The study of a neutron spectrum unfolding method based on particle swarm optimization combined with maximum likelihood expectation maximization

The neutron spectrum unfolding by Bonner sphere spectrometer(BSS) is considered a complex multidimensional model,which requires complex mathematical methods to solve the first kind of Fredholm integral equation. In order to solve the problem of the maximum likelihood expectation maximization(MLEM) algorithm which is easy to suffer the pitfalls of local optima and the particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm which is easy to get unreasonable flight direction and step length of particles, which leads to the invalid iteration and affect efficiency and accuracy, an improved PSO-MLEM algorithm, combined of PSO and MLEM algorithm, is proposed for neutron spectrum unfolding. The dynamic acceleration factor is used to balance the ability of global and local search, and improves the convergence speed and accuracy of the algorithm. Firstly, the Monte Carlo method was used to simulated the BSS to obtain the response function and count rates of BSS. In the simulation of count rate, four reference spectra from the IAEA Technical Report Series No. 403 were used as input parameters of the Monte Carlo method. The PSO-MLEM algorithm was used to unfold the neutron spectrum of the simulated data and was verified by the difference of the unfolded spectrum to the reference spectrum. Finally, the 252Cf neutron source was measured by BSS, and the PSO-MLEM algorithm was used to unfold the experimental neutron spectrum.Compared with maximum entropy deconvolution(MAXED), PSO and MLEM algorithm, the PSO-MLEM algorithm has fewer parameters and automatically adjusts the dynamic acceleration factor to solve the problem of local optima. The convergence speed of the PSO-MLEM algorithm is 1.4 times and 3.1 times that of the MLEM and PSO algorithms. Compared with PSO, MLEM and MAXED, the correlation coefficients of PSO-MLEM algorithm are increased by 33.1%, 33.5% and 1.9%, and the relative mean errors are decreased by 98.2%, 97.8% and 67.4%.

Seasonal variability of the mixed layer depth determined using an improved maximum angle method in the Arctic basins

To investigate the spatiotemporal variations in the mixed layer depth(MLD)in the Arctic basins,a new criterion to determine the MLD,called the improved maximum angle method(IMAM),was developed.A total of 45123 potential density profiles collected using Ice-Tethered Profilers(ITPs)in the Arctic basins during 2005-2021 were used to demonstrate the method’s effectiveness.By comparing the results obtained by the fixed threshold method(FTM),percentage threshold method(PTM),and maximum gradient method(MGM)for profiles in the Canada Basin,Makarov Basin,and Eurasian Basin,we determined that the quality index(1.0 for perfect identification of the MLD)of the IMAM regarding the assessment of the MLD determination method reached 0.94,which is much greater than those of other criteria.Moreover,two types of the density profiles were identified based on the mixed layer development stage.The MLDs of the typical profiles determined using the IMAM were found to have better consistency with the original definition.By utilizing the new mixed layer criterion,the seasonal variations and regional differences in the MLD in the Arctic basins were analyzed.Spatially,the summer and winter MLDs in the Canada Basin were the shallowest(13.55 m in summer,26.76 m in winter)than those in the Makarov(29.51 m in summer,49.08 m in winter)and Eurasian(20.36 m in summer,46.81 m in winter)basins due to the stable stratification in the upper ocean and the subsequent small effects of dynamic and thermodynamic processes(wind-driven stirring and brine rejection)in the Canada Basin.Seasonally,in the three Arctic basins,the average MLD was shallowest(22.77 m)in summer;it deepened through autumn and reached a winter maximum(41.12 m).

Quick evaluation and regulation of the maximum instantaneous power and matching resistance for droplet-based electricity generators

Droplet-based electricity generators (DEGs) leveraging triboelectric effects are simple and high-performance devices for harvesting energy from ubiquitous water droplets. Instantaneous power plays a vital role in wide applications of DEGs. However, the governing law of the maximum instantaneous power and matching resistance is lacking and their determination suffers from heavy repetitive experiments, hindering the development of DEGs. Herein, we propose a quick evaluation method for the internal droplet impedance, instantaneous peak power, maximum instantaneous power and matching resistance which exhibits broad universality and excellent accuracy. Moreover, effects of diverse factors pertaining to droplets and devices are fully investigated, highlighting that the maximum instantaneous power and matching resistance can be effectively regulated across multiple orders of magnitudes by controlling the salt concentration. Our findings shed insights into the understanding, evaluation, and regulation of instantaneous power for DEGs, and shall promote the renovation of the DEG technology.

