A New Elasticity and Finite Element Formulation for Different Young's Modulus When Tension and Compression Loadings

This paper presents a new elasticity and finite element formulation for different Young's modulus when tension and compression loadings in anisotropy media. The case studies, such as anisotropy and isotropy, were investigated. A numerical example was shown to find out the changes of neutral axis at the pure bending beams.

NANOINDENTATION OF THIN-FILM-SUBSTRATE SYSTEM DETERMINATION OF FILM HARDNESS AND YOUNG'S MODULUS

In the present paper,the hardness and Young's modulus of film-substrate systems are determined by means of nanoindentation experiments and modified models.Aluminum film and two kinds of substrates,i.e.glass and silicon,are studied.Nanoindentation XP Ⅱ and continuous stiffness mode are used during the experiments.In order to avoid the influence of the Oliver and Pharr method used in the experiments,the experiment data are analyzed with the constant Young's modulus assumption and the equal hardness assumption.The volume fraction model(CZ model)proposed by Fabes et al.(1992)is used and modified to analyze the measured hardness.The method proposed by Doerner and Nix(DN formula)(1986)is modified to analyze the measured Young's modulus.Two kinds of modified empirical formula are used to predict the present experiment results and those in the literature,which include the results of two kinds of systems,i.e.,a soft film on a hard substrate and a hard film on a soft substrate.In the modified CZ model,the indentation influence angle,(?), is considered as a relevant physical parameter,which embodies the effects of the indenter tip radius, pile-up or sink-in phenomena and deformation of film and substrate.

Effect of consolidation ratios on maximum dynamic shear modulus of sands

The dynamic shear modulus (DSM) is the most basic soil parameter in earthquake or other dynamic loading conditions and can be obtained through testing in the field or in the laboratory. The effect of consolidation ratios on the maximum DSM for two types of sand is investigated by using resonant column tests. And, an increment formula to obtain the maximum DSM for cases of consolidation ratio κc>1 is presented. The results indicate that the maximum DSM rises rapidly when κc is near 1 and then slows down, which means that the power function of the consolidation ratio increment κc-1 can be used to describe the variation of the maximum DSM due to κc>1. The results also indicate that the increase in the maximum DSM due to κc>1 is significantly larger than that predicted by Hardin and Black's formula.

Maximum modulus principle estimates for one dimensional fractional diffusion equation

We present scheme I for solving one-dimensional fractional diffusion equation with variable coefficients based on the maximum modulus principle and two Grunwald approxima- tions. Scheme II is obtained by using classic Crank-Nicolson approximations in order to improve the time convergence. Schemes are proved to be unconditionally stable and second-order accuracy in spatial grid size for the problem with order of fractional derivative belonging to [（√17- 1）/2, 2] using the maximum modulus principle. A numerical example is given to confirm the theoretical analysis result.

A PRIORI ESTIMATE FOR MAXIMUM MODULUS OF GENERALIZED SOLUTIONS OF QUASI-LINEAR ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS

Let G he a hounded domain in E Consider the following quasi-linear elliptic equationAlthough the houndedness of generalized solutions of the equation is proved for very general structural conditions, it does not supply a priori estimate for maximum modulus of solutions. In this paper an estimate to the maximum modulus is made firstly for a special case of quasi-linear elliptic equations, i.e. the A and B satisfy the following structural conditions

Maximum Modulus of Polynomials

The result is best possible. In this paper we shall present a refinement of this result and some other related results.

EFFECT OF DISPERSION OF MICA IN MATRIX ON YOUNG'S MODULUS OF MICA FILLED POLYETHYLENE

The correlation between Young's modulus of mica-filled high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene(LDPE) and the state of dispersion of plasma-treated mica in the polymer matrices was studied. The modulus and the number average diameter of mica aggregates in matrix were determined with tensile testing and image analysis respectively. The interface structure of the filler/matrix and the bulk structure of matrix were examined through the dielectric spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic viscoelastic spectrometry. The results show that the Young's modulus of the filial polyethylene depends to a great extent upon the state of dispersion of filler in matrix, but it is independent of the interface structure and bulk structure. The better the dispersion, the higher the Young's modulus.

