利用中国秋大豆(Glycine max(L.) Merr)筛选SSR核心位点的研究

选择中国秋大豆为试验材料 ,对基因组DNA进行SSR标记筛选和鉴定。经过 2 0 0个位点在琼脂糖胶上初筛和 96个位点在变性聚丙烯酰胺胶上复鉴 ,选出 6 0个位点 ,这些位点具有以下特点 :(1)分布在大豆 2 0个整合遗传连锁群 ,相邻位点间平均遗传距离在 5 0cM左右。除连锁群C2 、O上分别有 5个位点 ,G、K、M上分别有 2个位点外 ,其余 15个连锁群均分布有 3个位点 ;(2 )与 96个位点在 80份秋大豆种质检测到种质间遗传关系达到极显著相关 (r =0 .910 ) ;(3)在 80份秋大豆初选核心种质中表现出较高多态性 ,平均每个位点等位变异数为 9.3,多态性信息含量 (PIC)值为 0 .773;(4)在检测的秋大豆绝大多数种质基因组中 ,均为单一拷贝的位点 ,具有较高特异性 ;(5 )在相同的PCR扩增条件下 ,同一位点不同等位变异间易于识别且扩增强度较为一致。这套SSR核心位点的确定为中国大豆核心种质的构建奠定了基础。

大豆(Glycine max(L.) Merr.)叶片抗氧化酶对干旱及复水的响应机制

采用10%PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,研究了抗旱品种晋大74与不抗旱品种晋大75两种大豆幼苗在水分胁迫及复水后叶片MDA含量、O2-·含量、SOD、CAT、APX及POD等的活性变化,旨在揭示抗氧化酶对干旱及复水的响应机制。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,两种大豆叶片MDA及O2-·,含量都高于对照,且晋大75增加幅度显著大于晋大74;复水后晋大74中MDA及O2-·接近于对照水平,表明旱后复水产生了补偿效应。干旱胁迫下,晋大74通过保持较高的SOD活性或较低的APX、CAT降幅以减弱活性氧伤害,而旱后复水过程中晋大74通过维持较高的SOD、APX、CAT酶活性,利用其协同作用有效清除活性氧,避免膜伤害。总之,耐旱品种在干旱及复水过程中具有更强的抗氧化修复能力。

Analysis of QTLs for the Trichome Density on the Upper and Downer Surface of Leaf Blade in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

Trichomes （plant hairs） are present on nearly all land plants and are known to play important roles in plant protection, specifically against insect herbivory, drought, and UV radiation. The identification of quantitative trait loci （QTL） associated with trichome density should help to interpret the molecular genetic mechanism of soybean trichome density. 184 recombinant inbred lines （RILs）, derived from a cross between soybean cultivars Kefeng 1 and Nannong 1138-2 were used as segregating population for evaluation of TDU （trichome density on the upper surface of leaf blade） and TDD （trichome density on the downer surface of leaf blade）. A total of 15 QTL were detected on molecular linkage groups （MLG） A2, Dla, Dlb, E and H by composite interval mapping （CIM） and among all the QTL, qtuA2-1, qtuD 1 a-1, qtuD lb-2, qtuH-2 qtuE-1, qtdDlb-2, and qtdH- 2 were affirmed by multiple interval mapping （MIM）. The contribution ofphenotypic variance of qtuH-2 was 31.81 and 29.4% by CIM and MIM, respectively, suggesting it might be major gene Ps loci. Only 10 pairs of main QTL interactions for TDU were detected, explained a range of 0.2-5.1% of phenotypic variations for each pair for a total of 22.8%. The QTL on MLG Dlb affecting trichome density were mapped near to Rsc-7 conditioning resistance to SMV （soybean mosaic virus）. This study showed that the genetic mechanism of trichome density was the mixed major gene and polygene inheritance, and also suggested that the causal nature between trichome density and other agronomic traits.

Genetic Analysis of Combining Abilities and Heterosis for the Contents of Soybean Isoflavone and Its Components Among the Soybean Varieties [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

The genetic analysis of soybean isoflavone content and its components were carried out based on the NC Ⅱ matingdesign in eight soybean varieties. The results showed that the isoflavone contents and its components of soybean seedare quite differences among the tested materials, the contents of isoflavone and daidzein are controlled not only byadditive effects and but also by non-additive effects, while the content of genistin is dominated by non-additive effects,and genistein, glycitin and daidzin are mainly controlled by additive effects. There are significant differences in thecontents of isoflavone and its components among the combinations derived from different parents. Results also indicatedthat the tested traits are negatively heterosis except for the contens of daidzein and daidzin are positively heterosis basedon the data of the GCA and SCA in average heterosis values. In this research we have a suggestion that soybean varietywith high isoflavone should be used as one of the parents in the breeding program, and it is the best choice that thecombinations crossed between two high isoflavone varieties or a high variety and a low one.