Simulation of Steel Reinforcement on the Nonlinear Behaviour of Slender Glulam Beam Columns by Using the Newton-Raphson Method

The current theory in NF EN 1995-1-1/NA of Eurocode 5, which is based on maximum deflection, has been investigated on softwoods. Therefore, this theory is not adapted for slender glulam beam columns made of tropical hardwood species from the Congo Basin. This maximum deflection is caused by a set of loads applied to the structure. However, Eurocode 5 doesn’t provide how to predict this deflection in case of long-term load for such structures. This can be done by studying load-displacement (P-Δ) behaviour of these structures while taking into account second order effects. To reach this goal, a nonlinear analysis has been performed on a three-dimensional beam column embedded on both ends. Since conducting experimental investigations on large span structural products is time-consuming and expensive especially in developing countries, a numerical model has been implemented using the Newton-Raphson method to predict load-displacement (P-Δ) curve on a slender glulam beam column made of tropical hardwood species. On one hand, the beam has been analyzed without wood connection. On the other hand, the beam has been analyzed with a bolted wood connection and a slotted-in steel plate. The load cases considered include self-weight and a uniformly applied long-term load. Combinations of serviceability limit states (SLS) and ultimate limit states (ULS) have also been considered, among other factors. A finite-element software RFEM 5 has been used to implement the model. The results showed that the use of steel can reduce displacement by 20.96%. Additionally, compared to the maximum deflection provided by Eurocode 5 for softwoods, hardwoods can exhibit an increasing rate of 85.63%. By harnessing the plastic resistance of steel, the bending resistance of wood can be increased by 32.94%.

A Study of EM Algorithm as an Imputation Method: A Model-Based Simulation Study with Application to a Synthetic Compositional Data

Compositional data, such as relative information, is a crucial aspect of machine learning and other related fields. It is typically recorded as closed data or sums to a constant, like 100%. The statistical linear model is the most used technique for identifying hidden relationships between underlying random variables of interest. However, data quality is a significant challenge in machine learning, especially when missing data is present. The linear regression model is a commonly used statistical modeling technique used in various applications to find relationships between variables of interest. When estimating linear regression parameters which are useful for things like future prediction and partial effects analysis of independent variables, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is the method of choice. However, many datasets contain missing observations, which can lead to costly and time-consuming data recovery. To address this issue, the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm has been suggested as a solution for situations including missing data. The EM algorithm repeatedly finds the best estimates of parameters in statistical models that depend on variables or data that have not been observed. This is called maximum likelihood or maximum a posteriori (MAP). Using the present estimate as input, the expectation (E) step constructs a log-likelihood function. Finding the parameters that maximize the anticipated log-likelihood, as determined in the E step, is the job of the maximization (M) phase. This study looked at how well the EM algorithm worked on a made-up compositional dataset with missing observations. It used both the robust least square version and ordinary least square regression techniques. The efficacy of the EM algorithm was compared with two alternative imputation techniques, k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) and mean imputation (), in terms of Aitchison distances and covariance.

AUTOMATIC MULTILEVEL THRESHOLDING METHOD BASED ON MAXIMUM ENTROPY

In the multilevel thresholding segmentation of the image, the classification number is always given by the supervisor. To solve this problem, a fast multilevel thresholding algorithm considering both the threshold value and the classification number is proposed based on the maximum entropy, and the self-adaptive criterion of the classification number is given. The algorithm can obtain thresholds and automatically decide the classification number. Experimental results show that the algorithm is effective.

A laboratory study of directional spectra with maximum likelihood method─I Developing wind wave

From measurements by a circular array consisting of 18 wave gauges in a large wave tank, directional spectra of wind-generated waves in deep water are systematically determined by using maximum likehood method.The investigations reveal that the angular spreading of the wave energy is consistent with cos2s(θ/2) proposed by Longuet-Higgins et al. (1963, Ocean Wad Spectra,11~136), if the bimodal distributions of wave energy are not taken into account. Bimodality occurring on higher frequency than peak frequency is too rare to affect our whole results. Surprisingly, a much broader directional spreading than that of the field, which is interpreted by the strongly nonlinear energy transfer because of the very young waves in laboratory, is found. The parameter s depends on frequency in the same way as observed by Mitsuyasu et al. (1975, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 5, 750~760)and Hasselmann et al. (1980, Journal of physical Oceanography, 10, 1264~1280) in the field, and the relationship between the four nondimensional parameters sm, fo, b1 and b2, determining the directional width, and (corresponding to the inverse of wave age) are given respectively. The observed distributions are found to agree well with the suggestion of Donelan et al. (1985, Philosophical Transaction of Royal Society of London, A315, 509~562) when applied to field waves.