Anomalies in Young's modulus behavior after annealing in polycrystalline SmS

In this paper,the dependencies of Young's modulus and attenuation decrement on samarium sulfide polycrystals(SmS)under various annealing temperatures are studied by the piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique at a frequency of 100 kHz in the temperature range of 80-300 K.A decrease in Young's modulus with an increase of the annealing temperature due to the texturing of the material was revealed.At the same time,attenuation peaks were observed at temperatures about 90 and 125 K,presumably due to Niblett-Wilks and Bordoni relaxations.

基于固态断路器主动注入式直流故障测距方法

随着直流配电网的快速发展与深化应用,准确可靠的故障测距技术对直流故障检修和恢复至关重要。该文提出一种基于固态断路器(SSCB)主动注入式直流故障测距方法。首先,利用SSCB开断主动注入不同脉冲宽度的信号,并检测注入脉冲首末端和反射波首末端的时间差作为注入波形传播时间间隔,能够减小采样频率带来的误差。然后,提取电缆线路电压线模量作为检测量,削弱正负极线路之间的耦合作用,获得稳定波速。最后,基于小波变换原理提出改进自适应模极大值方法来检测脉冲首末端时刻,减小噪声和过渡电阻对测距精度的影响。仿真结果表明,基于SSCB主动注入式测距方法在直流配电网单极接地和极间短路故障情况下均能够实现准确且快速的定位。

基于小波变换和GA-BP神经网络的电力电缆故障定位

由于电力电缆敷设于地下,当发生故障时难以快速且准确定位,出现了故障定位问题。因此,提出一种基于小波变换和遗传算法反向传播(Genetic algorithm back propagation,GA-BP)神经网络的电力电缆故障定位方法,在分析对比各小波能量集中程度和波动次数的基础上,选择多贝西小波(Daubechies wavelet 6,Db6)作为小波基函数,对于各故障位置,采集正向故障行波的α模分量,并对其进行小波分解。选取在d1尺度下的模极大值点作为特征值,同时将故障距离作为标签值,从而构建了训练和测试样本数据集;利用遗传算法(Genetic algorithm,GA)的种群进化和全局最优搜寻能力来改善误差逆传播(Back propagation,BP)网络对初始权重敏感的缺点,并使用优化后的权值、阈值重新对BP神经网络进行训练和预测,最后通过与传统双端行波定位算法、BP算法、粒子群优化BP算法(Particle swarm optimization BP,PSO-BP)相比较,证明了所提方法在测距性能方面的优越性。

Photoacoustic elastography based on laser-excited shear wave

Elastography can be used as a diagnostic method for quantitative characterization of tissue hardness information and thus,differential changes in pathophysiological states of tissues.In this study,we propose a new method for shear wave elastography(SWE)based on laser-excited shear wave,called photoacoustic shear wave elastography(PASWE),which combines photoacoustic(PA)technology with ultrafast ultrasound imaging.By using a focused laser to excite shear waves and ultrafast ultrasonic imaging for detection,high-frequency excitation of shear waves and noncontact elastic imaging can be realized.The laser can stimulate the tissue with the light absorption characteristic to produce the thermal expansion,thus producing the shear wave.The frequency of shear wave induced by laser is higher and the frequency band is wider.By tracking the propagation of shear wave,Young’s modulus of tissue is reconstructed in the whole shear wave propagation region to further evaluate the elastic information of tissue.The feasibility of the method is verified by experiments.Compared with the experimental results of supersonic shear imaging(SSI),it is proved that the method can be used for quantitative elastic imaging of the phantoms.In addition,compared with the SSI method,this method can realize the noncontact excitation of the shear wave,and the frequency of the shear wave excited by the laser is higher than that of the acoustic radiation force(ARF),so the spatial resolution is higher.Compared to the traditional PA elastic imaging method,this method can obtain a larger imaging depth under the premise of ensuring the imaging resolution,and it has potential application value in the clinical diagnosis of diseases requiring noncontact quantitative elasticity.

