Boundary layer influence on ship model tests in extremely shallow and confined water

Ships sailing in shallow and/or confined water(when calling a harbour or other berthing areas),will experience a different behaviour due to the interaction with vertical and/or horizontal boundaries.Among other hydrodynamic changes induced in confined water,the lateral ship-bank interaction force changes its sign at a critical distance between ship and bank or bottom.However,this distance and its effects on model test results have not been quantified in the past.To investigate the shallow water hydrodynamics coupled with bank effects,systematic model tests were carried out at Flanders Hydraulics Research(FHR)with different ship models.The following parameters were systematically varied:water depth,lateral position,speed,and propeller rate.The change of the ship-bank induced lateral force from an attraction force in medium-deep and shallow water to a repulsion force in extremely shallow water conditions,can be ascribed to the interaction of the boundary layers of the ship model and the environment(tank and installed banks).In this article,a mathematical model is proposed for the critical distance in terms of boundary layer influence thickness.This indicates the range where the model tests are influenced by the horizontal or vertical restrictions combined with the propeller’s dynamic effects.Moreover,the expression has also been extended to describe the relationship between full-scale ship length and water depth with the boundary layer influence thickness.Due to lower Reynolds numbers and relatively thicker boundary layers at model scale,upscaling of the model test results,according to Froude’s law,may provide erroneous results.The influence of the boundary layer initiates at a relatively higher under keel clearance(UKC)for a smaller ship model compared with a larger ship model.Therefore,the boundary layer’s influence with respect to ship model length should be considered during model testing.

Establishment of Unstable Flow Model and Well Testing Analysis for Viscoelastic Polymer Flooding

At present, the polymer solution is usually assumed to be Newtonian fluid or pseudoplastic fluid, and its elasticity is not considered on the study of polymer flooding well testing model. A large number of experiments have shown that polymer solutions have viscoelasticity, and disregarding the elasticity will cause certain errors in the analysis of polymer solution seepage law. Based on the percolation theory, this paper describes the polymer flooding mechanism from the two aspects of viscous effect and elastic effect, the mathematical model of oil water two-phase three components unsteady flow in viscoelastic polymer flooding was established, and solved by finite difference method, and the well-test curve was drawn to analyze the rule of well test curve in polymer flooding. The results show that, the degree of upward warping in the radial flow section of the pressure recovery curve when considering polymer elasticity is greater than the curve which not considering polymer elasticity. The relaxation time, power-law index, polymer injection concentration mainly affect the radial flow stage of the well testing curve. The relaxation time, power-law index, polymer injection concentration and other polymer flooding parameters mainly affect the radial flow stage of the well testing curve. The larger the polymer flooding parameters, the greater the degree of upwarping of the radial flow derivative curve. This model has important reference significance for well-testing research in polymer flooding oilfields.

Mathematical Modeling of Shear Stress and Direct Shear Test for Compressible Soil: Case of Soil Bordering the Wouri River

This paper focuses on the development of the mathematical model of shear stress by direct shear test for compressible soil of the littoral region, which will be a great tool in the hand of geotechnical engineers. The most common use of a shear test is to determine the shear strength which is the maximum shear stress that a material can withstand before the failure occurs. This parameter is useful in many engineering designs such as foundations, roads and retaining walls. We carried out an experimental laboratory test of ten samples of undisturbed soil taken at different points of the border of Wouri river of Cameroon. The samples were collected at different depths and a direct shear test was conducted. The investigations have been performed under constant vertical stresses and constant sample volume with the aim to determine the frictional angle and the cohesion of the compressible soil which are so important to establish the conditions of buildings stability. Special care was taken to derive loading conditions actually existing in the ground and to duplicate them in the laboratory. Given that the buildings constructed in this area are subjected to settlement, landslide, and punch break or shear failure, the cohesion and the frictional angle are determined through the rupture line after assessed the mean values of the shear stress for the considered ten samples. The bearing capacity of the soil, which is the fundamental soil parameter, was calculated. From the laboratory experimental results, the least squared method was used to derive an approximated mathematical model of the shearing stress. Many optimizations methods were then considered to reach the best adjustment.

