论“Stereotype”的意蕴及在跨文化交际中的功能

"模式固见"是跨文化交际理论研究中的核心概念.本文多元阐释该概念的定义,讨论其在交际实践中的积极及消极功能,提出在跨文化学习能力的培养过程中,应合理运用"模式固见",使"模式固见"成为反思自我、认知他者的一个有效的基础.

Challenging and Reducing Cultural Stereotypes

Anyplace where differences are found leaves room for stereotypes.Each of us hears or makes stereotypical comments every day,and although sometimes it is necessary to make stereotypes in foreign language teaching and learning,we should always be aware of the negative effects of stereotyping people from other cultures when we use them to interpret behavior.This paper defines stereotypes,discusses how they impede communication and then focuses on some ways to challenge and reduce stereotypes in cross-cultural communication.

Helping North Americans Overcome Stereotypes About Chinese Culture:Making Stereotype Become Tolerance of Diversity

Nowadays,intercultural communication is no longer an option,but a necessity.However,stereotypes might impact intercultural communication.Therefore,it' s of significance to overcome stereotypes.This study is designed to find out how some North Americans are stereotyped toward Chinese and help them overcome their stereotypes and help Chinese people understand themselves thus make the communication between these two parts easier.

有序分类数据的stereotype模型分析方法

用累积比数模型分析有序数据是有效的,但也存在两方面的问题:其一,数据模型在'有序'的表现上是模糊的;其二,无法对各相邻的类之间作显著性检验。但对这两方面的讨论有时是需要的,比较常见的问题是想要了解在解释变量 X 的作用下,反应变量 Y 在不同相邻类中的变化情况,即所谓的'关节点'问题,如冠心病研究。

A Study on North American Stereotypes about the Chinese from the Perspective of Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions

Without much understanding of different cultures,it is common for people to hold stereotypes,which,negative or positive,hamper intercultural communication.Some North Americans are also stereotyped toward Chinese.Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions can be employed to discuss the cultural elements under the surface of their stereotypes.To be a successful communicator in diverse cultural background,understanding of the target culture and being tolerant of the diversity are significant.

A Case Study on Chinese Stereotypes about North American Culture

This paper is a case study on three negative stereotypes that Chinese have about North American culture on the basis of the theory of Kluckhohn' s Value System,Hofstede' s Value Dimensions and Edward T.Hall' s Model.This study is a qualitative study which is mainly based on analyzing.Then some good ways are provided to help Chinese people overcome some negative stereotypes about North American culture so that they can have a more accurate understanding on American people and American culture and communicate with Americans with less obstacles.

How do Teachers Design a Class about Stereotypes?——An Analysis of a Lesson Plan

Due to the development of international trade,an increasing number of Africans immigrated to Guangzhou in China.At the same time,most Chinese locals’impressions of Africans come from media,friends and family,which could result in stereotyped stories(Byram,1997,p.36).Under this circumstance,the paper designs and analyzes a lesson plan which aims at challenging university students’stereotypes of the Africans in Guangzhou.Through the analysis,some suggestions are proposed to facilitate the conduct of the similar culture class and the limitations are outlined.

The “Prototype and Stereotype” Theory in Lexical Semantics Teaching Methodology

Cognitive linguistics studies the relationship between language and cognition,which claims that semantics structures reflect the mental categories which people have formed their experiences of growing up and acting in the world.The lexical and semantics combined together to be the foundations of language which makes into people' s communication.As the main branch of cognition,the prototype and stereotype theory have a close relationship to the lexical semantics.Thus,it is essential and useful to make a research on the lexical semantics under the influence of the "prototype and stereotype theory" and it will help a lot in teaching methodology.

Gendered Stereotype under White Patriarchy in American Animation How to Train Your Dragon

American animation How to Train Your Dragon 1 & 2, loosely based on the British book series of the same name by Cressida Cowell, produced by American Dreamworks Animation, were released separately in 2010 and 2014. Those two animated films are set in a fictional Viking world and focusing on the experiences and adventures of protagonist Hiccup. Even though these two films are concerned with dragons, this paper discusses about the gendered stereotype under white patriarchy from the perspective of Foucault's power discourse theory. It mainly studies gendered stereotype and white patriarchal construction, revealing that the American animation, based on mass deception, is an evil machine to lead Chinese audiences to experience a complicated process to struggle with their own beliefs, values, ideas and hope.

