In the newly developed oxygen-enriched bottom-blowing copper smelting process(also known as the SKS copper smelting process), Cu loss in slag is one of the most concerning issues. This paper presents our research resu...In the newly developed oxygen-enriched bottom-blowing copper smelting process(also known as the SKS copper smelting process), Cu loss in slag is one of the most concerning issues. This paper presents our research results concerning the relationship between the Cu content of the matte and slag in the SKS process; the results are based on actual industrial production in the Dongying Fangyuan copper smelter. The results show that the matte grade strongly influences Cu losses in slag. The dissolved and entrained losses account for 10%–20% and 80%–90% of the total SKS industrial Cu losses in slag, respectively. With increasing matte grade, the dissolved and entrained Cu losses in the SKS slag both increase continuously. When the matte grade is greater than 68%, the content of Cu in the smelting slag increases much more dramatically. To obtain a high direct recovery of copper, the matte grade should be less than 75% in industrial SKS copper production.展开更多
Low-nickel matte was intensively characterized,and Ni,Cu,and Co were determined to exist mainly as(Fe,Ni)_9S_8 and Fe Ni_3,Cu_5FeS_4,and(Fe,Ni)_9S_8 and Fe_3O_4(in isomorphic form),respectively.The efficient and selec...Low-nickel matte was intensively characterized,and Ni,Cu,and Co were determined to exist mainly as(Fe,Ni)_9S_8 and Fe Ni_3,Cu_5FeS_4,and(Fe,Ni)_9S_8 and Fe_3O_4(in isomorphic form),respectively.The efficient and selective extraction of Ni,Cu,and Co from the low-nickel matte in an(NH_4)_2S_2O_8/NH_3·H_2O solution system was studied.The effects of(NH_4)_2S_2O_8 and NH_3·H_2O concentrations,leaching time,and leaching temperature on the metal extraction efficiency were systematically investigated.During the oxidative ammonia leaching process,the metal extraction efficiencies of Ni 81.07%,Cu 93.81%,and Co 71.74% were obtained under the optimal conditions.The relatively low leaching efficiency of Ni was mainly ascribed to Ni Fe alloy deactivation in ammonia solution.By introducing an acid pre-leaching process into the oxidative ammonia leaching process,we achieved the high extraction efficiencies of 98.03%,99.13%,and 85.60% for the valuable metals Ni,Cu,and Co,respectively,from the low-nickel matte.展开更多
According to the chemical and phase composition of the nickel-copper-iron matte containing precious metals and the progress in enrichment of precious metals from the nickel-copper-iron matte containing precious metals...According to the chemical and phase composition of the nickel-copper-iron matte containing precious metals and the progress in enrichment of precious metals from the nickel-copper-iron matte containing precious metals at home and abroad, this paper put forward the process route of enrichment of precious metals and selectively leaching of base metals from the nickel-copper-iron matte by sulfuric acid and sodium hypochlorite. The effects of particle size, leaching temperature, leaching time, amount of sulfuric acid and sodium hypochlorite on the leaching rate of nickel, cobalt, copper and iron are mainly discussed. The results show that raw material particle size has significantly effects on the leaching rate of base metals, high leaching rate of base metals and enrichment of precious metals are obtained with the suitable particle size. Through the experiments, the reasonable experiment parameters and conditions were determined as fellows: particle size of-200 to +250 mesh, leaching temperature 95℃ , leaching time 5 h, sulfuric acid concentration 30%, adding amount of sodium hypochlorite 3 times of matte weight. Under these experiment parameters and conditions, the leaching rate of nickel, cobalt, copper and iron were 97.39%, 96.24%, 98.30% and 99.01%, respectively. The content of nickel, cobalt, copper, iron in the leaching residues was 8.15%, 0.23%, 1.40% and 0.24%, respectively. The content of Pt, Pd, Au, Ag and Rh in the leaching residues was 247 g/t, 521 g/t, 112 g/t, 494 g/t and 24 g/t, respectively. The content of Pt, Pd, Au, Ag and Rh in the leaching solution was <0.0005 g/L, 0.0023 g/L, 0.0007 g/L, <0.0005 g/L and 0.00017 g/L, respectively. This process has advantages as follows: a small investment, simple technology, high enrichment efficiency.展开更多
