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Digital Cross-Correlation Detection of Multi-Laser Beams Measuring System for Wind Field Detection
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作者 Li-Min Zhou Ya-Dong Jiang +1 位作者 Zheng-Yu Zhang Xiao-Lin Sui 《Journal of Electronic Science and Technology》 CAS 2010年第4期366-371,共6页
A cross-correlation detection method to process backscatter signals of multi-laser beams measuring (MLBM) is presented, which can be firstly filtered by the digital filter composed of average median filter and finit... A cross-correlation detection method to process backscatter signals of multi-laser beams measuring (MLBM) is presented, which can be firstly filtered by the digital filter composed of average median filter and finite impulse response (FIR) digital filter. The processing of backscatter signals using single-pulse and three-pulse cross-correlation detection methods is depicted in detail. From calculation results, the multi-pulse cross-correlation detection could effectively improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Finally, both wind velocity and direction are determined by the peak-delay method based on the correlation function which shows high measuring precision and high SNR of the MLBM system with the assistance of the digital cross- correlation detection. 展开更多
关键词 Cross-correlation detection digital filter multi-laser beams measuring system signal processing signal to noise ratio.
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A fast emittance measurement unit for high intensity DC beam
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作者 张艾霖 任海涛 +7 位作者 彭士香 张滔 徐源 张景丰 温佳美 武文斌 郭之虞 陈佳洱 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2018年第2期446-449,共4页
A combined unit, which has the ability to measure the current and emittance of the high intensity direct current(DC)ion beam, is developed at Peking University(PKU). It is a multi-slit single-wire(MSSW)-type bea... A combined unit, which has the ability to measure the current and emittance of the high intensity direct current(DC)ion beam, is developed at Peking University(PKU). It is a multi-slit single-wire(MSSW)-type beam emittance meter combined with a water-cooled Faraday Cup, named high intensity beam emittance measurement unit-6(HIBEMU-6). It takes about 15 seconds to complete one measurement of the beam current and its emittance. The emittance of a 50-mA@50-kV DC proton beam is measured. 展开更多
关键词 emittance measurement high intensity DC beam MSSW
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Improvement of Beam Energy Measurement System for BES-III
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作者 Jianyong Zhang Xiao Cai +4 位作者 Xiaohu Mochizuki Muchnoi Nickolai Achasov Mikhail Elena Abakumova Harris Fred 《World Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology》 2016年第4期261-283,共23页
The beam energy measurement system is significant and profit for both BES-III detector and BEPC-II accelerator. The detection of the high energy scattering photons is realized by virtue of the Compton backscattering p... The beam energy measurement system is significant and profit for both BES-III detector and BEPC-II accelerator. The detection of the high energy scattering photons is realized by virtue of the Compton backscattering principle. Many advanced techniques and precise instruments are employed to acquire the highly accurate measurement of positron/electron beam energy. During five years’ running period, in order to satisfy the requirement of data taking and enhance the capacity of measurement itself, the upgradation of system is continued, which involves the components reformation of laser and optics subsystem, replacement of view-port of the laser to vacuum insertion subsystem, the usage of electric cooling system for high purity germanium detector, and the refinement of data acquisition and processing subsystem. The upgrading of system guarantees the smooth and effective measuring of beam energy at BEPC-II and accommodates the accurate offline energy values for further physics analysis at BES-III. 展开更多
关键词 LASER HPGe Detector beam Energy Measurement
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An Adaptive Fast Multipole Higher Order Boundary Element Method for Power Frequency Electric Field of Substation 被引量:2
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作者 张占龙 邓军 +2 位作者 肖冬萍 何为 唐炬 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2010年第3期144-147,共4页