Stereotypes in Genders Construction

The observation of girls and boys study in college for many years elicits there is a key to construct students' gender which affect their study and job choosing after graduation. In order to make teaching more effective and efficient, understanding what constructs genders becomes necessary for designing the curriculum. Some literatures tell that gender stereotypes exist ineradicably in our society. The gender stereotypes construct children's gender through their parents, mass media and their peer groups.The stereotypes believe boys wear blue and girls wear pink; boys always choose astronaut, lawyer, dentist as their job and girls prefer to be a nurse or a teacher. Gender stereotypes occur some negative phenomenon such as sex discrimination, restriction on personality development, and inefficient cooperation between male and female in our society. Educators should show a correct direction to students in their gender construction. There are 4 teaching approaches introduced to educator in the essay to reduce the influence of gender stereotypes on students. They are"access and equity""valuing girls' and boys' skills and experiences""acknowledging differences among girls and boys", and"challenging and critically examining the social structures". Students can understand themselves objectively and clearly, shape their personality positively, and develop their interests appropriately through the approaches in education.

A Study of Cultural Stereotypes in Intercultural Communication

In intercultural communication, the term stereotype refers to some inflexible statements about a category of people, and these stereotypical statements are applied to all members of the group without regard for individual differences. It assumes that everyone from a group has certain characteristics and allows no room for individual differences, so it is by no means the same as information about another culture. Although stereotypes can be positive as well as negative, both types are equally distorting and destructive. So in this paper, the authors discuss what stereotypes mean, how they arise, why they are often inaccurate and even dangerous, and how to avoid and eliminate stereotypes in interactions with people from other cultures, so that people can carry out intercultural communications in a more effective way.

Ordinal Outcome Modeling: The Application of the Adaptive Moment Estimation Optimizer to the Elastic Net Penalized Stereotype Logit

Penalized ordinal outcome models were developed to model high dimensional data with ordinal outcomes. One option is the penalized stereotype logit, which includes nonlinear combinations of parameter estimates. Optimization algorithms assuming linearity and function convexity were applied to fit this model. In this study the application of the adaptive moment estimation (Adam) optimizer, suited for nonlinear optimization, to the elastic net penalized stereotype logit model is proposed. The proposed model is compared to the L1 penalized ordinalgmifs stereotype model. Both methods were applied to simulated and real data, with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cancer subtypes as the outcome, with results presented and discussed.

Influence of Meta-stereotype on Well-being and Authenticity

In order to explore the influence of the degree of impression on the subjective well-being and truthfulness,the present situation paradigm was used to investigate the difference between the truthfulness and the sense of well-being of the introverted individuals with negative meta-stereotype in the neutral social context.According to the data from the self-designed questionnaire survey,introvert workers/university students were divided into two groups:the high negative group and the low negative group,and their subjective well-being and authenticity were measured by the corresponding version of the questionnaire.The results showed that introverted individuals with high negative meta-stereotype had lower subjective well-being and authenticity than those with low negative meta-stereotype in neutral social situations,and their identity and gender had no effect on subjective well-being and authenticity.Conclusion:The subjective well-being and authenticity of introverted individuals with more negative meta-stereotype are lower.

Athletes Who Sparkle： Stereotypes in the Televised Coverage of the 2010 Olympic Figure Skating Events

A vast amount of research has been devoted to gender roles in mass media. Prior studies relating to gender roles in media coverage of sports have been typically centered on underrepresentation, negative stereotypical portrayals of female athletes, and iconic heroic portrayals of male athletes. However, few studies have examined media coverage of male participation in so-called ＂gender inappropriate＂ sports. This research seeks to fill a gap in literature by exploring gender cues presented in the televised coverage of male and female figure skating events in the 2010 Winter Olympic Games. The findings from this research indicate that male athletes who cross gender barriers to participate in a feminine sport are likely to receive gender-marked stereotypical televised coverage. Much of the significant findings indicate that male figure skaters were visually and verbally portrayed as more feminine than the female figure skaters. The study opens lines of research into how sports are portrayed and could potentially influence sport marketing, athlete endorsements, athlete wardrobe, and other decisions made by the media, athletes, and individuals working in the sport industry.