Based on the facts that cations and anions of molten salts and binary basic oxide solid solutions do not separate from each other as well as that the electric conductivities of mattes are greater than that of salts an...Based on the facts that cations and anions of molten salts and binary basic oxide solid solutions do not separate from each other as well as that the electric conductivities of mattes are greater than that of salts and basic oxide solid solutions, the calculating models of mass action concentrations for binary and ternary mattes involving eutectic have been formulated. The results of calculation agree well with the values measured;this in turn shows that the calculating models can reftect the structural characteristics of the mattes concerned.展开更多
The interfacial tension between FeO-CaO-SiO_2-MgO system slag and Cu-Fe-S system matte was determinated by the X-ray radiograph sessile drop method.The effects of FeO/SiO_2 ratio in the slag,contents of CaO,FeO,ZnO an...The interfacial tension between FeO-CaO-SiO_2-MgO system slag and Cu-Fe-S system matte was determinated by the X-ray radiograph sessile drop method.The effects of FeO/SiO_2 ratio in the slag,contents of CaO,FeO,ZnO and CaF_2 in the slag on interracial tension and the relation of inter facial tension with the grade of matte and temperature have been studied.The floatation coefficient and film coefficient of slag-matte system has been calculated and the mechanism of the transition of iron and oxygen from slag to matte has also been discussed.展开更多
A process of the selective leaching of nickel from low-sulfur Ni-Cu matte at atmospheric pressure was described.This matte was obtained from high grade Ni-Cu matte by magnetic separation,which mainly contained Ni-Cu a...A process of the selective leaching of nickel from low-sulfur Ni-Cu matte at atmospheric pressure was described.This matte was obtained from high grade Ni-Cu matte by magnetic separation,which mainly contained Ni-Cu alloy and a small quantity of sulfides.Firstly,the acid-oxygen(CuSO4-H2SO4-O2)leaching of the matte was conducted at atmospheric pressure.When the solution pH value reached 1.0-2.0,the oxygen flow was ceased.Then,the aqueous copper was rejected by cementation reaction with Ni in the alloy.The mineralogical characteristics of the matte in the process were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry,optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.And the effects of variations in temperature,particle size distribution,oxygen flow rate,pulp density,initial acid concentration and initial concentration of copper ion were investigated.展开更多
This paper proposed a method to automatically generate the trimap for digital matting. Camera parameters of aperture and shutter speed are used to control its exposure, and accordingly to take pictures of stationary f...This paper proposed a method to automatically generate the trimap for digital matting. Camera parameters of aperture and shutter speed are used to control its exposure, and accordingly to take pictures of stationary foreground with blurred background. Our method was inspired by color difference matting, both of which require a pre-record background image. In our method, only one image was required. Upon this input image, the process of blurring-deblurring, subtraction, thresholding and dilation were applied to finally generate the trimap. No user＇ s direct interface with the image was needed, and the user only needed to adjust the threshold or width of dilation for some input images. It reduces users＇ conservative interaction, and results are reliable for most of the pictures.展开更多
