Challenging and Reducing Cultural Stereotypes

Anyplace where differences are found leaves room for stereotypes.Each of us hears or makes stereotypical comments every day,and although sometimes it is necessary to make stereotypes in foreign language teaching and learning,we should always be aware of the negative effects of stereotyping people from other cultures when we use them to interpret behavior.This paper defines stereotypes,discusses how they impede communication and then focuses on some ways to challenge and reduce stereotypes in cross-cultural communication.

Helping North Americans Overcome Stereotypes About Chinese Culture:Making Stereotype Become Tolerance of Diversity

Nowadays,intercultural communication is no longer an option,but a necessity.However,stereotypes might impact intercultural communication.Therefore,it' s of significance to overcome stereotypes.This study is designed to find out how some North Americans are stereotyped toward Chinese and help them overcome their stereotypes and help Chinese people understand themselves thus make the communication between these two parts easier.

A Study on North American Stereotypes about the Chinese from the Perspective of Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions

Without much understanding of different cultures,it is common for people to hold stereotypes,which,negative or positive,hamper intercultural communication.Some North Americans are also stereotyped toward Chinese.Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions can be employed to discuss the cultural elements under the surface of their stereotypes.To be a successful communicator in diverse cultural background,understanding of the target culture and being tolerant of the diversity are significant.

A Case Study on Chinese Stereotypes about North American Culture

This paper is a case study on three negative stereotypes that Chinese have about North American culture on the basis of the theory of Kluckhohn' s Value System,Hofstede' s Value Dimensions and Edward T.Hall' s Model.This study is a qualitative study which is mainly based on analyzing.Then some good ways are provided to help Chinese people overcome some negative stereotypes about North American culture so that they can have a more accurate understanding on American people and American culture and communicate with Americans with less obstacles.

How do Teachers Design a Class about Stereotypes?——An Analysis of a Lesson Plan

Due to the development of international trade,an increasing number of Africans immigrated to Guangzhou in China.At the same time,most Chinese locals’impressions of Africans come from media,friends and family,which could result in stereotyped stories(Byram,1997,p.36).Under this circumstance,the paper designs and analyzes a lesson plan which aims at challenging university students’stereotypes of the Africans in Guangzhou.Through the analysis,some suggestions are proposed to facilitate the conduct of the similar culture class and the limitations are outlined.

Stereotypes in Genders Construction

The observation of girls and boys study in college for many years elicits there is a key to construct students' gender which affect their study and job choosing after graduation. In order to make teaching more effective and efficient, understanding what constructs genders becomes necessary for designing the curriculum. Some literatures tell that gender stereotypes exist ineradicably in our society. The gender stereotypes construct children's gender through their parents, mass media and their peer groups.The stereotypes believe boys wear blue and girls wear pink; boys always choose astronaut, lawyer, dentist as their job and girls prefer to be a nurse or a teacher. Gender stereotypes occur some negative phenomenon such as sex discrimination, restriction on personality development, and inefficient cooperation between male and female in our society. Educators should show a correct direction to students in their gender construction. There are 4 teaching approaches introduced to educator in the essay to reduce the influence of gender stereotypes on students. They are"access and equity""valuing girls' and boys' skills and experiences""acknowledging differences among girls and boys", and"challenging and critically examining the social structures". Students can understand themselves objectively and clearly, shape their personality positively, and develop their interests appropriately through the approaches in education.

A Study of Cultural Stereotypes in Intercultural Communication

In intercultural communication, the term stereotype refers to some inflexible statements about a category of people, and these stereotypical statements are applied to all members of the group without regard for individual differences. It assumes that everyone from a group has certain characteristics and allows no room for individual differences, so it is by no means the same as information about another culture. Although stereotypes can be positive as well as negative, both types are equally distorting and destructive. So in this paper, the authors discuss what stereotypes mean, how they arise, why they are often inaccurate and even dangerous, and how to avoid and eliminate stereotypes in interactions with people from other cultures, so that people can carry out intercultural communications in a more effective way.

Athletes Who Sparkle： Stereotypes in the Televised Coverage of the 2010 Olympic Figure Skating Events

A vast amount of research has been devoted to gender roles in mass media. Prior studies relating to gender roles in media coverage of sports have been typically centered on underrepresentation, negative stereotypical portrayals of female athletes, and iconic heroic portrayals of male athletes. However, few studies have examined media coverage of male participation in so-called ＂gender inappropriate＂ sports. This research seeks to fill a gap in literature by exploring gender cues presented in the televised coverage of male and female figure skating events in the 2010 Winter Olympic Games. The findings from this research indicate that male athletes who cross gender barriers to participate in a feminine sport are likely to receive gender-marked stereotypical televised coverage. Much of the significant findings indicate that male figure skaters were visually and verbally portrayed as more feminine than the female figure skaters. The study opens lines of research into how sports are portrayed and could potentially influence sport marketing, athlete endorsements, athlete wardrobe, and other decisions made by the media, athletes, and individuals working in the sport industry.

