Mass Increase with Strong and Gravitational Potentials, and Mass Defect with Electromagnetic Potential

The proposal is “mass increases due to strong and gravitational potentials, while it decreases due to Electromagnetic potential”. This proposal explains the big difference in mass between hadrons (protons, neutrons, & mesons) and their components (quarks), mass difference between nucleus and its individual components (protons and neutrons), massless of gamma photons, abnormal masses of mesons and bosons, and the excess in galaxy masses (dark matter). Also, this proposal shows the exact relation between mass and energy: Strong Potential=−3.04mc2| Electric Potential |=−5.57×10−3mc2Gravitational Potential=−1.22×10−7mc2where m represents the excess in mass due to strong potential, or gravitational potential and represents the decrease in mass due to electromagnetic potential. Released energy here equals potential energy and doesn’t equal decrease in mass using the formula E = mc2. Released energy is transferred to heat, photons, kinetic energy… Finally, proposal will try to describe the relation between photon energy and mass of its components using the general equation of kinetic energy: Photon Energy=1/2mc2m is the sum of the individual masses of its components, while the total mass of photon is zero.

中东T油田灰岩储层自然伽马能谱测井的应用

中东地区T油田主力含油储层受高放射性物质影响,导致利用常规自然伽马测井资料无法合理求取泥质含量。同时,由于岩芯分析资料较少,确定各主力含油储层的黏土类型就显得比较困难。针对这些问题,笔者基于自然伽马能谱测井中铀、钍、钾与地层中黏土矿物的密切关系,利用无铀伽马测井资料对泥质含量进行了合理计算,参考斯仑贝谢理论交会图版,利用钍与钾交会图法确定了黏土类型,通过制作钍与铀比值的直方图对沉积环境进行了研究,取得了较好的应用效果,为油田后期的开发提供了更加可靠的资料支持。

暗物质粒子空间间接探测

空间间接探测是暗物质探测的重要手段。我国暗物质粒子探测卫星"悟空号"通过测量电子能谱结构、伽马射线谱线等对暗物质进行间接探测。为了满足空间实验要求,精确测量电子、核素及伽马射线的能谱结构,暗物质粒子探测卫星采用4个子探测器,从上到下分别是塑料闪烁体阵列探测器、硅微条径迹探测器、锗酸铋晶体量能器和中子探测器。它们协同工作,保证了探测效率、本底抑制能力和粒子分辨力。卫星各性能参数符合设计要求,部分指标处于世界同类探测器先进水平。根据运行前530天的数据,得到了能量高达5 TeV的电子能谱精细结构,并首次在空间发现了电子能谱在0.9 TeV的拐折行为。

陕北榆林气田山2段高自然伽马储集层特征及其成因分析

针对榆林气田开发过程中,山2段主力产层段测井资料出现的高自然伽马电测显示,开展了山2段高自然伽马储集层特征及其成因分析,通过区域地质的宏观分析及对随钻录井中的岩心、岩屑等薄片资料的微观研究认为,高自然伽马显示是由同沉积火山凝灰岩及其成岩蚀变产物所引起;火山物质溶蚀产生的次生溶孔和蚀变高岭石晶间孔极大地改善了山2段储集层的储渗能力,是山2段储集层稳产、高产的关键因素;而密集分布的火山凝灰岩沉积薄层,岩性致密、物性差是山2段储集层非均质性强的主要影响因素,由于其单层厚度仅数毫米,最厚处只有5 cm,低于自然伽马测井仪的纵向分辨率,并且在自然伽马曲线形态上往往呈尖峰或弧状,易被看成裂缝或泥岩特征而忽视。因此,只有加强自然伽马测井仪的探测精度和现场录井资料的综合应用,才能使自然伽马储集层得到有效识别和精确解释。

伽马射线吸收系数测量方法的研究

利用γ射线穿过物质时强度遵从指数衰减规律,选取不同的吸收材料进行γ射线吸收系数的测量,结果准确可靠,从而验证了实验室开设γ射线吸收系数测量实验方案的可行性。

Constraints on axion-like particles with different magnetic field models from the PKS 2155–304 energy spectrum

