg peak can be adjusted to match the depth and extent of the target volume. Therefore, excellent conformality can be achieved, in contrast to conventional or intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）.

INTEGRATING EARTHEN BUILDING MATERIALS AND METHODS INTO MAINSTREAM CONSTRUCTION

Earthen Building Materials and Methods(EBMM)exhibit excellent environmental,health,indoor air quality and affordability benefits.Despite these advantages,EBMM are not yet broadly implemented in mainstream construction.The main barriers and gaps to implementing earthen construction are analyzed through 126 survey responses and 10 in-depth interviews of a range of experts and end-users,and possible solutions to overcoming these barriers are presented.Specifically,the research indicates that according to earthen construction experts and potential homeowners,inability or difficulty in obtaining building permits is the strongest barrier to implementation.Additionally,existing technical data and environmental assessments must be synthesized and enumerated in order to support decision makers in advancing earthen building policy.

An SEM study on Mullet gill filament material and methods

The investigation was performed on 4 Mullets (27～49 cm long and weighing 225～1 500 g each) of both sexes from the waters off Tianjin. Small pieces of the gills were sliced and immersionfixed in a buffer mixture of 1.5% glutaraldehyde, 1.5% paraformaldehyde and 0.1 mol/dm~3 phosphate for at least 24 h. After fixation in phosphate buffered 1% OOat 4 ℃ for 1 h, the tissues were

Brief Instructions to Authors

Neuroscience Bulletin is devoted to the publication of original research in any field of neuroscience. Communications, experimental methods, reviews and progress reports are also welcome.

Brief Instructions to Authors

Neuroscience Bulletin is devoted to the publication of original research in any field ofneuroscience. Communications, experimental methods, reviews and progress reports are also welcome.

Brief Instructions to Authors

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