Research on Deformation and Force of Bridge Pile Foundation on High and Steep Slope in Mountainous Area

With the rapid development of my country’s economy, the demand for infrastructure construction is also increasing. However, in most areas of China, the terrains are mountainous and hilly. Some projects have to be built on steep slopes. Choosing viaducts or half-bridges on high-steep slopes is not only conducive to the protection of the surrounding environment, but also conducive to the stability of the slope. Bridges usually choose the form of pile foundation-high pier bridge. This paper uses numerical simulation to study and analyze the bridge pile foundation of the slope section. Relying on actual engineering, use the finite element software ABAQUS6.14 to establish a three-dimensional finite element model to study the bearing mechanism and mechanical characteristics of the pile foundation under vertical load, horizontal load and inclined load, discuss the influence of the nature of the soil around the pile and the stiffness of the pile body on the deformation and internal force of the bridge pile foundation in the slope section. The analysis results show that the horizontal load has a great influence on the horizontal displacement of the pile, but has a small influence on the vertical displacement, and the vertical load is just the opposite. Inclined load has obvious “p-Δ” effect. The increase in soil elastic modulus and pile stiffness will reduce the displacement of the pile foundation, but after reaching a certain range, the displacement of the pile foundation will tend to be stable. Therefore, in actual engineering, if the displacement of the pile foundation fails to meet the requirements, the hardness of the soil and the stiffness of the pile can be appropriately increased, but not blindly.

Bending and stress analysis of polymeric composite plates reinforced with functionally graded graphene platelets based on sinusoidal shear-deformation plate theory

The bending and stress analysis of a functionally graded polymer composite plate reinforced with graphene platelets are studied in this paper.The governing equations are derived by using principle of virtual work for a plate which is rested on Pasternak’s foundation.Sinusoidal shear deformation theory is used to describe displacement field.Four different distribution patterns are employed in our analysis.The analytical solution is presented for a functionally graded plate to investigate the influence of important parameters.The numerical results are presented to show the deflection and stress results of the problem for four employed patterns in terms of geometric parameters such as number of layers,weight fraction and two parameters of Pasternak’s foundation.

Prediction Method of Seismic Residual Deformation of Caisson Quay Wall in Liquefied Foundation

The multi-spring shear mechanism plastic model in this paper is defined in strain space to simulate pore pressure generation and development in sands under cyclic loading and undrained conditions, and the rotation of principal stresses can also be simulated by the model with cyclic behavior of anisotropic consolidated sands. Seismic residual deformations of typical caisson quay walls under different engineering situations are analyzed in detail by the plastic model, and then an index of liquefaction extent is applied to describe the regularity of seismic residual deformation of caisson quay wall top under different engineering situations. Some correlated prediction formulas are derived from the results of regression analysis between seismic residual deformation of quay wall top and extent of liquefaction in the relative safety backfill sand site. Finally, the rationality and the reliability of the prediction methods are validated by test results of a 120 g-centrifuge shaking table, and the comparisons show that some reliable seismic residual deformation of caisson quay can be predicted by appropriate prediction formulas and appropriate index of liquefaction extent.

Numerical study of AE and DRA methods in sandstone and granite in orthogonal loading directions

The directional dependency of the acoustic emission （AE） and deformation rate analysis （DRA） methods was analyzed, based on the contact bond model in the two-dimensional particle flow code （PFC2D） in two types of rocks, the coarse-grained sandstone and Aue granite. Each type of rocks had two shapes, the Brazilian disk and a square shape. The mechanical behaviors of the numerical model had already been verified to be in agreement with those of the physical specimens in previous research. Three loading protocols with different loading cycles in two orthogonal directions were specially designed in the numerical tests. The results show that no memory effect is observed in the second loading in the orthogonal direction. However, both the cumulative crack number of the second loading and the differential strain value at the inflection point are influenced by the first loading in the orthogonal direction.

Monitoring of Real-Time Complex Deformed Shapes of Thin-Walled Channel Beam Structures Subject to the Coupling Between Bi-Axial Bending and Warping Torsion