Ethnic Stereotypes in Kazakh Folklore

Ethnic stereotypes of Kazakh people were not specially studied. At war times, ethnic stereotypes arouse ethnic defense. Kazakh people＇s mind of ethnic unicity and ethnic defence influenced a lot defending such a great land, in spite of the fact that Kazakhs＇ zhuz and tribal structure was kept well and people were differentiated by kins. This mind of ethnic unicity and defence became a guarantee of saving Kazakhs as ethnic subject in the complicated political, economical, social, and cultural processes with neighbouring nations like Kalmyk, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Turukpen, Chinese, and Russian. That is why in this paper, the authors＇ aim is to show stereotypes about the Kalmyk tribes using Kazakh proverbs, heroic eposes, and legends. Writing this paper, the authors set the following objectives： to consider hetero stereotypes and auto stereotypes in Kazakh proverbs; to distinguish a legend as an image of Kazakh people＇s historical memory; to prove the peculiarities of the Kalmyks character description in Kazakh mythological folklore mind with the help of examples; to show the development of Kazakh ethnic stereotypes in two opposite directions （enmity, alien opinion, and tolerance）; to prove that the stereotypes of tolerance prevail over the stereotypes of＂enmity＂ in Kazakh legends; and to show their historical reasons.

A Cultural Perspective to Stereotypes

本文从文化角度对定势进行详尽阐述,分析了定势的定义、分类,阐述了文化定势对跨文化交流的影响,对我们应该如何学习对待定势给出了建议。对文化定势的正确态度有助于我们跨文化交际中取得成功。

Exploring Gender Stereotypes in American and Mexican Magazine Advertisements

This study analyzed gender stereotypes in American and Mexican magazine advertisements. The researchers conducted a content analysis of four major fashion magazines （i.e., Vogue, Cosmopolitan, People en Espahol, and Vanidades）, using KANG＇s （1997） scales of gender behaviors inspired by Goffman＇s （1979） gender studies. The researcher obtained findings by averaging the overall sum of each country＇s stereotypes by comparing them for any similarities or disparities. The results suggest a similar amount of gender stereotypes across both countries, specifically in the gender categories of ＂feminine touch＂, ＂licensed withdrawal＂, and ＂body display＂. Overall, findings from this study provide further implications for future researchers and marketers. Future researchers should further analyze gender behavior by conducting a longitudinal study of the various types of gender stereotypes at an international level. Additional implications and future research ideas are discussed throughout this research.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpart essay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolution of the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy is so far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre that presents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores the literature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paper proposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

Helping Chinese Overcome Stereotypes about American Culture

This research paper,from the perspective of cross-cultural communication,intends to analyze the cultural misconceptions Chinese have about North American culture.Inspired by the data the author collected through the semester-long project with three subjects from different background,the topic of helping Chinese people overcome stereotypes about American culture stands out to claim the practical value in terms of enhancing Chinese people’s cultural awareness and ability to distinguish cultural perspectives and recognize the complexity of cross-cultural communication.Also,recommendations like to know yourself,to develop cross-cultural communication competence are provided for overcoming the formation of stereotypes and to decrease possible cultural incidents since people of both cultures are increasingly interacting with each other in various aspects in the situation of globalization.

Stereotypes in a Foreign Language Classroom --Modifying Negative Attitudes to Enhance Foreign Language Learning

The aim of the paper is to present various aspects of the phenomenon of stereotyping in the context of FL （foreign language） learning and teaching and to discuss practical solutions to be used in a FL classroom to teach the worm about the worm by questioning the stereotypes learners have of other nations and languages. This paper is an attempt to present some ideas of FL teachers＇ role in developing students＇ socio-cultural competence with the aim of raising their cross-cultural awareness and questioning the stereotypes students bring into a FL classroom. The methodology used was an analysis of fragment of tape scripts from listening comprehension activities from a course book preparing Polish secondary students for the school leaving exam. The topics discussed concern opinions about attitudes towards and judgments of various cultural aspects, be it drinking tea or discussing the weather, impressions people have about other nations, or languages people speak.