A Cultural Perspective to Stereotypes

本文从文化角度对定势进行详尽阐述,分析了定势的定义、分类,阐述了文化定势对跨文化交流的影响,对我们应该如何学习对待定势给出了建议。对文化定势的正确态度有助于我们跨文化交际中取得成功。

Ethnic Stereotypes in Kazakh Folklore

Ethnic stereotypes of Kazakh people were not specially studied. At war times, ethnic stereotypes arouse ethnic defense. Kazakh people＇s mind of ethnic unicity and ethnic defence influenced a lot defending such a great land, in spite of the fact that Kazakhs＇ zhuz and tribal structure was kept well and people were differentiated by kins. This mind of ethnic unicity and defence became a guarantee of saving Kazakhs as ethnic subject in the complicated political, economical, social, and cultural processes with neighbouring nations like Kalmyk, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Turukpen, Chinese, and Russian. That is why in this paper, the authors＇ aim is to show stereotypes about the Kalmyk tribes using Kazakh proverbs, heroic eposes, and legends. Writing this paper, the authors set the following objectives： to consider hetero stereotypes and auto stereotypes in Kazakh proverbs; to distinguish a legend as an image of Kazakh people＇s historical memory; to prove the peculiarities of the Kalmyks character description in Kazakh mythological folklore mind with the help of examples; to show the development of Kazakh ethnic stereotypes in two opposite directions （enmity, alien opinion, and tolerance）; to prove that the stereotypes of tolerance prevail over the stereotypes of＂enmity＂ in Kazakh legends; and to show their historical reasons.

Exploring Gender Stereotypes in American and Mexican Magazine Advertisements

This study analyzed gender stereotypes in American and Mexican magazine advertisements. The researchers conducted a content analysis of four major fashion magazines （i.e., Vogue, Cosmopolitan, People en Espahol, and Vanidades）, using KANG＇s （1997） scales of gender behaviors inspired by Goffman＇s （1979） gender studies. The researcher obtained findings by averaging the overall sum of each country＇s stereotypes by comparing them for any similarities or disparities. The results suggest a similar amount of gender stereotypes across both countries, specifically in the gender categories of ＂feminine touch＂, ＂licensed withdrawal＂, and ＂body display＂. Overall, findings from this study provide further implications for future researchers and marketers. Future researchers should further analyze gender behavior by conducting a longitudinal study of the various types of gender stereotypes at an international level. Additional implications and future research ideas are discussed throughout this research.

Helping Chinese Overcome Stereotypes about American Culture

This research paper,from the perspective of cross-cultural communication,intends to analyze the cultural misconceptions Chinese have about North American culture.Inspired by the data the author collected through the semester-long project with three subjects from different background,the topic of helping Chinese people overcome stereotypes about American culture stands out to claim the practical value in terms of enhancing Chinese people’s cultural awareness and ability to distinguish cultural perspectives and recognize the complexity of cross-cultural communication.Also,recommendations like to know yourself,to develop cross-cultural communication competence are provided for overcoming the formation of stereotypes and to decrease possible cultural incidents since people of both cultures are increasingly interacting with each other in various aspects in the situation of globalization.

Stereotypes in a Foreign Language Classroom --Modifying Negative Attitudes to Enhance Foreign Language Learning

The aim of the paper is to present various aspects of the phenomenon of stereotyping in the context of FL （foreign language） learning and teaching and to discuss practical solutions to be used in a FL classroom to teach the worm about the worm by questioning the stereotypes learners have of other nations and languages. This paper is an attempt to present some ideas of FL teachers＇ role in developing students＇ socio-cultural competence with the aim of raising their cross-cultural awareness and questioning the stereotypes students bring into a FL classroom. The methodology used was an analysis of fragment of tape scripts from listening comprehension activities from a course book preparing Polish secondary students for the school leaving exam. The topics discussed concern opinions about attitudes towards and judgments of various cultural aspects, be it drinking tea or discussing the weather, impressions people have about other nations, or languages people speak.