Axion-like particles(ALPs) are a promising kind of dark matter candidate particle that are predicted to couple with photons in the presence of magnetic fields. The oscillations between photons and ALPs traveling in the magnetic fields have been used to constrain ALP properties. In this work, we obtain some new constraints on the ALP mass ma and the photon-ALP coupling constant g with two different magnetic field models through TeV photons from PKS 2155–304. The first is the discrete-Φ model in which the magnetic field has the orientation angle Φ that changes discretely and randomly from one coherent domain to the next, and the second is the linearly-continuous-Φ model in which the magnetic field orientation angle Φ varies continuously across neighboring coherent domains. For the discrete-Φ model, we can obtain the best constraints on the ALP mass m1 = ma/(1 neV)= 0.1 and on the photon-ALP coupling constant g11= g/(10^-11 GeV^-1)= 5. The reasonable range of the ALP mass m1 is 0.08 ~ 0.2 when g11 = 5,and the only reasonable value of the photon-ALP coupling constant is g11 = 5 when m1 = 0.1. For the linearly-continuous-Φ model, we can obtain the best constraints on the ALP mass m1 = 0.1 and on the photon-ALP coupling constant g11 = 0.7. The reasonable range of the ALP mass m1 is 0.05 ~ 0.4 when g11= 0.7, and the reasonable range of the photon-ALP coupling constant g11 is 0.5 ~ 1 when m1 = 0.1.All of the results are consistent with the upper bound(g < 6.6 × 10^-11 GeV^-1, i.e., g11 < 6.6) set by the CAST experiment.

自然伽马能谱测井资料在沉积地层分析中的应用

自然伽马测井能测量地层中放射性元素的总含量。通过自然伽马能谱测量,能反映不同放射性元素放射出不同能量的伽马射线,从而确定地层中含有何种放射性元素,利用其测量值可以研究地层特性,包括计算泥质含量、识别高放射性储层、研究沉积环境、评价烃源岩等。通过测井资料中的自然伽马能谱分析,研究了区内钻井中富有机质泥页岩的地层特征,探讨了区内富有机质泥页岩的生烃能力。通过测井资料的预处理以及测井解释模型和参数的选取,选择测井中自然伽马能谱资料进行分析。通过对富有机质泥页岩的泥质含量计算、岩性识别、黏土类型判别以及沉积环境分析,对曲线中的钍、铀和钾含量的分析比较,综合特征表明本井地层沉积环境为还原环境沉积。总体来看,荷塘组地层铀值分布较广,为本井地层烃源岩生烃能力最好的井段,为评价该地区的地层提供了较为可靠的信息。

利用测井资料进行生油岩评价——以王46井生油岩评价为例

介绍了生油岩的测井响应特征以及生油岩定性和定量评价方法。利用测井资料评价生油岩的依据是生油岩在不同测井曲线上的响应特征。采用自然伽马能谱测井定性识别生油岩,利用声波法和电阻率法定量计算生油岩参数,根据岩心分析的有机碳含量与铀、钍、钾的关系回归计算评价生油岩等多种方法,对王46井孔店组地层生油岩进行定性和定量评价,并结合岩心分析资料确定出王46井孔店组有机质的丰度、有机质成熟度和有机质类型等。最后依据岩心分析资料,对不同计算方法的计算结果进行误差对比分析,证明了利用测井资料对该井生油岩评价的可靠性。

脑膜瘤患者伽玛刀治疗后脑白质损伤与认知功能的关系

目的探讨脑膜瘤患者伽玛刀治疗后脑白质损伤与患者认知功能的关系。方法 89例接受伽玛刀治疗的脑膜瘤患者在伽玛刀治疗前及治疗后1月、6月,分别进行磁共振检查(FLAIR序列),采用脑白质高信号Schelten评分评估脑白质损伤严重程度;同时以蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评定患者认知功能。结果①治疗后1月、6月患者Schelten评分均较治疗前显著增高,差异均有统计学意义(t=4.066,5.376;P=0.000);②治疗后1月、6月患者MoCA评分均较治疗前显著下降,差异均有统计学意义(t=2.370,2.265;P=0.019,0.024);③治疗后1月、6月时患者的Schelten评分与MoCA评分之间有负性相关(r=-0.308,-0.402;P=0.038,0.007)。结论伽玛刀治疗可致脑膜瘤患者脑白质损伤,并与其认知功能的降低有关。

暗物质粒子探测器径迹重建方法的研究

暗物质粒子探测器(DAMPE,Dark Matter Particle Explorer)旨在通过对空间高能粒子的大能量范围、高能量分辨和高空间分辨的观测间接探究暗物质的存在和分布.径迹重建是利用探测器不同位置探测通道的观测结果重建高能粒子入射位置和方向,其结果的准确性决定了探测器的空间分辨本领.暗物质粒子探测器径迹重建主要依靠其中的硅阵列探测器(STK,Silicon Tracker)和BGO(锗酸铋,Bi4Ge3O12)量能器两个子探测器的观测.结合两者的设计原理和结构,利用多次束流试验和地面宇宙线实验数据细致探讨了径迹重建的基本方法,主要包含3个基本步骤:径迹点的选取,径迹点的拟合以及最佳径迹的判选.粒子在每层STK和BGO晶体中往往留下多个击中点,首先给出了一种利用BGO重心法得到粒子粗略径迹并以此限定STK径迹点的方法.接着对于选定的一组可能的STK径迹点尝试了Kalman滤波和直线最小二乘拟合两种拟合法,并发现两种方法分别独立得到比较一致的结果,从而验证了结果的有效性.最后,对于重建得到的多条可能径迹,讨论了一些利用BGO量能器和STK结果进行联合判选的方法.利用提出的径迹重建方法对多次束流试验数据的处理表明,暗物质粒子探测器的空间分辨完全达到了设计要求.