Effects of TiO2 or ZrO2 addition on corrosion resist; ance of periclase -spinel refractories to copper matte at different temperatures were investigated using static crucible method, and the results were compared with...Effects of TiO2 or ZrO2 addition on corrosion resist; ance of periclase -spinel refractories to copper matte at different temperatures were investigated using static crucible method, and the results were compared with those of fused rebonded magnesite -chrome bricks. The chartges in chemical compositions and microstructure in different zones of the specimens after corrosion tests were studied by means of EDAX and SEM. The results show that ： （ 1 ） the reaction between periclase - spinel refractories and copper matte is very weak with the reaction layer thinner than 1 mm. Penetration is the main cause of copper matte corrosion and the penetration depth increases with temperature rising. When temperature exceeds 1200 ℃ , the penetration depth increases significantly; （2） appropriate TiO2 addition can improve penetration resistance （even better than that of magnesia chrome brick）, the optimum addition is 2 %. But ZrO2 has no remarkable effect on penetration resistance to copper matte of periclase - spinel refractories ; （ 3 ） SEM and EDAX analysis indicates that, Cu2S penetrates much further into the specimens than FeS.展开更多
The electrolytic production of nickel-copper alloy by electrochemical reduction of converter matte in molten salt has been investigated. The sintered solid porous pellets of Ni3S2, Cu2S and converter matte were electr...The electrolytic production of nickel-copper alloy by electrochemical reduction of converter matte in molten salt has been investigated. The sintered solid porous pellets of Ni3S2, Cu2S and converter matte were electrolyzed at a voltage of 3.0 V in molten CaCl2-NaCl under the protection of argon gas at 700℃, respectively. The electro-reduction processes were investigated and the products were characterized. The results show that the molten salt electro-reduction process can be used to produce nickel, copper and nickel-copper alloy directly from Ni3S2, Cu2S and converter matte precursors in molten CaCl2-NaCl, respectively. CaS would be formed as the intermediate compound during the electro-reduction process, and then the formed CaS can be gradually decomposed and removed with the increase of the electrolysis time. The experimental results show that the molten salt electro-reduction process has the potential to be used for the reduction of sulfide minerals in molten CaCl2-NaCl.展开更多
The ability of Omani local pottery earthenware to accept low- and medium-temperature fired glazes can face technical difficulties. The impurities included in the clays extracted from local fields, especially iron oxid...The ability of Omani local pottery earthenware to accept low- and medium-temperature fired glazes can face technical difficulties. The impurities included in the clays extracted from local fields, especially iron oxide, are a noted weakness that affects painting the local pottery with shiny, opaque, or matte glazes. Previously published research conducted by the researcher on Omani earthenware clays focused on finding a special transparent, shiny, and stable glazing recipe, but few studies have provided matte and opaque glazing recipes that are technically suitable for local Omani clays. By using laboratory-based experimental methodology, this research will investigate the possibility of using White Zircon Borax Frit (WZBF) to develop matte and opaque stable glazes that are suitable with local Omani pottery clay bodies. In the end of this experimental research, the purpose of this project is to develop applicable glazing recipes to be used for painting pots made by Omani clays.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51620105013)Dongying Fangyuan Nonferrous Metals Co., Ltd.
文摘In the newly developed oxygen-enriched bottom-blowing copper smelting process(also known as the SKS copper smelting process), Cu loss in slag is one of the most concerning issues. This paper presents our research results concerning the relationship between the Cu content of the matte and slag in the SKS process; the results are based on actual industrial production in the Dongying Fangyuan copper smelter. The results show that the matte grade strongly influences Cu losses in slag. The dissolved and entrained losses account for 10%–20% and 80%–90% of the total SKS industrial Cu losses in slag, respectively. With increasing matte grade, the dissolved and entrained Cu losses in the SKS slag both increase continuously. When the matte grade is greater than 68%, the content of Cu in the smelting slag increases much more dramatically. To obtain a high direct recovery of copper, the matte grade should be less than 75% in industrial SKS copper production.