A Study of International Chinese Language Teachers’Stereotypes of International Students

Teachers’stereotypes of students affect teaching behaviour.Correctly perceiving stereotypes of international students helps teachers to understand the student population more deeply and adopt effective teaching behaviour.This study focuses on the stereotypes of international Chinese language teachers towards international students in Chinese universities and its impact on teachers’classroom management and students’classroom performance.Summarizing the findings,we conclude that international Chinese language teachers have both positive and negative stereotypes of the international student body,and that negative stereotypes account for more than positive stereotypes.On this basis,this study further discusses the importance of international Chinese language teachers being aware of the existence of stereotypes of international students,and makes suggestions to strengthen the positive influences and weaken the negative ones.

Shifting Stereotypes

WHEN thinking of Africa, those who have flever visited the continent tend to have a stereotypical view in mind - poverty, illness, war and wild animals. But 36-year-old Zimbabwean Dr. Samantha Sibanda, Founder of Appreciate Africa Network （AAN）, wants to set the record straight. ＂Africa isn＇t [only] equal to poverty, illness and war. It really hurts when I watch TV or read news about Africa. There＇re always sad pictures and bad news,＂ she told ChinAfrica.

Stereotypes in Foreign Movies-some examples

The world isgenerousenough to provide uswith a number of different creatures. However,it istoo big for usto classify and categorize. Due to our limited contacts with external environment and with others,we cannot help holding various kinds of stereotypes towards certain groups of people unconsciously. In order to know stereotypes foreigners hold towards other groups of people,we can do a research of foreign movies as a way to look into this phenomenon. Therefore,if we want to be a successful intercultural communicator,we must try our best to reduce these stereotypes. There are in all four rules for us to obey.

大语言模型背景下土力学课程教学方法探讨——以交通工程方向研究生课程教学为例

基于开放式人工智能的大语言模型在提升知识获取效率方面表现出巨大潜力,同时也给传统的教学方法、学习及考核方式带来挑战。相较于本科生,研究生需要面向工程前沿,指向学术前沿,其培养目标更侧重于对知识的综合运用,培养方式也具有相对更高的开放性。综合以上两方面的发展需要,该文基于交通工程方向研究生的土力学课程教学实践,围绕新时代的育人和教育发展目标,探讨土力学课程教学的专业特色内容、教学方法、师生互动和围绕立德树人根本任务的举措。

虚拟化身性别对数学任务表现的影响:一个有中介的调节模型

本研究探讨了虚拟化身性别对数学任务表现的影响及其影响机制。实验采用2(化身性别:男/女)×2(自我肯定:高/低)的两因素组间设计,因变量为数学工作自我概念和数学任务表现。结果表明:虚拟化身性别和自我肯定均对数学工作自我概念和数学任务表现有显著主效应,且两者交互影响两个因变量。同时,研究还发现了有中介的调节作用模型,自我肯定显著地调节了虚拟化身性别与数学任务表现的关系,且该调节关系通过数学工作自我概念的中介作用来进一步影响数学任务表现。

表征与非表征视角下饮食地域刻板印象的验证与测量

饮食在地域之间不断交融,跨越国界、民族及社区,既成为一种表征的文化意义结构,也成为非表征的日常参与和实践,在表征与非表征视角下,饮食地域刻板印象的存在与具体内容值得探讨。为了厘清这一问题,本研究采用混合研究法对饮食地域刻板印象进行验证和测量。子研究1使用了问卷调查法检验外显层面的饮食地域刻板印象,子研究2采用语义启动的实验范式检验内隐层面的饮食地域刻板印象。研究发现,被试在内隐和外显层面均持有饮食地域刻板印象,主要包括主食偏好、口味偏好、份量偏好和具体菜品4个维度。本研究验证了饮食地域刻板印象具有外显和内隐、经验与情景并存的特征,这扩展了表征与非表征理论相结合的饮食社会文化地理知识。

从“概念化”到“隐喻化”:20世纪西方文学中的中国形象

20世纪西方文学作品中的中国形象不能套用“乌托邦/意识形态”理论进行“天堂/地狱”式的简单解读,而是呈现出多元化的趋势。20世纪西方文学中的中国形象可以解读为概念与套话、文化传播与文化沟通、隐喻与符码三种模式。一方面,概念与套话模式从西方对中国的集体想象出发,侧重中国形象的他者性与异质性;文化传播与文化沟通模式本着促进中西文化传播与交流的目的,试图纠正西方对于中国的套话式想象,还原一个真实的中国形象,但另一方面又自觉或不自觉地落入东方主义的窠臼;隐喻与符码模式主要把中国视为寄托特定文化理念的文化符码,充满了隐喻性的特点,彰显中国形象的多样性与复杂性。