沥青混凝土心墙坝漫顶溃坝试验与溃坝过程数值模拟

基于中国新疆射月沟水库溃坝案例资料,在水槽冲蚀试验系统进行了沥青混凝土心墙坝漫顶溃坝试验,直观展现了坝壳料冲蚀与心墙折断过程,发现了抗冲蚀能力强的沥青混凝土心墙对溃坝过程的重要影响。将沥青混凝土心墙坝的漫顶溃坝过程分为3个阶段:坝壳料溯源冲蚀至沥青混凝土心墙裸露;心墙第一次折断,溃口流量迅速增大并出现峰值;心墙发生多次折断直至溃口稳定。在试验成果的基础上建立了模拟溃口流量和溃口形态演化的沥青混凝土心墙坝漫顶溃坝过程数学模型,模型的特色在于通过冲蚀公式模拟沥青混凝土心墙的裸露长度,采用力矩平衡法计算裸露心墙的折断时刻、折断长度和折断次数,从而合理反映了沥青混凝土心墙坝漫顶溃坝时坝壳料与心墙的耦合作用机制。采用建立的数学模型对射月沟溃坝过程进行了反演分析,计算结果表明重要溃坝参数与实测值误差均在±25%以内,较好地反映了溃坝过程,研究成果可为沥青混凝土心墙坝漫顶溃坝过程模拟提供借鉴。

稻谷薄层红外干燥特性及数学模型

采用正交实验对稻谷进行红外干燥,研究了稻谷在不同含水率、干燥温度和装载量干燥条件下的红外干燥特性,确定了稻谷最优红外干燥工艺方案,匹配了稻谷红外干燥在10种干燥数学模型中的应用情况,找出了稻谷最优红外干燥数学模型,结果表明:稻谷在干燥前期失水率变化较大,水分比下降较快,而干燥后期,失水率变化趋于平缓。对稻谷红外干燥工艺影响的3个主要因子排列顺序为:干燥温度B>装载量C>含水率A,且稻谷最优红外干燥方案为含水率36%、干燥温度60℃、装载量50 g,此时的稻谷最优干燥数学模型为Wang and Singh模型。当装载量和温度分别为50 g和70℃时,实验值和模型值的相对平均误差分别为0.901%和1.119%,进一步验证数据的实验值和模型值拟合度较好。随着干燥温度的升高,稻谷的有效水分扩散系数升高,当干燥温度从50℃提升到70℃时,稻谷有效水分扩散系数从10.72×10^(-10)m^(2)/s增加至13.87×10^(-10)m^(2)/s,此时稻谷的活化能为11.9 kJ/mol。

液压足式机器人关节驱动系统实验台研究

为测试液压足式机器人关节驱动系统的控制性能,实现对外负载力的精确模拟并研究高性能控制策略,设计液压足式机器人关节驱动系统实验台。介绍了关节驱动系统实验台的工作原理、机械结构、液压系统及测控系统;在MATLAB/Simulink平台中建立了关节驱动系统实验台仿真模型,通过仿真分析,验证了实验台的负载模拟能力及控制性能。研究结果表明,实验台能够实现负载力加载并实现精确控制,为后续液压足式机器人关节驱动系统的研究提供平台。

Impact pressure of waves generated by landslides on bank slopes

Impulse waves that are generated by landslides in narrow reservoir areas threaten the stability of buildings and bank slopes.To discuss the action process and evolution law of the wave pressure on bank slopes,a three-dimensional physical model test that considers impulse waves generated by landslides was performed,and factors including landslide width,thickness,slope angles of the sliding surface,and bank slope angle were considered.Based on wave forms on the bank slopes,wave pressure curve characteristics,and peak value,the action process of wave pressure could be divided into the following stages:maximum pulsating pressure stage,wave impact stage(when waves break),and stationary pulsation stage.It was found that wave breaking is dependent on the value of the surf similarity parameterξ.The distribution pattern of impact pressure decays linearly on both sides of the maximum impact pressure point,and the attenuation degree decreases when it attains 40%of the maximum value.Thus,it is proposed that the prediction formula for the maximum effective impact pressure of the bank slope be related to the reciprocal of wave steepness,relative water depth,and slope rate.The prediction formula provides strong theoretical support for early safety warning and for predicting the bank slope under impulse waves generated by landslides.

Research advances in enhanced coal seam gas extraction by controllable shock wave fracturing

With the continuous increase of mining in depth,the gas extraction faces the challenges of low permeability,great ground stress,high temperature and large gas pressure in coal seam.The controllable shock wave(CSW),as a new method for enhancing permeability of coal seam to improve gas extraction,features in the advantages of high efficiency,eco-friendly,and low cost.In order to better utilize the CSW into gas extraction in coal mine,the mechanism and feasibility of CSW enhanced extraction need to be studied.In this paper,the basic principles,the experimental tests,the mathematical models,and the on-site tests of CSW fracturing coal seams are reviewed,thereby its future research directions are provided.Based on the different media between electrodes,the CSW can be divided into three categories:hydraulic effect,wire explosion and excitation of energetic materials by detonating wire.During the process of propagation and attenuation of the high-energy shock wave in coal,the shock wave and bubble pulsation work together to produce an enhanced permeability effect on the coal seam.The stronger the strength of the CSW is,the more cracks created in the coal is,and the greater the length,width and area of the cracks being.The repeated shock on the coal seam is conducive to the formation of complex network fracture system as well as the reduction of coal seam strength,but excessive shock frequency will also damage the coal structure,resulting in the limited effect of the enhanced gas extraction.Under the influence of ground stress,the crack propagation in coal seam will be restrained.The difference of horizontal principal stress has a significant impact on the shape,propagation direction and connectivity of the CSW induced cracks.The permeability enhancement effect of CSW is affected by the breakage degree of coal seam.The shock wave is absorbed by the broken coal,which may hinder the propagation of CSW,resulting in a poor effect of permeability enhancement.When arranging two adjacent boreholes for CSW permeability enhancement test,the spacing of boreholes should not be too close,which may lead to negative pressure mutual pulling in the early stage of drainage.At present,the accurate method for effectively predicting the CSW permeability enhanced range should be further investigated.