不同弹性模量计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助制造桩核材料的应力分析

背景:桩核修复是牙体缺损修复的一种常规选择,然而不同桩核材料的修复效果存在差异。目的:利用有限元方法评估不同弹性模量桩核修复模型中桩核与牙根黏结剂部位的应力分布情况。方法:在三维建模软件中构建一个三维根管治疗过的上颌中切牙模型,进行全瓷冠修复,修复中的桩核材料分别使用纳米陶瓷树脂(弹性模量12.8 GPa)、复合树脂(弹性模量16 GPa)、混合陶瓷(弹性模量34.7 GPa)、玻璃陶瓷(弹性模量95 GPa)、钛合金(弹性模量112 GPa)和氧化锆(弹性模量209.3 GPa),将模型约束在皮质骨中,在中切牙牙冠舌侧1/3处加载与牙体长轴呈45°的100 N集中力,通过最大主应力分析修复模型中桩核、牙本质及桩与牙根黏结剂的应力分布。结果与结论:(1)当使用弹性模量较高的桩核材料时,修复模型中的桩核应力较集中;当使用弹性模量接近牙本质的桩核材料(纳米陶瓷树脂和复合树脂)时,桩核的应力分布较均匀;无论桩核材料如何,各修复模型中牙本质上的应力分布相似;使用弹性模量更高的桩核时,修复模型中桩与牙根黏结剂处显示出更多的应力集中。(2)纳米陶瓷树脂模型中桩核、牙根及桩与牙根黏结剂处的最大应力值分别为31.00,33.21,0.51 MPa,复合树脂模型中桩核、牙根及桩与牙根黏结剂处的最大应力值分别为36.84,33.14,0.59 MPa,混合陶瓷模型中桩核、牙根及桩与牙根黏结剂处的最大应力值分别为64.05,32.83,1.00 MPa,玻璃陶瓷模型中桩核、牙根及桩与牙根黏结剂处的最大应力值分别为112.30,32.69,1.73 MPa,钛合金模型中桩核、牙根及桩与牙根黏结剂处的最大应力值分别为120.00,32.17,1.86 MPa,氧化锆模型中桩核、牙根及桩与牙根黏结剂处的最大应力值分别为148.80,31.85,2.28 MPa。(3)桩核材料的弹性模量越高,进行桩核修复时桩核处的最大应力值越大,桩核材料弹性模量对修复模型中桩与牙根黏结剂处与牙本质的最大应力值无明显影响。

噪声环境中多轨道数字音频信号降噪方法

为提升多轨道数字音频信号的峰值信噪比,降低噪声,使音频更加清晰,提出噪声环境中多轨道数字音频信号降噪方法。使用二进小波分解多轨道数字音频,将信号分解为不同的频率子带,使得噪声和信号在频率域上分离。通过模极大值计算分解信号的奇异性,由于信号和噪声在相同奇异性时的变化不同,因此能够确定信号中的噪声特点,利用层间相关搜索法找到分解后信号中的噪声并去除,最后使用交替投影法将去除噪声的分解信号重构,得到去除噪声的多轨道数字音频信号。实验结果表明:使用该方法进行降噪后,存在噪声的信号幅值得到了控制,一些单独突出可认定为噪声的信号基本消失;对低峰值信噪比的信号降噪,平均峰值信噪比提升了28 dB。

亚像素级数字图像弱边缘小目标快速检测算法

小目标往往在图像中占据较少的像素区域,与背景色彩相近,导致对其检测面临目标分辨率低、目标与背景相似度高等问题,使得传统的像素级定位方法无法满足亚像素精度的检测需求。为此,文中研究亚像素级数字图像弱边缘小目标快速检测算法。基于三次B样条小波模极大值方法多层分解并计算图像弱边缘的模极大值,获取弱边缘细节图像,将其输入亚像素级的Franklin矩方法中,对其旋转处理,检测亚像素弱边缘目标点,采用最大类间方差法确定最佳灰度差阈值,提升图像弱边缘小目标快速检测能力。测试结果显示:图像信杂比增益均在0.017以下;背景抑制因子结果均在0.922以上;亚像素坐标计算结果和实际结果之间的误差均低于(0.11,0.13),清晰呈现了弱边缘小目标的分布情况。

最大模原理在无穷域中的运用及其推广

本文运用最大模原理,研究了一类在复平面中以原点为对称中心的正n边形内连续且全纯的函数f。如果|f|在该正n边形内的上确界为M,且在该正n边形的某条边上的上确界为m,则可得出|f|在以原点为顶点和该条边为底边所形成的闭三角形内的上界。进而研究了一类在复平面中无穷条形区域以及无穷扇形区域内连续且全纯的函数f,并将它们推广到两种月牙形区域和两相切抛物线所形成的无穷区域,从而得到了一些重要的结论。