基金financially supported by the National Basic Research Priorities Program of China(Nos.2014CB643401 and 2013AA032003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51372019)Shanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of High Value-added Utilization of Coal-related Wastes
文摘Low-nickel matte was intensively characterized,and Ni,Cu,and Co were determined to exist mainly as(Fe,Ni)_9S_8 and Fe Ni_3,Cu_5FeS_4,and(Fe,Ni)_9S_8 and Fe_3O_4(in isomorphic form),respectively.The efficient and selective extraction of Ni,Cu,and Co from the low-nickel matte in an(NH_4)_2S_2O_8/NH_3·H_2O solution system was studied.The effects of(NH_4)_2S_2O_8 and NH_3·H_2O concentrations,leaching time,and leaching temperature on the metal extraction efficiency were systematically investigated.During the oxidative ammonia leaching process,the metal extraction efficiencies of Ni 81.07%,Cu 93.81%,and Co 71.74% were obtained under the optimal conditions.The relatively low leaching efficiency of Ni was mainly ascribed to Ni Fe alloy deactivation in ammonia solution.By introducing an acid pre-leaching process into the oxidative ammonia leaching process,we achieved the high extraction efficiencies of 98.03%,99.13%,and 85.60% for the valuable metals Ni,Cu,and Co,respectively,from the low-nickel matte.
基金The National Basic Research Program (973 Plan)of China (2012CB724201)
文摘According to the chemical and phase composition of the nickel-copper-iron matte containing precious metals and the progress in enrichment of precious metals from the nickel-copper-iron matte containing precious metals at home and abroad, this paper put forward the process route of enrichment of precious metals and selectively leaching of base metals from the nickel-copper-iron matte by sulfuric acid and sodium hypochlorite. The effects of particle size, leaching temperature, leaching time, amount of sulfuric acid and sodium hypochlorite on the leaching rate of nickel, cobalt, copper and iron are mainly discussed. The results show that raw material particle size has significantly effects on the leaching rate of base metals, high leaching rate of base metals and enrichment of precious metals are obtained with the suitable particle size. Through the experiments, the reasonable experiment parameters and conditions were determined as fellows: particle size of-200 to +250 mesh, leaching temperature 95℃ , leaching time 5 h, sulfuric acid concentration 30%, adding amount of sodium hypochlorite 3 times of matte weight. Under these experiment parameters and conditions, the leaching rate of nickel, cobalt, copper and iron were 97.39%, 96.24%, 98.30% and 99.01%, respectively. The content of nickel, cobalt, copper, iron in the leaching residues was 8.15%, 0.23%, 1.40% and 0.24%, respectively. The content of Pt, Pd, Au, Ag and Rh in the leaching residues was 247 g/t, 521 g/t, 112 g/t, 494 g/t and 24 g/t, respectively. The content of Pt, Pd, Au, Ag and Rh in the leaching solution was <0.0005 g/L, 0.0023 g/L, 0.0007 g/L, <0.0005 g/L and 0.00017 g/L, respectively. This process has advantages as follows: a small investment, simple technology, high enrichment efficiency.
文摘Based on the facts that cations and anions of molten salts and binary basic oxide solid solutions do not separate from each other as well as that the electric conductivities of mattes are greater than that of salts and basic oxide solid solutions, the calculating models of mass action concentrations for binary and ternary mattes involving eutectic have been formulated. The results of calculation agree well with the values measured;this in turn shows that the calculating models can reftect the structural characteristics of the mattes concerned.
文摘The interfacial tension between FeO-CaO-SiO_2-MgO system slag and Cu-Fe-S system matte was determinated by the X-ray radiograph sessile drop method.The effects of FeO/SiO_2 ratio in the slag,contents of CaO,FeO,ZnO and CaF_2 in the slag on interracial tension and the relation of inter facial tension with the grade of matte and temperature have been studied.The floatation coefficient and film coefficient of slag-matte system has been calculated and the mechanism of the transition of iron and oxygen from slag to matte has also been discussed.