Genetic Analysis of Embryo, Cytoplasm and Maternal Effects and Their Environment Interactions for Isoflavone Content in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

Soybean seed products contain isoflavones （genistein, daidzein, and glycitein） that display biological effects when ingested by humans and animals. These effects are species, dose and age dependent. Therefore, the content and quality of isoflavones in soybeans is a key factor to the biological effect. Our objective was to identify the genetic effects that underlie the isoflavone content in soybean seeds. A genetic model for quantitative traits of seeds in diploid plants was applied to estimate the genetic main effects and genotype x environment （GE） interaction effects for the isoflavone content （IC） of soybean seeds by using two years experimental data with an incomplete diallel mating design of six parents. Results showed that the IC of soybean seeds was simultaneously controlled by the genetic effects of maternal, embryo, and cytoplasm, of which maternal genetic effects were most important, followed by embryo and cytoplasmic genetic effects. The main effects of different genetic systems on IC trait were more important than environment interaction effects. The strong dominance effects on isoflavone from residual was made easily by environment conditions. Therefore, the improvement of the IC of soybean seeds would be more efficient when selection is based on maternal plants than that on the single seed. Maternal heritability （65.73%） was most important for IC, followed by embryo heritability （25.87%） and cytoplasmic heritability （8.39%）. Based on predicated genetic effects, Yudou 29 and Zheng 90007 were better than other parents for increasing IC in the progeny and improving the quality of soybean, The significant effects of maternal and embryo dominance effects in variance show that the embryo heterosis and maternal heterosis are existent and uninfluenced by environment interaction effects.

Proteomic Studies of Petal-specific Proteins in Soybean [Glycine Max(L.)Merr.] Florets

A survey of petal-specific proteomes of soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr[Non-italic].) was conducted comparing protein expression profiles in different petals. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reference maps of protein extracts from standard petals(SP), lateral wings(LW), keel petals(KP), and reproductive organs(RO)(a mixture of stamen and carpel) were obtained. Protein expression in the three petal types was compared using Image Master TM 2 D platinum 6.0 software. This indicated that the proportion of homologous proteins between SP and LW was 59.27%, between SP and KP was 61.48%, and between LW and KP was 60.05%. Within a mass range of 6.5-200.0 ku and pH 4.0-7.0, approximately 590, 646, 544, and 700 protein spots were detected in SP, LW, KP, and RO, respectively. A total of 82 differentially expressed proteins were detected. Sixty-four of these detected spots were differentially expressed and showed more than 2-fold changes in abundance; of these 64 proteins, 26 showed increased expression and 38 showed decreased expression. Among these spots, single organ-specific proteins were also identified.They were ID 49(60.9 ku), ID 45(50.0 ku), and ID 46(40.5 ku) in RO, ID 98(42.0 ku) in SP, and ID 05(29.0 ku) in KP. A total of 14 protein spots from 82 differentially expressed proteins were identified with LC-MS/MS. Further protein identification was conducted using the SwissProt and NCBInr databases. The identified proteins and their putative functions were discussed further. This was the first study reporting the comparison of petal protein profiles of soybean florets using proteomics tools.

英伦风味的体验和感受——LINN Klimax系列上海演示会

由本刊同上海浦东图书馆联合举办的音响器材试听会于7月13日上海持续37℃高温的环境中完成了第一场演示活动。难以阻挡发烧友们热爱器材享受音乐的乐趣，体验了英伦风味的纯情和世界享有盛誉的著名品牌LINN所带来跨时代数字音源的重播魅力。首场秀的主讲嘉宾请来了英国老牌LINN的董事总经理GiladTiefenbrun先生，为了此次活动GiladTiefenbrun先生特地从英国赶来上海与到场者见面，不仅如此，还要亲自演示讲解，