The deconvolution of lunar brightness temperature based on the maximum entropy method using Chang'e-2 microwave data

A passive and multi-channel microwave sounder onboard the Chang＇e-2 orbiter has successfully acquired microwave observations of the lunar surface and subsurface structure. Compared with the Chang＇e-1 orbiter, the Chang＇e-2 orbiter obtained more accurate and comprehensive microwave brightness temperature data, which are helpful for further research. Since there is a close relationship between mi- crowave brightness temperature data and some related properties of the lunar regolith, such as the thickness, temperature and dielectric constant, precise and high resolution brightness temperature data are necessary for such research. However, through the detection mechanism of the microwave sounder, the brightness temperature data ac- quired from the microwave sounder are weighted by the antenna radiation pattern, so the data are the convolution of the antenna radiation pattern with the lunar brightness temperature. In order to obtain the real lunar brightness temperature, a deconvolution method is needed. The aim of this paper is to solve the problem associated with per- forming deconvolution of the lunar brightness temperature. In this study, we introduce the maximum entropy method （MEM） to process the brightness temperature data and achieve excellent results. The paper mainly includes the following aspects： first, we introduce the principle of the MEM; second, through a series of simulations, the MEM has been verified as an efficient deconvolution method; and third, the MEM is used to process the Chang＇e-2 microwave data and the results are significant.

PHASE EXTENSION AND STRUCTURE ANALYSIS BY THE MAXIMUM ENTROPY METHOD

Excellent results are obtained in structure analysis with jew phases of structure factors by the maximum-entropy method (MEM) for CaGaN PbCO3 and ReBe22 single crystals. The computation time and memory space are minimized by symmetry operations so that structure analysis by the MEM can be carried out with a personal computer.

Study on Refined Forecast Method of Daily Maximum Temperature in Wugang City from July to September

[Objective] The aim was to study the refined forecast method of daily highest temperature in Wugang City from July to September. IM[ethod] By dint of ECMWF mode product and T231 in 2009 and 2010 and daily maximum temperature in the station in corresponding period, multi-factors similar forecast method to select forecast sample, multivariate regression multi-mode integration MOS method, after dynamic corrected mode error and regression error, dynamic forecast equation was concluded to formulate the daily maximum temperature forecast in 24 -120 h in Wugang City from July to September. [ Result] Through selection, error correction, the daily maximum temperature equation in Wugang City from July to September was concluded. Through multiple random sampling, F test was made to pass test with significant test of 0.1. [ Conclusionl The method integrated domestic and foreign forecast mode, made full use of useful information of many modes, absorbed each others advantages, con- sidered local regional environment, lessen mode and regression error, and improved forecast accuracy.

Diffusion-controlled Adsorption Kinetics at Air/Solution Surface Studied by Maximum Bubble Pressure Method

In studying the diffusion-controlled adsorption kinetics of aqueous surfactant solutions at the air/solution surface by means of the maximal bubble pressure method, Fick's diffusion equation for a sphere should be used. In this paper the equation was solved by means of Laplace transformation under different initial and boundary conditions. The dynamic surface adsorption F(t) for a surfactant solution, which was used to describe the diffusion-controlled adsorption kinetics at the solution surface, was derived. Different from the planar surface adsorption, the dynamic surface adsorption F(t) for the short time consists of two terms: one is the same as Ward-Tordai equation and the other reflects the geometric effect caused by the spherical bubble surface. This effect should not be neglected for the very small radius of the capillary. The equilibrium surface tension γeq and the dynamic surface tension γ(t) of aqueous C10E6 [CH3(CH2)9(OCH2CH2)6OH] solution at temperature 25℃ were measuredby means of Wilhelmy plate method and maximal bubble pressure method respectively. As t→ 0, the theoreticalanalysis is in good agreement with experimental results and the dependence of γ(t) on is linear.

CONVERGENCE OF ITERATION METHODS OF MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Iteration methods and their convergences of the maximum likelihoodestimator are discussed in this paper.We study Gauss-Newton method and give a set ofsufficient conditions for the convergence of asymptotic numerical stability.The modifiedGauss-Newton method is also studied and the sufficient conditions of the convergence arepresented.Two numerical examples are given to illustrate our results.

A Microcomputer Fitted Method for Determination of the True ODF of Hexagonal Materials according to the Maximum-Entropy Estimate

A method which is especially suitable for microcomputer calculation of the true orientation distribution function (ODF) according to the maximum-entropy estimate is proposed for hexagonal system polycrystalline materials with physical symmetry.The resultant computational software system has been also designed and first carried out in a microcomputer PANAFACOM-U1200 being on line with the X-ray diffractometer D/max-3A.The simu- lated calculation shows that the method is concisely pragmatic and easily popularized,while the results obtained are trust worthy.