Structural health monitoring(SHM)is a research focus involving a large category of techniques performing in-situ identification of structural damage,stress,external loads,vibration signatures,etc.Among various SHM techniques,those able to monitoring structural deformed shapes are considered as an important category.A novel method of deformed shape reconstruction for thinwalled beam structures was recently proposed by Xu et al.[1],which is capable of decoupling complex beam deformations subject to the combination of different loading cases,including tension/compression,bending and warping torsion,and also able to reconstruct the full-field displacement distributions.However,this method was demonstrated only under a relatively simple loading coupling cases,involving uni-axial bending and warping torsion.The effectiveness of the method under more complex loading cases needs to be thoroughly investigated.In this study,more complex deformations under the coupling between bi-axial bending and warping torsion was decoupled using the method.The set of equations for deformation decoupling was established,and the reconstruction algorithm for bending and torsion deformation were utilized.The effectiveness and accuracy of the method was examined using a thin-walled channel beam,relying on analysis results of finite element analysis(FEA).In the analysis,the influence of the positions of the measurement of surface strain distributions on the reconstruction accuracy was discussed.Moreover,different levels of measurement noise were added to the axial strain values based on numerical method,and the noise resistance ability of the deformation reconstruction method was investigated systematically.According to the FEA results,the effectiveness and precision of the method in complex deformation decoupling and reconstruction were demonstrated.Moreover,the immunity of the method to measurement noise was proven to be considerably strong.

Time-dependent deviation of bridge pile foundations caused by adjacent large-area surcharge loads in soft soils and its preventive measures

Time-dependent characteristics(TDCs)have been neglected in most previous studies investigating the deviation mechanisms of bridge pile foundations and evaluating the effectiveness of preventive measures.In this study,the stress-strain-time characteristics of soft soils were illustrated by consolidation-creep tests based on a typical engineering case.An extended Koppejan model was developed and then embedded in a finite element(FE)model via a user-material subroutine(UMAT).Based on the validated FE model,the time-dependent deformation mechanism of the pile foundation was revealed,and the preventive effect of applying micropiles and stress-release holes to control the deviation was investigated.The results show that the calculated maximum lateral displacement of the cap differs from the measured one by 6.5%,indicating that the derived extended Koppejan model reproduced the deviation process of the bridge cap-pile foundation with time.The additional load acting on the pile side caused by soil lateral deformation was mainly concentrated within the soft soil layer and increased with the increase in load duration.Compared with t=3 d(where t is surcharge time),the maximum lateral additional pressure acting on Pile 2#increased by approximately 47.0%at t=224 d.For bridge pile foundation deviation in deep soft soils,stress-release holes can provide better prevention compared to micropiles and are therefore recommended.

Fabrication of high temperature grating on thermal barrier coatings based on solute-solvent separation soft lithography

In this study, an etched-SiO-film grating fabrication technique based on solute-solvent separation soft lithography is developed. By using this new technique, high temperature grating with frequency of 600 lines/mm is successfully fabricated on the surface of thermal barrier coatings(TBCs). During the fabrication process, the microstructure and chemical compositions of ceramic coating before and after polishing is analyzed with a digital microscope and the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope(EDS) in scanning electron microscope(SEM). And then the grating on TBCs is heated at the temperature ranging from 300℃ to 1000℃ for examining the high temperature resistance. In the practical application, the displacement and strain field around the crack on the ceramic surface are investigated with geometry phase analysis(GPA). The successful results verify that the etched-SiO-film grating has a good oxidation resistance and can be applied to high temperature deformation measurement of TBCs.

Centrifuge model test and field measurement analysis for foundation pit with confined water

The similarity law of centrifuge test was developed for the seepage field and stress field of a foundation pit with confined water by analyzing control equations,and a similarity index and a similarity coefficient of centrifuge test were obtained.Based on the deep foundation pit of the Huangxing Road Station of the Shanghai metro line M8,the deformation stability of the pit was tested.Finally,a comparative study was conducted on the test results of the pit deformation and the field measurement results.Comparison results show that the pit deformation regularity of the test is basically identical with that of the field measurement,and the difference in pit deformation between the test and the field measurement is within 50%.The centrifuge model test can effectively simulate the displacement response of the ground and retaining structure during dewatering and excavation for the pit with confined water,which provides a reliable basis for the design and construction of the pit with confined water.

基于BOFDA的地下连续墙变形监测技术研究

为解决传统的位移监测技术多为点式,易出现漏检等问题,基于布里渊光频域分析(BOFDA)技术,进行地下连续墙变形现场监测的方法与技术研究,给出依据分布式光纤监测的应变数据换算地下连续墙变形的计算方法,并采用传感光缆直埋入地连墙的布设方式对墙体进行分布式、精细化的监测。将该技术和施工方法应用于软土地区某基坑工程进行验证,结果表明:BOFDA技术能够很好地反映墙体变形的发展过程,开挖深度大,地连墙最大应变位置发生下移,应变数据经过计算后将得到地连墙分布式的位移数据。

