Dopamine content in the basal ganglia is strongly associated with the degree of dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra pars com- pacta. Symptoms of Parkinson＇s disease might not arise until more than 50% of...Dopamine content in the basal ganglia is strongly associated with the degree of dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra pars com- pacta. Symptoms of Parkinson＇s disease might not arise until more than 50% of the substantia nigra pars compacta is lost and the dopamine content in the basal ganglia is reduced by more than 80%. Greater diagnostic sensitivity and specificity would allow earlier detection of Parkinson＇s disease. Diffusion tensor imaging is a recently developed magnetic resonance imaging technique that measures mean diffusiv- ity and fractional anisotropy, and responds to changes in brain microstructure. When the microscopic barrier （including cell membranes, microtubules and other structures that interfere with the free diffusion of water） is destroyed and extracellular fluid volume accumulates, the mean diffusivity value increases; when the integrity of the microstructure （such as myelin） is destroyed, fractional anisotropy value decreases. However, there is no consensus as to whether these changes can reflect the early pathological alterations in Parkinson＇s disease. Here, we established a rat model of Parkinson＇s disease by injecting rotenone （or sunflower oil in controls） into the right suhstantia nigra. Diffusion tensor imaging results revealed that in the stages of disease, at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after rotenone injection, fiactional anisotropy value decreased, but mean diffusivity values increased in the right substantia nigra in the experimental group. Fractional anisotropy values were lower at 4 weeks than at 6 weeks in the right substantia nigra of rats from the experimental group. Mean diffusivity values were mark- edly greater at 1 week than at 6 weeks in the right corpus striatum of rats from the experimental group. These findings suggest that mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy values in the brain of rat models of Parkinson＇s disease 4 weeks after model establishment can reflect early degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. ＇The change in fractional anisotropy values after destruction of myelin integrity is likely to be of greater early diagnostic significance than the change in mean diffusivity values.展开更多
基于自适应网络的分布式参数估计近年来受到了日益广泛的关注。现有的分布式参数估计算法尽管在无攻击的安全网络中表现良好,但在遭受如虚假数据注入(false data injection, FDI)攻击的对抗网络中,由攻击者注入的虚假数据(也称恶意数据...基于自适应网络的分布式参数估计近年来受到了日益广泛的关注。现有的分布式参数估计算法尽管在无攻击的安全网络中表现良好,但在遭受如虚假数据注入(false data injection, FDI)攻击的对抗网络中,由攻击者注入的虚假数据(也称恶意数据)会随着节点间的通信和协作在网络中扩散,导致算法估计性能的恶化。若算法不能从攻击中快速恢复估计性能(即算法对攻击不具有弹性),则可能导致严重的后果。为此,简要介绍了弹性分布式参数估计算法所解决的基本问题及基本算法原理;从FDI攻击检测和弹性参数估计策略2个方面,系统地总结了近年来弹性分布式参数估计算法的研究进展,并分析了其在遭受FDI攻击的对抗网络中的性能;最后,探讨了现有弹性分布式参数估计算法的发展趋势和未来潜在的研究方向。展开更多
基金supported by the Research Grant of Hebei Province Science and Technology Project of China,No.1427777118D
文摘Dopamine content in the basal ganglia is strongly associated with the degree of dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra pars com- pacta. Symptoms of Parkinson＇s disease might not arise until more than 50% of the substantia nigra pars compacta is lost and the dopamine content in the basal ganglia is reduced by more than 80%. Greater diagnostic sensitivity and specificity would allow earlier detection of Parkinson＇s disease. Diffusion tensor imaging is a recently developed magnetic resonance imaging technique that measures mean diffusiv- ity and fractional anisotropy, and responds to changes in brain microstructure. When the microscopic barrier （including cell membranes, microtubules and other structures that interfere with the free diffusion of water） is destroyed and extracellular fluid volume accumulates, the mean diffusivity value increases; when the integrity of the microstructure （such as myelin） is destroyed, fractional anisotropy value decreases. However, there is no consensus as to whether these changes can reflect the early pathological alterations in Parkinson＇s disease. Here, we established a rat model of Parkinson＇s disease by injecting rotenone （or sunflower oil in controls） into the right suhstantia nigra. Diffusion tensor imaging results revealed that in the stages of disease, at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after rotenone injection, fiactional anisotropy value decreased, but mean diffusivity values increased in the right substantia nigra in the experimental group. Fractional anisotropy values were lower at 4 weeks than at 6 weeks in the right substantia nigra of rats from the experimental group. Mean diffusivity values were mark- edly greater at 1 week than at 6 weeks in the right corpus striatum of rats from the experimental group. These findings suggest that mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy values in the brain of rat models of Parkinson＇s disease 4 weeks after model establishment can reflect early degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. ＇The change in fractional anisotropy values after destruction of myelin integrity is likely to be of greater early diagnostic significance than the change in mean diffusivity values.
文摘基于自适应网络的分布式参数估计近年来受到了日益广泛的关注。现有的分布式参数估计算法尽管在无攻击的安全网络中表现良好,但在遭受如虚假数据注入(false data injection, FDI)攻击的对抗网络中,由攻击者注入的虚假数据(也称恶意数据)会随着节点间的通信和协作在网络中扩散,导致算法估计性能的恶化。若算法不能从攻击中快速恢复估计性能(即算法对攻击不具有弹性),则可能导致严重的后果。为此,简要介绍了弹性分布式参数估计算法所解决的基本问题及基本算法原理;从FDI攻击检测和弹性参数估计策略2个方面,系统地总结了近年来弹性分布式参数估计算法的研究进展,并分析了其在遭受FDI攻击的对抗网络中的性能;最后,探讨了现有弹性分布式参数估计算法的发展趋势和未来潜在的研究方向。