Dark Matter Particle Explorer: The First Chinese Cosmic Ray and Hard γ-ray Detector in Space

The Dark Matter Particle Explorer(DAMPE) mission is one of the five scientific space science missions within the framework of the Strategic Pioneer Program on Space Science of the Chinese Academy of Science(CAS) approved in 2011. The main scientific objective of DAMPE is to detect electrons and photons in the range of 5 GeV–10 TeV with unprecedented energy resolution(1.5% at 100 GeV) in order to identify possible Dark Matter(DM) signatures. It will also measure the flux of nuclei up to above 500 TeV with excellent energy resolution(40% at 800 GeV), which will bring new insights to the origin and propagation high energy cosmic rays. With its excellent photon detection capability, the DAMPE mission is well placed for new discoveries in high energy-ray astronomy as well.

Astrophysics: Macroobject Shell Model

The model proposes that Nuclei of all macroobjects (Galaxy clusters, Galaxies, Star clusters, Extrasolar systems) are made up of Dark Matter Particles (DMP). These Nuclei are surrounded by Shells composed of both Dark and Baryonic matter. This model is used to explain various astrophysical phenomena: Multi-wavelength Pulsars;Binary Millisecond Pulsars;Gamma-Ray Bursts;Fast Radio Bursts;Young Stellar Object Dippers;Starburst Galaxies;Gravitational Waves. New types of Fermi Compact Stars made of DMP are introduced: Neutralino star, WIMP star, and DIRAC star. Gamma-Ray Pulsars are rotating Neutralino and WIMP stars. Merger of binary DIRAC stars can be a source of Gravitational waves.

Burst Astrophysics

This article proposes an explanation for Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) and Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) through the frames of Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM). WUM predicts that the concentration of protons and electrons in Intergalactic Plasma decreases inversely proportional to time and in present epoch equals to . The energy density of Intergalactic Plasma relative to the critical energy density equals to . Time delay of FRBs is calculated through these characteristics. A number of experimental results, including the redshift for FRB 150418, remarkable brightness for FRB 150807, and transient gamma-ray counterpart for FRB 131104 are explained. The distance to FRB 150807 object is predicted to be ~800 Mpc. WUM holds that all macroobjects (galaxies, stars, and planets) contain a core composed of Dark Matter Particles. GRBs are explained as a sum of contributions of multicomponent dark matter annihilation. The spectra of such bursts depend on the composition of the Cores.

5D World-Universe Model. Multicomponent Dark Matter

5D World-Universe Model (WUM) is based on the decisive role of the Medium of the World com-posed of massive particles: protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and Dark Matter Particles (DMP). The model forecasts the masses of DMP, discusses the possibility of all macroobject cores consisting of DMP (galaxy clusters, galaxies, star clusters, extrasolar systems, and planets), and explains the diffuse cosmic gamma-ray background radiation as the sum of contributions of multicomponent dark matter annihilation. The signatures of DMP annihilation with expected masses of 1.3 TeV, 9.6 GeV, 70 MeV, 340 keV, and 3.7 keV, are found in spectra of the diffuse gamma-ray background and the emission of various macroobjects in the World. The correlation between different emission lines in spectra of macroobjects is connected to their structure, which depends on the composition of the cores and surrounding shells made up of DMP. Consequently, the diversity of Very High Energy (VHE) gamma-ray sources in the World has a clear explanation.

Possible Neutrino-Antineutrino Production during Gamma Ray e−e+ Pair Production: Monte Carlo Simulation Study

An alternative Feynman diagram for electron-positron pair production, in which neutrino and antineutrino are also produced on the same pathway, is introduced here. In the proposed pair production process, a portion of the momentum is carried by neutrinos and antineutrinos, allowing the rest of the momentum for the electron-positron pair. Simulations to inspect the proposed pair production process were conducted in this research using the EGS5 code system while modifying its subroutine “PAIR”. Liquid Xenon detector was then positioned in the path of various mono-energetic photon beams ranging from 2.6 to 12 MeV. These simulations were intended to inspect the detectability of the alternative pair production effects on radiation measurements in order to assess the detection conditions. Simulation results provided a comparison between the original pair production process and the proposed pair production process. Spectral results showed that changes in the region around 1 - 2 MeV and in the photopeak region were remarkable, therefore detectable. Further experimental research is recommended based on simulation findings. The alternative pair production process, firstly introduced in this paper, led to production of a larger flux of neutrinos from gamma radiation. This additional neutrino production and its contribution to non-baryonic dark matter are discussed.