Maximum likelihood spectrum estimation method and its application in seismo－magnet－icrelation

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Stepwise Method Based on Confidence Bound and Information Incorporation for Identifying the Maximum Tolerable Dose

The primary goal of a phase I clinical trial is to find the maximum tolerable dose of a treatment. In this paper, we propose a new stepwise method based on confidence bound and information incorporation to determine the maximum tolerable dose among given dose levels. On the one hand, in order to avoid severe even fatal toxicity to occur and reduce the experimental subjects, the new method is executed from the lowest dose level, and then goes on in a stepwise fashion. On the other hand, in order to improve the accuracy of the recommendation, the final recommendation of the maximum tolerable dose is accomplished through the information incorporation of an additional experimental cohort at the same dose level. Furthermore, empirical simulation results show that the new method has some real advantages in comparison with the modified continual reassessment method.

Comparison between methods for predicting maximum solid solubility of transition metals in solvent metal

It is important to know the maximum solid solubility( C max ) of various transition metals in a metal when one designs multi component alloys. There have been several semi empirical approaches to qualitatively predict the C max , such as Darken Gurry(D G) theorem, Miedema Chelikowsky(M C) theorem, electron concentration rule and the bond parameter rule. However, they are not particularly valid for the prediction of C max . It was developed on the basis of energetics of alloys as a new method to predict C max of different transition metals in metal Ti, which can be described as a semi empirical equation using the atomic parameters, i e, electronegativity difference, atomic diameter and electron concentration. It shows that the present method can be used to explain and deduce D G theorem, M C theorem and electron concentration rule.

A Maximum-Entropy Method for Estimating the Spectrum

Based on the maximunl-entropy （ME） principle, a new power spectral estimator for random waves is derived in the form of S（ω）=a/8H^2^-（2π）^（d＋2）exp[-b（2π/ω）^n],1）y solving a variational problem subject to some quite general constraints. This robust method is comprehensive enough to describe the wave spectra even in extreme wave conditions and is superior to periodogranl method that is not suit＇able to process comparatively short or intensively unsteady signals for its tremendous boundary effect and some inherent defects of FKF. Fortunately, the newly derived method for spectral estimation works fairly well, even though the sample data sets are very short and unsteady, and the reliability and efficiency of this spectral estimator have been preliminarily proved.

Generalized Maximum Fuzzy Entropy Methods with Applications on Wind Speed Data

This study is connected with new Generalized Maximum Fuzzy Entropy Methods （GMax（F）EntM） in the form of MinMax（F）EntM and MaxMax（F）EntM belonging to us. These methods are based on primary maximizing Max（F）Ent measure for fixed moment vector function in order to obtain the special functional with maximum values of Max（F）Ent measure and secondary optimization of mentioned functional with respect to moment vector functions. Distributions, in other words sets of successive values of estimated membership function closest to （furthest from） the given membership function in the sense of Max（F）Ent measure, obtained by mentioned methods are defined as （MinMax（F）Ent）m which is closest to a given membership function and （MaxMax（F）Ent）m which is furthest from a given membership function. The aim of this study consists of applying MinMax（F）EntM and MaxMax（F）EntM on given wind speed data. Obtained results are realized by using MATLAB programme. The performances of distributions （MinMax（F）En0m and （MaxMax（F）Ent）m generated by using Generalized Maximum Fuzzy Entropy Methods are established by Chi-Square, Root Mean Square Error criterias and Max（F）Ent measure.

Texture Analysis of Thin Titanium(TA1)Strip by Maximum-entropy Method

The Maximum-entropy Method(MEM)for determining the complete ODF(orientation distribution function),accompanied with the equal-volume partitioning technique for quantitative texture analysis,was first tested in analysing the texture of a commercial purity titanium strip.The experimentally measured results indi- cate that the rolling planes of most grains in this sample are parallel to the{1010}and the{1210}with about ~±10°spread while the rolling directions nearly distribute uniformly and their volume fractions are 19.46％ and 18.70％ respectively.Besides,there are still two weaker texture components,(7526)[1544]and (1105)[2311],with 3.24％and 4.17％respectively.

降阶单元的新进展:内置了最大模误差估计器的自适应有限元法初探

该文基于初值问题中降阶单元的成功实践,进一步对一般边值问题提出无需超收敛计算、无需结构化网格、无需结点位移修正的降阶单元;进而提出以降阶单元作为最终解,且内置了最大模误差估计器的自适应有限元算法。该文对这一研究进展做简要介绍,并给出一维和二维边值问题的初步算例,以展示本法的可行性、有效性和可靠性。