An adaptive fast multipole higher order boundary element method combining fast multipole (FM) with a higher order boundary element method is studied to solve the power frequency electric field (PFEF) of substation... An adaptive fast multipole higher order boundary element method combining fast multipole (FM) with a higher order boundary element method is studied to solve the power frequency electric field (PFEF) of substations. In this new technique, the iterative equation solver GMRES is used in the FM, where matrix-vector multiplications are calculated using fast multipole expansions. The coefficients in the preconditioner for GMRES are stored and are used repeatedly in the direct evaluations of the near-field contributions. Then a 500kV outdoor substation is modeled and the PFEF of the substation is analyzed by the novel algorithm and other conventional methods. The results show that, in computational cost and the storages capability aspects, the algorithm proposed in this study has obvious advantages. It is suitable for the calculation of the large-scale PFEF in complex substations and the design of electromagnetic compatibility. 展开更多
关键词 Computational physics Accelerators beams and electromagnetism Instrumentation and measurement
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Measurement of Electron-Drift Velocity in Ar+CH4 Mixtures Using Double-Grid Method 被引量:1
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作者 张家国 张国辉 陈金象 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2009年第11期41-44,共4页
Based on analyzing the induced signals from the double-grids of an ionization chamber, the electron-drift time between the two grids is determined and the electron-drift velocity is derived. A waveform digitizer is em... Based on analyzing the induced signals from the double-grids of an ionization chamber, the electron-drift time between the two grids is determined and the electron-drift velocity is derived. A waveform digitizer is employed to record pulses from the two grids of the ionization chamber. The electron-drift velocity is measured as a function of the reduced electric field E/p for eight different ratios of Ar+CH4 mixtures. By analyzing the experimental data of this study, self-consistency of experimental data is achieved, and formulae for calculating electron-drift velocity in any ratio of Ar+CH4 mixtures are obtained. 展开更多
关键词 ACCELERATORS beams and electromagnetism Nuclear physics Instrumentation and measurement Plasma physics Particle physics and field theory
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Challenges in developing polymer flocculants to improve bitumen quality in non.aqueous extraction processes:an experimental study
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作者 Daniel V.Dixon Stanislav R.Stoyanov +2 位作者 Yuming Xu Hongbo Zeng Joao B.P.Soares 《Petroleum Science》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2020年第3期811-821,共11页
Western Canada’s oil sands hold the third-largest hydrocarbon deposits in the world.Bitumen,a very heavy petroleum,is currently recovered by surface mining with warm water or in situ.Recovery processes that use organ... Western Canada’s oil sands hold the third-largest hydrocarbon deposits in the world.Bitumen,a very heavy petroleum,is currently recovered by surface mining with warm water or in situ.Recovery processes that use organic solvents are being developed to reduce water usage and tailings production.While solvent-based methods can effectively extract bitumen,removal of residual fine solids from diluted bitumen product(DBP)to meet the pipeline transport requirement of<0.5 wt%solids and water in DBP remains a major challenge.We propose a novel area of application of polymer flocculants for fine solids removal from DBP.In principle,polymer flocculants can be applied to help remove these residual solids in conjunction with physical separation processes to increase process effectiveness and energy efficiency.Several polymers are selected and screened for flocculation behavior using kaolinite suspended in DBP and toluene,as a model system.Focused beam reflectance measurements and force tensiometer techniques are used to determine flocculation and sedimentation in DBP.The observed flocculation and sedimentation rate enhancements indicate that the polymers tested have only minor effects,providing opportunities for advanced polymer development.These findings exemplify the challenges in identifying polymers that may be effective as flocculants in heavy petroleum media. 展开更多
关键词 Non-aqueous extraction Diluted bitumen Oil-soluble polymer flocculants Sedimentation in dark and opaque media Focused beam reflectance measurements
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Theoretical Design of a 104MHz Ladder Type IH-RFQ Accelerator
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作者 聂元存 陆元荣 +5 位作者 陈佳洱 颜学庆 高淑丽 朱昆 刘克新 郭之虞 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2010年第11期47-50,共4页
