In just one and half minutes,more than fifty thousand died due to the 7.7 and 7.6 magnitude earthquakes that struck Turkey’s southeast on February 6,2023;thousands of families who barely escaped struggled to survive ...In just one and half minutes,more than fifty thousand died due to the 7.7 and 7.6 magnitude earthquakes that struck Turkey’s southeast on February 6,2023;thousands of families who barely escaped struggled to survive in the freezing weather.A warm shelter was the most basic requirement of these families.Container buildings are a rapid and easy solution to this issue.However,there is a need for a more effective and safe heating option than a wood fire for these buildings.In this study,cabin heaters,which allow truck drivers to warm up when they park their vehicles to sleep,are specially optimized for emergency shelters after an earthquake.An optimized fuzzy controller was developed to use in such buildings,which allows an air–fuel ratio in the combustion chamber of the cabin heater to be controlled adaptively based on system dynamics to get lower carbon emissions and fuel consumption.The TRNSYS software was used to establish the transient simulation model of a cabin heater with a capacity of 4 kW for a typical 21 m^(2) shelter building in Turkey’s cold regions.The developed fuzzy controller carried out the heating process of this shelter from the 15th of November to the 15th of March.Instead of using expert knowledge,the Gray Wolf Optimization(GWO)method was applied to optimize the fuzzy controller parameters developed for the cabin heater.With the optimized fuzzy controller,the fuel consumption at the end of the heating season was reduced by an average of 0.2 L/h,and the cabin heater’s efficiency increased by more than 13%.Our simulation results show that the intelligent controller we developed could improve diesel fuel combustion efficiency by up to 85%.展开更多
Soil reinforcement of tree roots is the main mechanical effect of shelter-forest on soil stability and slope protection, and the traction effect of lateral roots plays an important role in this concern in mountainous ...Soil reinforcement of tree roots is the main mechanical effect of shelter-forest on soil stability and slope protection, and the traction effect of lateral roots plays an important role in this concern in mountainous areas. The magnetite of this role rises positively with the tensile strength of the roots in the soil. This study developed a mechanical model of relationship between the tensile strength of roots and the traction effect used in pine forests. The results showed that the tensile strength of the pines mostly lays in a range of 5～25MPa, and decreased with diameter of the roots. In the depth interval of 0～60cm, the density of lateral roots of the three pines is relatively high, and the roots are able to increase the tensile strength of the rooted soil by 6 85～9 50 kPa, through traction effect. Though the strength of the pine roots and its role in increasing strength of the rooted soil are significant, the strength of the pines is lower than those of some broad leaved trees. This means that the pines have certain limitation on their role of shallow slope stability.展开更多
文摘In just one and half minutes,more than fifty thousand died due to the 7.7 and 7.6 magnitude earthquakes that struck Turkey’s southeast on February 6,2023;thousands of families who barely escaped struggled to survive in the freezing weather.A warm shelter was the most basic requirement of these families.Container buildings are a rapid and easy solution to this issue.However,there is a need for a more effective and safe heating option than a wood fire for these buildings.In this study,cabin heaters,which allow truck drivers to warm up when they park their vehicles to sleep,are specially optimized for emergency shelters after an earthquake.An optimized fuzzy controller was developed to use in such buildings,which allows an air–fuel ratio in the combustion chamber of the cabin heater to be controlled adaptively based on system dynamics to get lower carbon emissions and fuel consumption.The TRNSYS software was used to establish the transient simulation model of a cabin heater with a capacity of 4 kW for a typical 21 m^(2) shelter building in Turkey’s cold regions.The developed fuzzy controller carried out the heating process of this shelter from the 15th of November to the 15th of March.Instead of using expert knowledge,the Gray Wolf Optimization(GWO)method was applied to optimize the fuzzy controller parameters developed for the cabin heater.With the optimized fuzzy controller,the fuel consumption at the end of the heating season was reduced by an average of 0.2 L/h,and the cabin heater’s efficiency increased by more than 13%.Our simulation results show that the intelligent controller we developed could improve diesel fuel combustion efficiency by up to 85%.
文摘Soil reinforcement of tree roots is the main mechanical effect of shelter-forest on soil stability and slope protection, and the traction effect of lateral roots plays an important role in this concern in mountainous areas. The magnetite of this role rises positively with the tensile strength of the roots in the soil. This study developed a mechanical model of relationship between the tensile strength of roots and the traction effect used in pine forests. The results showed that the tensile strength of the pines mostly lays in a range of 5～25MPa, and decreased with diameter of the roots. In the depth interval of 0～60cm, the density of lateral roots of the three pines is relatively high, and the roots are able to increase the tensile strength of the rooted soil by 6 85～9 50 kPa, through traction effect. Though the strength of the pine roots and its role in increasing strength of the rooted soil are significant, the strength of the pines is lower than those of some broad leaved trees. This means that the pines have certain limitation on their role of shallow slope stability.