基于变形影响的基坑邻近建筑保护措施研究

城市土地资源的紧张促进了城市地下空间的开发,同时,大量的基坑工程紧邻既有建构筑物,为工程建设带来极大的挑战。随着深基坑的设计理念由“强度控制”转变为“变形控制”,周围既有建筑的保护成为基坑工程中的重点问题。为确保深基坑邻近建筑的安全,综合大量文献资料,总结了深基坑施工引起的建筑变形特征、来源、影响因素和预测方法,基于建筑变形影响因素对目前建筑保护的主要措施和手段进行了分析整理,探讨了各项措施的适应性,结合基坑工程的勘察、建筑保护方案设计、基坑工程施工和信息化施工监测提出了基坑邻近建筑保护综合体系,以期为相关工程和研究提供参考与建议。

盾构直削始发方案研究

随着盾构施工工艺的发展,越来越多的工程开始采用盾构直削始发.盾构法施工中,始发是易发生事故的重要环节.相对于传统的人工凿除洞门,直削始发时刀盘直接切割洞门,避免了掌子面土体形成临空面,从而降低了施工风险.以郑州某地铁区间隧道工程盾构直削始发为例,采用Midas GTS NX有限元软件,考虑洞门破除及盾构动态掘进的影响,对盾构直削始发时围护结构变形、土体变形和周围管线变形等进行了计算分析,验证了盾构端头直削始发方案的合理性.为验证数值模拟的可靠性,将数值计算结果和现场监测结果进行了对比分析,对比结果显示二者的变化规律一致,表明数值模拟结果合理.

不均匀地层中刚性桩复合地基变形及加固措施分析

刚性桩复合地基凭借其工后沉降小、施工周期短、整体稳定性强、社会经济效益高等优势,逐渐得到广泛应用,但也伴随着一些工程问题,如在不均匀地层下刚性桩复合地基路堤容易出现稳定性问题。本文针对不均匀地层下刚性桩复合地基典型工程案例展开研究,采用有限元软件建立三维模型,揭示改进方案前后不均匀地层下刚性桩复合地基的变形规律,研究3种加固方式对于刚性桩复合地基稳定性的增强效果。结果表明:不均匀地层下刚性桩复合地基会产生偏应力进而引起路堤差异沉降,结构稳定性较差,改进方案可以有效降低路堤沉降,提高结构整体稳定性,横梁加固可以有效提高刚性桩复合地基的水平稳定性。

西安湿陷性黄土地区狭长深基坑变形分析

为了探究西安地铁车站深基坑开挖过程中桩体侧移、地表沉降等时空演变规律,以西安地区某地铁车站深基坑为工程背景,同时收集了该地区2#、3#、4#线20个狭长基坑的实测数据,并对其进行统计分析。结果表明:地铁基坑围护结构最大侧移δhm=0.04%H~0.10%H(H为开挖深度),平均值为0.06%H,最大侧移位置深度为0.7H;地表最大沉降值δvm=0.036%H~0.116%H,主要影响区在1.4H范围以内;高斯函数模型可以预测西安地区的地表沉降,其影响范围为3.5H;在特定范围内,提高支护桩的刚度和插入比可以有效控制基坑变形。研究结果可为西安市其他地铁车站基坑支护结构的设计与施工提供借鉴。

盖挖法地铁基坑施工对围护结构及其与立柱差异沉降影响

本文依托武汉地铁12号线中一路站基坑工程,采用Plaxis3D有限元软件建立数值模型,研究不同施工阶段地连墙水平位移、地表沉降和地连墙与立柱差异沉降的影响及变化规律;与明挖法相比,采用主体结构多次分段浇筑并架设内支撑方法对原方案进行优化分析。结果表明:随着基坑的开挖,地连墙水平位移和地表沉降逐渐增大,而地连墙与立柱的差异沉降呈现波动变化;与明挖法进行对比,盖挖法可有效控制基坑变形和降低对周边环境的影响;随着分段浇筑的层数和支撑道数的增加,基坑变形有减小的趋势,地连墙与立柱的差异沉降依旧呈现波动变化,当每个楼板间分3层浇筑且中间架设两道撑时,地连墙最大水平位移可减少22.47%左右,最大地表沉降可减少19.01%左右,本文得到的结论可为类似工程的设计和施工提供参考。

桩撑式支护基坑通用弹性地基梁分析法

弹性地基梁法常用于模拟分析桩撑(锚)式支护基坑在开挖、设撑等施工工况中变形和受力的变化。目前利用该方法对某工况基坑分析时,首先要将整个支护桩在支撑处划分为若干个桩段,然后利用相邻桩段交界处的位移连续条件和受力平衡条件,推导出相应的待定参数方程,之后再利用求出的待定参数分析支护体系(基坑)的变形和受力。由于不同施工工况对应的支撑数和桩段数不同,因此该方法必须根据不同工况重新推导各自的参数方程,从而导致计算过程繁杂,难以形成通用计算公式和方法,也不易编程等问题。通过将支撑与桩段归纳为3种基本连接形式(即支撑分别相连于桩顶、相邻两桩段之间和坑底),本文建立了相邻两个桩段间待定参数的递推公式,进而推导出了适用于内支撑和锚索支撑形式、任意支撑道数、开挖或设撑工况的通用待定参数方程。该方程仅含4个参数,远少于现有方法且易于求解。文中算例结果验证了本文方法的合理性和可行性。