野生大豆(Glycine soja)YD63和栽培大豆(G. max)ZD19茎秆解剖结构比较

以野生大豆YD63和栽培大豆ZD19为研究对象,通过组织化学方法观察茎秆解剖结构的差异,分析和阐述这些解剖结构与功能和环境适应性间的关系,旨在为大豆抗逆性研究提供解剖学依据。结果表明:1.野生大豆表皮毛和腺毛多于栽培大豆,且角质层厚度、表皮厚度和表皮比例均大于栽培大豆,表皮和外皮层细胞的木质化和木栓化程度也高于栽培大豆;2.野生大豆皮层、韧皮部、木薄壁组织和髓的比例均大于栽培大豆,茎秆机械强度降低,可塑性升高,抗逆性增强;3.栽培大豆木质部、木纤维和总纤维比例均大于野生大豆,并且表皮细胞壁、韧皮纤维壁、木纤维壁和导管壁厚度均大于野生大豆。栽培大豆组织木质化的比例大于野生大豆,茎秆的机械强度升高,可以更好地维持直立生长和形态构建;4.栽培大豆微管形成层的细胞层数和厚度均大于野生大豆。栽培大豆木质部的比例大于韧皮部的比例,而野生大豆两者比例基本相同;5.野生大豆韧皮部厚壁组织几乎是连续分布,仅在髓射线处中断,而栽培大豆是不连续的,呈片状分布,野生大豆韧皮部厚壁组织的比例大于栽培大豆;6.野生大豆导管壁强度(t/b)2和小导管比例大于栽培大豆,水分运输的安全性较高,但野生大豆木质部的连通性和水分运输的效率低于栽培大豆。

A novel procedure for identifying a hybrid QTL-allele system for hybrid-vigor improvement, with a case study in soybean(Glycine max)yield

“Breeding by design” for pure lines may be achieved by construction of an additive QTL-allele matrix in a germplasm panel or breeding population, but this option is not available for hybrids, where both additive and dominance QTL-allele matrices must be constructed. In this study, a hybrid-QTL identification approach, designated PLSRGA, using partial least squares regression(PLSR) for model fitting integrated with a genetic algorithm(GA) for variable selection based on a multi-locus, multi-allele model is described for additive and dominance QTL-allele detection in a diallel hybrid population(DHP). The PLSRGA was shown by simulation experiments to be superior to single-marker analysis and was then used for QTL-allele identification in a soybean DPH yield experiment with eight parents. Twenty-eight main-effect QTL with 138 alleles and nine QTL × environment QTL with 46 alleles were identified, with respective contributions of 61.8% and 23.5% of phenotypic variation. Main-effect additive and dominance QTL-allele matrices were established as a compact form of the DHP genetic structure. The mechanism of heterosis superior-to-parents(or superior-to-parents heterosis, SPH) was explored and might be explained by a complementary locus-set composed of OD+(showing positive over-dominance, most often), PD+(showing positive partial-to-complete dominance, less often) and HA+(showing positive homozygous additivity, occasionally) loci, depending on the parental materials. Any locus-type, whether OD+, PD + and HA+, could be the best genotype of a locus. All hybrids showed various numbers of better or best genotypes at many but not necessarily all loci, indicating further SPH improvement. Based on the additive/dominance QTL-allele matrices, the best hybrid genotype was predicted, and a hybrid improvement approach is suggested. PLSRGA is powerful for hybrid QTL-allele detection and cross-SPH improvement.

垄作和覆膜下盐碱地水盐运移和大豆产量的变化

选择河北省黄骅市中度盐碱土区布置夏播大豆[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]田间试验,共设平播(对照)、平播覆膜、垄作及垄作覆膜4个处理,研究垄作和覆膜对土壤水盐运移和大豆产量的影响。结果表明,与传统平播方式相比,平播覆膜处理对土壤水盐运移和大豆产量的影响不显著;垄作处理能显著改变土壤水盐分布,特别是大豆生长中后期降雨量开始减少后,垄作定植沟会产生叠加集雨效果,显著提高大豆生长中期0~20 cm和20~40 cm土壤含水量,减缓作物生长后期向表层返盐进程,有效降低土壤表层盐分含量,对保障大豆植株生长和产量均有一定的促进效果,可增产27.2%;垄作覆膜处理效果与垄作处理类似,覆膜措施影响不显著。垄作技术可以作为滨海盐碱地夏播大豆种植的农耕措施。