永磁有限转角力矩电机的仿真与实验

随着多电飞机的快速发展及成附件轻小化、高效能的迫切需求,有限转角力矩电机(Limited Angle Torque Motor,LATM)在飞机引气系统中的应用日益迫切。一方面,有限转角力矩电机可以显著简化高温引气控制阀结构、减小体积;另一方面,可以基于系统需求实现引气压力和温度按需调节,减少燃油代偿损失。针对高温有限转角力矩电机工作特性不易预测的难题,建立了其数学模型、仿真模型,并通过实物试验验证了仿真模型的准确性。研究结果为有限转角力矩电机特性研究提供了参考依据。

车载储氢气瓶气密性试验关键参数研究

车载储氢气瓶作为氢气的重要载体,必须根据相关标准和技术规范进行型式试验,其中,气密性试验是检验车载储氢气瓶泄漏情况的重要环节。虽然国内外颁布的相关标准对气密性试验关键试验参数提出的不同程度的要求,但现行标准对部分试验参数并未提出定量的要求,且缺乏理论依据和数据支撑。基于数值仿真模型,结合试验结果进行验证,分析气瓶气密性试验过程的流场分布特性,结合气密性试验表征参量,研究关键试验参数对气瓶气密性试验结果的影响并获得试验参数优化值。结果表明:(1)随着增压速率的增大,气瓶的压降时间整体呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,且当增压速率大于3 MPa/min时增加幅度尤为明显;(2)随着保压时间的增加,气瓶的压差百分比和压降时间呈现先增加,并在保压时间大于90 s时不再发生变化;(3)当充装温度越低,气瓶气密性试验结果越准确;(4)当试验介质氮气和氦气的比例相近时,气瓶的压降时间和压差百分比最小。

粉质黏土回弹变形特性及数学模型研究

为研究粉质黏土在不同初始固结压力下的卸载回弹特性,设计并实施了压缩回弹试验。采用平均压缩模量、平均回弹模量及回弹率等指标,分析土样的变形规律。试验结果表明:土样的回弹过程呈现非线性特征,平均回弹模量随初始固结压力的增大而增大,随卸载后上覆压力的增大而减小。为准确描述这一关系,采用含3个参数的幂次函数进行拟合,取得了良好的效果。该结果为深入理解土体的卸载回弹行为提供了理论依据,并为工程实践中土体的回弹预测和分析提供了有效方法。

轴扭耦合冲击器结构设计与室内试验

为提高PDC钻头切削齿在硬地层中的吃入深度、消除扭转振动带来的危害,在自激换向式扭冲总成结构的基础上,增设水力脉冲式轴冲总成,利用扭冲总成拨叉带动轴冲总成动盘阀同步旋转,使过流面积发生周期性变化,产生水力脉冲轴冲载荷,与扭冲载荷一起形成轴扭耦合冲击,设计出一种结构简单、冲击频率相同的新型轴扭耦合冲击器。同时,基于能量转换与守恒定律,建立了冲击器性能参数数学模型,并开展了轴扭耦合冲击器性能参数室内试验。试验结果表明,该轴扭耦合冲击器的压降、轴冲载荷与流量平方呈正比,扭冲载荷、冲击频率与流量呈线性增大关系,最大相对误差仅7.91%,验证了该数学模型的准确性。研究结果可为同类冲击钻井工具的开发提供理论指导。

药物经皮渗透性研究方法进展

经皮给药系统中药物的经皮渗透特性直接关系到药物临床应用的安全性和有效性。在经皮给药制剂的开发过程中,药物渗透性评估可以预测药物的皮肤渗透特性,有助于理解产品的质量和性能,为药品研发提供重要考察指标。目前,研究者们开发了多种药物皮肤渗透性研究方法,其中体外透皮试验最为常用,主流测定方法是Franz扩散池法;数学模型渗透性预测、动物实验等研究方法也可被用来研究药物渗透性,此外还有平行人工膜渗透模型研究、光谱技术及微透析技术等新的研究方法。本文对这些研究方法进行展开介绍,期望对研究者提供一定的参考作用。