基坑开挖卸荷对侧方隧道的影响研究——以南京市某地铁车站基坑开挖为例

为研究基坑土体开挖卸荷对围护结构、墙后土体变形以及隧道的影响,针对南京地区地铁车站基坑开挖对侧方既有隧道的影响进行研究,借助有限元软件ABAQUS建立二维隧道-基坑数值模型,重点对隧道水平和竖向位移、隧道结构应力、支护桩水平位移以及基坑周边地表沉降进行分析。研究表明,由于拱顶处混凝土厚度较薄,抵抗变形能力较差,水平位移最大值出现在南侧隧道拱顶位置,基坑开挖过程中,第二和第三层土体开挖对隧道竖向位移影响最大;隧道结构的拉应力整体上随基坑开挖的进展呈现逐渐增加的趋势,第二层土体开挖对隧道结构的拉应力和压应力影响最大;隧道的存在会在一定程度上提高周围土体的刚度,使得土体变形减小,支护桩水平位移曲线呈现“两端小,中间大”,受隧道的“遮挡效应”影响,近隧道水平位移小于远隧道侧;基坑开挖过程中地表沉降变形形态呈“凹槽型”,隧道结构的存在能有效控制近隧道侧地表变形。

相邻深基坑开挖相互影响及变形控制研究

以北京城市副中心站综合交通枢纽项目大铁深基坑和02B区深基坑分期开挖为研究对象,采用有限元软件建立了局部精细化模型,对相邻深基坑开挖的变形特性和影响因素进行了研究,并提出了深基坑变形控制措施。研究结果表明,在相邻深基坑近接施工过程中,先开挖的深基坑呈向后开挖深基坑方向移动的趋势,而坑间土地表沉降变形从凹槽形变为双峰形;根据拟合出的变形曲线斜率,可以将相邻深基坑近接施工影响分区划分为:d<2h为强影响区,2h≤d<4h为次影响区,4h≤d<6h为弱影响区,d≥6h为无影响区;为了确保深基坑群施工的整体稳定性,最优开挖顺序是同步开挖,如需分步开挖应优先开挖支护结构刚度较大、支护力度较强的深基坑;该工程可通过及时在逆作区架设上斜撑来实现变形控制的目的。

高速公路拼接段沉降变形特性及地基处理研究

为了提高高速公路改扩建项目的设计水平,依托某高速公路项目,利用有限元软件ANSYS建立平面计算模型,探讨了填土高度、加宽宽度、土基压缩模量等参数对路基表面各监测点沉降的影响及新旧路基不均匀沉降变化趋势;对水泥搅拌桩和挤密碎石桩两种地基处理方案开展技术性、经济性比选。研究成果表明:高速公路拼接段的路基不均匀沉降随填土高度和加宽宽度的增加而增加,随土基压缩模量的提高而降低,且水泥搅拌桩处理地基的性价比更好。

基于数值模拟的风化层单桩承载特性研究

为了探究风化层中桩基承载特性,采用数值模拟技术建立了桩-土离散单元模型,对单桩的承载特性以及桩周土的细观力学行为进行了分析。结果表明单桩与周围土体之间存在复杂的相互作用,利用数值仿真计算可以得到桩周土的位移场和应力分布特征;在荷载增加过程中,土体发生剪胀效应和应力集中,导致单桩承载性能衰减;单桩的承载性能随桩径增大而明显提高;桩周土的压缩系数在沉降值超过6 mm时发生突变,计算结果对于预测土体变形特性具有一定的指导意义。数值模拟结果为风化层中桩基的承载性能分析提供了理论支持。

基于逆有限元的基坑围护桩等效水平位移监测方法

针对传统工程测量方法在深基坑围护桩形变监测中存在的局限性,提出了一种基于逆有限元的应力等效几何形变监测方法。该方法通过获取围护桩钢筋笼的轴向应力,采用逆有限元算法建立相关关系模型,等效求解围护桩在受土体等压力下产生的几何形变,并且通过模拟和实例对模型进行验证。试验结果表明,在不同的工况下,逆有限元关系模型均能实现桩体位移量的等效转换,且具有很好的精确度和稳健性。本文方法弥补了传统监测方法在结构内部监测中的不足,为深基坑围护桩等地下空间变形监测提供了一种思路,对监测工作自动化与科学预测形变有积极的推动作用。