盐酸环丙沙星对大豆早期生长发育的影响

目的:探究盐酸环丙沙星类抗生素残留对农作物生长发育的毒性作用。方法:设置系列浓度梯度的盐酸环丙沙星,研究其对大豆萌发及其幼苗生长发育的影响。结果:在0~100 mg/L的浓度条件下,大豆种子的发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均随盐酸环丙沙星浓度的增大均呈下降趋势。当盐酸环丙沙星浓度为5 mg/L时,发芽势最高,与对照组相比无显著差异;当盐酸环丙沙星浓度>5 mg/L时,随浓度升高发芽势不断下降。在96 h内,5 mg/L组的大豆总长度均高于其他组,但随着时间延长,大豆总长度随盐酸环丙沙星浓度的升高而降低,其中100 mg/L抑制作用最明显,总长度最短。与对照组相比,大豆幼苗鲜质量和各类叶绿素含量均随盐酸环丙沙星浓度的增大而减少。结论:环境中的高浓度的盐酸环丙沙星会抑制大豆的萌发及早期生长发育。

Genome-wide association with transcriptomics reveals a shade-tolerance gene network in soybean

Shade tolerance is essential for soybeans in inter/relay cropping systems.A genome-wide association study(GWAS)integrated with transcriptome sequencing was performed to identify genes and construct a genetic network governing the trait in a set of recombinant inbred lines derived from two soybean parents with contrasting shade tolerance.An improved GWAS procedure,restricted two-stage multi-locus genome-wide association study based on gene/allele sequence markers(GASM-RTM-GWAS),identified 140 genes and their alleles associated with shade-tolerance index(STI),146 with relative pith cell length(RCL),and nine with both.Annotation of these genes by biological categories allowed the construction of a protein–protein interaction network by 187 genes,of which half were differentially expressed under shading and non-shading conditions as well as at different growth stages.From the identified genes,three ones jointly identified for both traits by both GWAS and transcriptome and two genes with maximum links were chosen as beginners for entrance into the network.Altogether,both STI and RCL gene systems worked for shade-tolerance with genes interacted each other,this confirmed that shadetolerance is regulated by more than single group of interacted genes,involving multiple biological functions as a gene network.

八个引进大豆品种育苗移栽和条播的产量及经济性状比较

通过育苗移栽和条播2种栽培方式,对从山东圣丰种业科技有限公司引进的大豆[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]品种圣豆1号、圣豆4号、圣豆8号、圣豆24号、皖豆0820以及从中国农业科学院油料作物研究所引进的大豆品种红运2号、阜豆17、中豆41共8个大豆品种的田间试验进行对比分析。结果表明,8个参试品种中圣豆8号的单株粒数最多,百粒重最高,豆粒饱满,综合性状最优。育苗移栽较条播方式播种的大豆综合表现更好、产量更高,但在田间操作费时费工。

十个大豆品种在恩施州的引种表现

为筛选出适宜恩施土家族苗族自治州(简称恩施州)种植的优质高产大豆[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]品种,以引进的中豆41、圣豆23、华豆38、国豆1、邯豆15、皖豆0102、南农1805、中豆4901、阜豆17、红远2号10个大豆品种为试验材料,测定不同品种的生育特性、主要性状及产量表现等。结果表明,10个大豆品种的百粒重均在20 g以上,百粒重最高的为红远2号,结实率均达90%,产量稳定且最高的是中豆41,其次是国豆1。不同品种生育期、主要性状、产量表现差异明显,同一品种不同年份也有一定差异。由此可知,中豆41和国豆1两个高产大豆品种可在恩施州推广种植。红远2号需继续探索其高产配套栽培技术,作为专用、优质大豆品种供应。

汉川市带状复合种植模式下不同品种大豆玉米产量及效益分析

为了探索汉川市带状复合种植模式下不同品种大豆[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]、玉米(Zea mays L.)的产量及效益表现,分析了多个品种大豆、玉米在该模式下的产量、经济效益、社会效益。结果表明,大豆品种中豆63和玉米品种汉玉919在经济效益上表现优异。