基金Project(50774020)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘A process of the selective leaching of nickel from low-sulfur Ni-Cu matte at atmospheric pressure was described.This matte was obtained from high grade Ni-Cu matte by magnetic separation,which mainly contained Ni-Cu alloy and a small quantity of sulfides.Firstly,the acid-oxygen(CuSO4-H2SO4-O2)leaching of the matte was conducted at atmospheric pressure.When the solution pH value reached 1.0-2.0,the oxygen flow was ceased.Then,the aqueous copper was rejected by cementation reaction with Ni in the alloy.The mineralogical characteristics of the matte in the process were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry,optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.And the effects of variations in temperature,particle size distribution,oxygen flow rate,pulp density,initial acid concentration and initial concentration of copper ion were investigated.
基金Supported by the National Key Techenology Innovation Program of China under Grant(02BK-029)National Natural Science Foundation of China Under Grant(60105002)
文摘This paper proposed a method to automatically generate the trimap for digital matting. Camera parameters of aperture and shutter speed are used to control its exposure, and accordingly to take pictures of stationary foreground with blurred background. Our method was inspired by color difference matting, both of which require a pre-record background image. In our method, only one image was required. Upon this input image, the process of blurring-deblurring, subtraction, thresholding and dilation were applied to finally generate the trimap. No user＇ s direct interface with the image was needed, and the user only needed to adjust the threshold or width of dilation for some input images. It reduces users＇ conservative interaction, and results are reliable for most of the pictures.
文摘Effects of TiO2 or ZrO2 addition on corrosion resist; ance of periclase -spinel refractories to copper matte at different temperatures were investigated using static crucible method, and the results were compared with those of fused rebonded magnesite -chrome bricks. The chartges in chemical compositions and microstructure in different zones of the specimens after corrosion tests were studied by means of EDAX and SEM. The results show that ： （ 1 ） the reaction between periclase - spinel refractories and copper matte is very weak with the reaction layer thinner than 1 mm. Penetration is the main cause of copper matte corrosion and the penetration depth increases with temperature rising. When temperature exceeds 1200 ℃ , the penetration depth increases significantly; （2） appropriate TiO2 addition can improve penetration resistance （even better than that of magnesia chrome brick）, the optimum addition is 2 %. But ZrO2 has no remarkable effect on penetration resistance to copper matte of periclase - spinel refractories ; （ 3 ） SEM and EDAX analysis indicates that, Cu2S penetrates much further into the specimens than FeS.
文摘The electrolytic production of nickel-copper alloy by electrochemical reduction of converter matte in molten salt has been investigated. The sintered solid porous pellets of Ni3S2, Cu2S and converter matte were electrolyzed at a voltage of 3.0 V in molten CaCl2-NaCl under the protection of argon gas at 700℃, respectively. The electro-reduction processes were investigated and the products were characterized. The results show that the molten salt electro-reduction process can be used to produce nickel, copper and nickel-copper alloy directly from Ni3S2, Cu2S and converter matte precursors in molten CaCl2-NaCl, respectively. CaS would be formed as the intermediate compound during the electro-reduction process, and then the formed CaS can be gradually decomposed and removed with the increase of the electrolysis time. The experimental results show that the molten salt electro-reduction process has the potential to be used for the reduction of sulfide minerals in molten CaCl2-NaCl.
文摘The ability of Omani local pottery earthenware to accept low- and medium-temperature fired glazes can face technical difficulties. The impurities included in the clays extracted from local fields, especially iron oxide, are a noted weakness that affects painting the local pottery with shiny, opaque, or matte glazes. Previously published research conducted by the researcher on Omani earthenware clays focused on finding a special transparent, shiny, and stable glazing recipe, but few studies have provided matte and opaque glazing recipes that are technically suitable for local Omani clays. By using laboratory-based experimental methodology, this research will investigate the possibility of using White Zircon Borax Frit (WZBF) to develop matte and opaque stable glazes that are suitable with local Omani pottery clay bodies. In the end of this experimental research, the purpose of this project is to develop applicable glazing recipes to be used for painting pots made by Omani clays.