A Possible Mechanism for the Origin of Ultrastrong Magnetic Field of Magnetars

Growing observations reveal that soft gamma-ray repeaters and anomalous x-ray pulsars are magnetars. Their magnetic fields may achieve 10^14 - 10^15G. We explore the origin of the superstrong magnetic field by considering the magnetization of the ^3P2 superfluid neutrons inside neutron stars （NSs）. By solving the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkov equations together with the equation of state adopted by Elgaroy it et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 （1996） 1428] in the calculation of the neutron pairing gap, we specifically calculate the NS internal structure, the permissible region for ^3P2 superfluid neutrons inside the NS, and the total magnetic moment contributed by the orderly arranged neutron vortexes. The result shows that the induced magnetic field may cover a wide range, which is consistent with the magnetic field predicted by the standard magnetic dipole radiation for pulsar spindown.

High-Energy Atmospheric Physics: Ball Lightning

This article proposes an explanation for High-Energy Atmospheric phenomena through the frames of Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM). In WUM, Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes (TGFs) are, in fact, Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). The spectra of TGFs at very high energies are explained by Dark Matter particles annihilation in Geocorona. Lightning initiation problem is solved by GRBs that slam into thunderclouds and carve a conductive path through a thunderstorm. We introduce Multiworld consisting of Macro-World, Large-World, Small-World, and Micro-World, characterized by suggested Gravitational, Extremely-Weak, Super-Weak, and Weak interaction respectively. We propose a new model of Ball Lightning formation based on the Dark Matter Core surrounded by electron-positron plasma in the Small-World.

Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Basic Ideas

Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) envisions Matter carried from the Universe into the World from the fourth spatial dimension by Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). Luminous Matter is a byproduct of Dark Matter (DM) self-annihilation. WUM introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from the Beginning of the World for 0.45 billion years) and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.77 billion years). Big Bang discussed in Standard Cosmology (SC) is, in our view, transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning DM Supercluster’s Cores and self-annihilation of DMPs. WUM solves a number of physical problems in SC and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems;Fermi Bubbles—two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center;Coronal Heating problem in solar physics—temperature of Sun’s corona exceeding that of photosphere by millions of degrees;Cores of Sun and Earth rotating faster than their surfaces;Diversity of Gravitationally-Rounded objects in Solar system and their Internal Heating. Model makes predictions pertaining to Rest Energies of DMPs, proposes New Type of their Interactions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements.

New Evidence, Conditions, Instruments &Experiments for Gravitational Theories

Two significant findings compel a rethink of physical theories. First, using a 7-billion-year-old gamma-ray burst, Nemiroff (2012) showed that quantum foam could not exists. And second, Solomon (2011) showed that gravitational acceleration is not associated with the gravitating mass, that gravitational acceleration g is determined solely by τ the change in time dilation over a specific height multiplied by c2 or g = τc2. Seeking consistency with Special Theory of Relativity, as means to initiate this rethink, this paper examines 12 inconsistencies in physical theories that manifest from empirical data. The purpose of this examination is to identify how gravitational theories need to change or be explored, to eliminate these 12 inconsistencies. It is then proposed that spacetime is much more sophisticated than just a 4-dimensional continuum. And, that the Universe consists of at least two layers or “kenos” (Greek for vacuous), the 4-dimensional kenos, spacetime (x, y, z, t) and the 3-dimensional kenos, subspace (x, y, z) that are joined at the space coordinates (x, y, z). This explains why electromagnetic waves are transverse, and how probabilities are implemented in Nature. This paper concludes by proposing two new instruments and one test, to facilitate research into gravitational fields, the new torsion-, tension- and stress-free near field gravity probe, the gravity wave telescope, and a non-locality test.

Overview of Hypersphere World-Universe Model

This paper provides an overview of the Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM). WUM unifies and simplifies existing cosmological models and results into a single coherent picture, and proceeds to discuss the origin, evolution, structure, ultimate fate, and primary parameters of the World. WUM explains the experimental data accumulated in the field of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics over the last decades: the age of the world and critical energy density;the gravitational parameter and Hubble’s parameter;temperatures of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the peak of the far-infrared background radiation;gamma-ray background and cosmic neutrino background;macrostructure of the world and macroobjects structure. Additionally, the model makes predictions pertaining to masses of dark matter particles, photons, and neutrinos, proposes new types of particle interactions (Super Weak and Extremely Weak), and shows inter-connectivity of primary cosmological parameters of the world and the rise of the solar luminosity during the last 4.6 Byr. The model proposes to introduce a new fundamental parameter Q in the CODATA internationally recommended values.