中国栽培和野生大豆农艺品质性状与SSR标记的关联分析 I.群体结构及关联标记

关联作图是一种利用连锁不平衡(linkage disequilibrium,LD)检测自然群体中基因位点及其等位变异的方法。利用60个SSR标记,对全国大豆地方品种群体(393份代表性材料)和野生大豆群体(196份代表性材料)的基因组变异进行扫描,分析两类群体的连锁不平衡位点、群体结构,并采用TASSEL软件的GLM(general linear model)方法对16个农艺、品质性状观测值进行标记与性状的关联分析。结果表明:(1)在公共图谱上不论共线性的或是非共线性的SSR位点组合都有一定程度的LD,说明历史上发生过连锁群间的重组;栽培群体的连锁不平衡成对位点数较野生群体多,但野生群体位点间连锁不平衡程度高,随距离的衰减慢。(2)群体SSR数据遗传结构分析发现,栽培群体和野生群体分别由9和4个亚群体组成,亚群的划分与群体地理生态类型相关联,证实地理生态类型划分有其遗传基础。(3)栽培群体中累计有27个位点与性状相关;野生大豆种质中累计有34个位点与性状相关。部分标记在两类群体中都表现与同一性状关联,检出的位点有一致性,也有互补性;一些标记同时与2个或多个性状相关联,可能是性状相关乃至一因多效的遗传基础;关联位点中累计有24位点(次)与遗传群体连锁分析定位的QTL一致。

CO_2和O_3浓度倍增及复合效应对大豆生长和产量的影响

利用OTC 1型农田开顶式气室 ,模拟研究了大气中CO2 、O3 浓度倍增及其复合效应对大豆生长、根瘤和产量形成的影响 .结果表明 ,CO2 浓度倍增促进根系生长 ,固氮能力增强 ,植株高度和基部粗度增加 ,对发育期、绿叶数和绿叶面积影响不大 .O3 浓度倍增抑制大豆根系和茎的生长 ,固氮能力下降 ,叶片伤害使绿叶数和绿叶面积显著下降 ,衰老提前 .在CO2 和O3 的复合试验中 ,CO2 浓度增加明显缓解O3 浓度增加对大豆伤害和抑制作用 ,CO2 、O3 浓度持续倍增处理下大豆生长和固氮能力与CK的数量差异明显小于单一O3 浓度倍增与CK的数量差异 ,逐渐增加CO2 、O3 浓度的刺激作用和剂量效应使大豆生长后期伤害加重 ,绿叶数、绿叶面积显著下降 。

中国栽培和野生大豆农艺及品质性状与SSR标记的关联分析--Ⅱ．优异等位变异的发掘

在前文研究已检出与农艺品质性状显著关联的SSR位点的基础上,本文进一步对与性状关联位点的等位变异作解析,通过将携带某等位变异的所有材料表型均值与携带无效等位基因(null allele)材料表型均值做比较,估计等位变异的潜在表型效应增量(减量),进一步利用该信息估计位点增效(减效)等位变异的平均效应,鉴别出一批农艺品质性状优异位点、等位变异及携带优异等位变异的载体材料。发现在栽培及野生种质中检出的优异等位变异有同、有异、有互补性。发现关联位点正、负效应等位变异均值间有差异,可根据育种目标性状选择要求,选取适合的位点及相应等位变异。同一标记位点可与多性状关联,其等位变异在不同性状间各有其表型效应的方向和大小;等位变异在相关性状效应上方向、大小的异同解释了性状间正、负相关的遗传原因。关联作图得到的信息可以弥补家系连锁法QTL定位信息的不足,并直接利用等位变异信息进行亲本选拔、组合选配及后代等位条带辅助选择以提高育种成效。

不同播种期对大豆生长发育的影响

研究了不同播种期对大豆[Glycine max(Linn.)Merr.]生长发育进程的影响。结果表明,大豆生育期随着播种期的延迟而缩短,大豆播种期早迟与生育期长短呈显著正相关;不同播种期对大豆的株高、主茎出叶数、叶面积指数都有很大的影响,随着播种期的延迟,株高、主茎出叶数、叶面积指数最大值均呈下降趋势。

大豆异黄酮及其组分含量的配合力和杂种优势

为了能在大豆异黄酮及其组分的育种中合理选配亲本,利用杂种优势,本研究选用8个异黄酮含量不同的大豆品种采用NCⅡ设计配置杂交组合,对大豆籽粒异黄酮及其组分含量进行遗传分析。研究结果表明,大豆籽粒异黄酮及其组分含量在供试品种间表现有明显的差异,籽粒异黄酮含量和黄豆甙元既受加性效应又受非加性效应的控制,染料木甙主要受非加性效应控制,染料木素、大豆甙元和大豆甙这3个性状的遗传主要受加性效应控制;不同亲本组配的不同组合的GCA和SCA差异较大。在中亲优势测定中,除黄豆甙元含量和大豆甙表现为正向超亲外,其余性状均表现为负向超亲。本研究认为在大豆高异黄酮育种中应选择高异黄酮材料作为亲本之一,选配组合时亲本最好采用高×高类型或高×低类型配置组合。