衬砌结构异形富水微裂缝模型试验与量化识别

为探讨准确识别隧道衬砌结构中异形富水微裂缝的方法,用探地雷达和F-K偏移法针对4种异形富水微裂缝模型进行检测试验及对雷达检测的特征信号进行偏移归位,再用波形分析法和小波变换模极大值法对裂缝模型的位置和形态进行识别。研究结果表明:异形富水微裂缝模型的雷达响应图像很难被直接识别,通过F-K偏移归位处理后,可识别裂缝模型的形态。小波变换模极大值法比波形分析法能更精确地实现异形富水微裂缝模型的量化识别;微裂缝模型的二维轮廓重构图能够较好地拟合实体模型的形状。该结果可为隧道衬砌结构异形富水微裂缝的识别提供借鉴。

基于电压行波小波模极大值的单端故障测距

输电线路发生故障时,及时找出故障发生位置并进行相应处理,对减少经济损失、保障输电系统稳定运行具有重大意义。输电线路故障行波波速的不确定性,往往会导致行波法测距结果误差较大。为提高测距结果的准确性,提出了不受波速影响的行波故障测距方法。首先利用小波变换对故障初始电压行波线模分量进行提取,获取电压行波高频信号。然后采取小波模极大值方法对高频信号进行去噪。最后依据模极大值的极性判断故障电压行波到达线路测量端时间,计算故障距离。MATLAB/Simulink仿真结果表明,该测距方法不受波速影响,测距结果准确。

Effects of thickness and elastic modulus on stress condition of fatigue-resistant coating under rolling contact

The distribution and magnitude of surface substrates were investigated by finite element method and subsurface stresses of the （FEM）. The models of coating single-layer sprayed-coatings on monolithic configurations with different thicknesses and elastic modulus ratios of coating to substrate were introduced, and the effects of thickness and elastic modulus ratio on the stresses were addressed. The calculation results show that the coating/substrate interface shear stress obviously decreases with increasing coating thickness, due to the location of the maximum shear stress moving away from the coating/substrate interface. At the same time, the magnitude of von Mises stress also declines in the case of thicker coatings. However, the high elastic modulus ratio results in extremely high maximum shear stress and the severe discontinuity of the von Mises stress curves, which leads to the intensive stress concentration on the coating/substrate interface. So the coating configurations with the larger coating thickness and lower difference of elastic modulus between coating and substrate exhibit excellent resistant performance of rolling contact fatigue （RCF）.

On Wavelet Transform General Modulus Maxima Metric for Singularity Classification in Mammograms

Continuous wavelet transform is employed to detect singularities in 2-D signals by tracking modulus maxima along maxima lines and particularly applied to microcalcification detection in mammograms. The microcalcifications are modeled as smoothed positive impulse functions. Other target property detection can be performed by adjusting its mathematical model. In this application, the general modulus maximum and its scale of each singular point are detected and statistically analyzed locally in its neighborhood. The diagnosed microcalcification cluster results are compared with health tissue results, showing that general modulus maxima can serve as a suspicious spot detection tool with the detection performance no significantly sensitive to the breast tissue background properties. Performed fractal analysis of selected singularities supports the statistical findings. It is important to select the suitable computation parameters-thresholds of magnitude, argument and frequency range-in accordance to mathematical description of the target property as well as spatial and numerical resolution of the analyzed signal. The tests are performed on a set of images with empirically selected parameters for 200 μm/pixel spatial and 8 bits/pixel numerical resolution, appropriate for detection of the suspicious spots in a mammogram. The results show that the magnitude of a singularity general maximum can play a significant role in the detection of microcalcification, while zooming into a cluster in image finer spatial resolution both magnitude of general maximum and the spatial distribution of the selected set of singularities may lead to the breast abnormality characterization.

基于小波变换模极大值恢复的地磁信号处理

由于仪器设备、环境和人为因素,地磁数据信号在采集和传输过程中不可避免地要受到一定的影响,因此,如何消除信号中的干扰影响,并获得准确有用的数据信息非常重要。基于Mallat交替投影算法精确地对黄壁庄地震台2017年部分地磁数据进行了信号重构,结果表明:利用小波变换模极大值重建信号的交替投影方法重建地磁信号,可以提高地磁数据的质量,降低干扰对数据的影响。