基于模糊数学评定与响应面法优化杏子与玫瑰花酱复合果丹皮的研制

该研究在果丹皮传统配方工艺的基础上对复合果丹皮的辅料添加量配方进行了优化,以杏子和玫瑰花酱为主要原料,以酸味剂、凝胶剂、防腐剂为辅料,研制一款低糖复合果丹皮。采用单因素试验和Box-Behnken响应面优化法得到杏子与玫瑰花酱复合果丹皮的感官评分和杏子与玫瑰花酱的质量比、柠檬酸添加量、复合胶添加量、苯甲酸钠添加量的模型,经验证,模型合理可靠。通过模型系数显著性检验,得到以感官评分为响应值的主效应关系均为柠檬酸添加量>复合胶添加量>杏子与玫瑰花酱的质量比>苯甲酸钠添加量。得出最佳配方为杏子与玫瑰花酱的质量比2∶1、柠檬酸添加量0.2%、复合胶添加量3%、苯甲酸钠添加量0.04%,此配方下得到的感官评分为90.33分,与模型预测值较一致。结果表明,此数学模型较好地预测了杏子与玫瑰花酱复合果丹皮的配方。

正流量液压挖掘机平整微操作抖动问题分析

针对某型正流量液压挖掘机平整微操作抖动问题进行控制原理分析,建立动臂提升和斗杆内收两复合微操作性能数学模型。搭建试验平台,从液压、振动和噪声角度评估动臂提升和斗杆内收两复合冲击抖动性能。当出现压力抖动时,动臂提升先导压力稳定在1.721~1.751 MPa之间,斗杆内收先导压力变化范围较大,在1.423~1.675 MPa之间,故动臂提升与斗杆内收微操作出现压力抖动与斗杆内收先导压力变化密切相关。但司机位置处未表现出较强的冲击抖动性,各悬置Z向隔振率在21~25 dB之间,隔振性能较好;驾驶室声压级在74~78 dB之间,隔噪性能良好。此外,试验样机P7档位动臂提升时间为4.5 s,斗杆内收时间为2.5 s,动臂提升和斗杆内收两复合时间为3.2 s。当转速1650 r/min、扭矩负荷率72%时,平整效率试验值为520次/h,平整油耗试验值为28.30 L/h,平整经济性较优。

基于数学仿真的反辐射对抗试验方法

多数反辐射对抗试验通过地面高塔测试和动态挂飞验证获得反辐射对抗结果,但受试验成本、试验周期及组织实施等因素限制,试验样本量有限且试验态势相对单一,不能综合检验反辐射武器或雷达诱偏系统的作战效能。针对上述问题,提出一种数学仿真试验方法,通过建立反辐射武器、雷达及雷达诱偏系统等数学模型,利用外场试验数据对数学仿真模型进行校验,使模型能够逼近真实装备的状态和性能,以此数学仿真平台为基础开展反辐射对抗仿真试验,获取多种态势下的反辐射对抗结果。该方法是对外场试验的有效补充,对于反辐射武器和雷达诱偏系统的作战应用也有较好的借鉴意义。

基于正态曲线和有效积温的美国白蛾发生预测和除治效果评估机制研究

经拟合,美国白蛾成虫羽化符合正态分布。求算出成虫-成虫高峰日有效积温常数为877.6±84.3日度、当年成虫高峰日有效积温常数309.3±31.5日度,并给出了通过高峰日有效积温和成虫种群消长趋势指数进行当代和下一代成虫数量预测的方法。在全种群治理理念的指导下,提出了空间覆盖量和种群覆盖量的概念,并在此基础上制定了一套幼虫种群死亡量计算方法,其可靠性在对往年飞防除治实践中得到了验证。

Optimization Model for Environmental Stress Screening of Electronic Components

Environmental stress screening (ESS) is a technological process to reduce the costly early field failure of electronic components. This paper builds an optimization model for ESS of electronic components to obtain the optimal ESS duration. The failure phenomena of ESS are modeled by mixed distribution, and optimal ESS duration is defined by maximizing life-cycle cost savings under the condition of meeting reliability requirement.

Maximum Effective Hole Mathematical Modei and Exact Solution for Commingled Reservoir

The maximum effective hole-diameter mathematical model describing the flow of slightly compressible fluid through a commingled reservoir was solved rigorously with consideration of wellbore storage and different skin factors. The exact solutions for wellbore pressure and the production rate obtained from layer j for a well production at a constant rate from a radial drainage area with infinite and constant pressure and no flow outer boundary condition were expressed in terms of ordinary Bessel functions. These solutions were computed numerically by the Crump''s numerical inversion method and the behavior of systems was studied as a function of various reservoir parameters. The model was compared with the real wellbore radii model. The new model is numerically stable when the skin factor is positive and negative, but the real wellbore radii model is numerically stable only when the skin factor is positive.