Beam dynamics and rf designs of a 104 MHz ladder type IH-RFQ (L-IH-RFQ) accelerator are finished at Peking University for the acceleration of 14C+ from 40 keV to 500 keV. As a specific feature, the output beam ener... Beam dynamics and rf designs of a 104 MHz ladder type IH-RFQ (L-IH-RFQ) accelerator are finished at Peking University for the acceleration of 14C+ from 40 keV to 500 keV. As a specific feature, the output beam energy spread is as low as 0.6% achieved with the internal discrete bunching method, which makes potential applications of RFQ feasible, such as accelerator mass spectrometry and ion implantation. Tolerances of the beam dynamics design are studied by means of changing the input beam parameters, and the results are quite satisfying. On the other hand, the L-IH-RFQ structure is employed, taking advantage of its mechanical stability and the absence of inter-electrode voltage asymmetry. Radio-frequency properties are studied and optimized for reducing power loss with Microwave Studio (MWS). Tuning of the field flatness and frequency is investigated in principle. 展开更多
关键词 ACCELERATORS beams and electromagnetism Nuclear physics Instrumentation and measurement Particle physics and field theory
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High Power THz Undulator Radiation from Linear Accelerator
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作者 林栩凌 张建兵 +4 位作者 卢裕 雒峰 陆善良 俞铁民 戴志敏 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2010年第4期107-109,共3页
A 30-MeV femto-second electron linac is built at the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, which can produce high power, coherent THz undulator radiation. We report the experimental facility and measurement of the po... A 30-MeV femto-second electron linac is built at the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, which can produce high power, coherent THz undulator radiation. We report the experimental facility and measurement of the power, frequency spectrum. First experiments show the averaged power at THz to be about 20mW. 展开更多
关键词 ACCELERATORS beams and electromagnetism Nuclear physics Instrumentation and measurement Particle physics and field theory
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Progress in AMS Measurement of 182Hf at CIAE
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作者 董克君 何明 +23 位作者 李振宇 王祥高 李朝历 游曲波 包轶文 武绍勇 沈洪涛 管永精 张伟 凡金龙 杨磊 孙宏清 丁有钱 贺国珠 李世琢 龚杰 何贤文 陆丽燕 王伟 胡跃明 袁坚 张生栋 常永福 姜山 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2010年第11期27-30,共4页
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is one of the most promising methods to detect minute amounts of 182Hf. However, the sensitivity of 5×10^-11 for ^182Hf/180Hf obtained previously by the AMS method at China I... Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is one of the most promising methods to detect minute amounts of 182Hf. However, the sensitivity of 5×10^-11 for ^182Hf/180Hf obtained previously by the AMS method at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) cannot meet the requirement of some applications. We present some new improvements of measurement method for AMS measurement of 182Hf at the CIAE HI?13 tandem accelerator system. As a result, a sensitivity of 1.0×10^-11 for 182Hf/180Hf is achieved. 展开更多
关键词 ACCELERATORS beams and electromagnetism Nuclear physics Instrumentation and measurement Particle physics and field theory
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Time-Resolved Measurement of Radiatively Heated Iron 2p-3d Transmission Spectra
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作者 赵阳 尚万里 +6 位作者 熊刚 靳奉涛 胡智民 韦敏习 杨国洪 张继彦 杨家敏 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2010年第11期55-58,共4页
An experimental measurement of radiatively heated iron plasma transmission spectra was performed on Shenguang II laser facility. In the measurement, the self?emission spectrum, the backlighting spectrum, and the abso... An experimental measurement of radiatively heated iron plasma transmission spectra was performed on Shenguang II laser facility. In the measurement, the self?emission spectrum, the backlighting spectrum, and the absorption spectrum were imaged with a flat filed grating and recorded on a gated micro channel plate detector to obtain the time-resolved transmission spectra in the range 10-20 ? (approximately 0.6-1.3 keV). Experimental results are compared with the calculation results of an unsolved transition array (UTA) code. The time-dependent relative shift in the positions of the 2p-3d transmission array is interpreted in terms of the plasma temperature variations. 展开更多
关键词 ACCELERATORS beams and electromagnetism Nuclear physics Instrumentation and measurement Plasma physics Particle physics and field theory
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Proton Ratio of HL-2A Bucket Ion Source
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作者 于利明 雷光玖 +10 位作者 曹建勇 杨立梅 姜韶风 韩小玉 张贤明 孙平 邹桂清 卢大伦 刘鹤 江涛 段旭如 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2010年第4期75-78,共4页
For heating the tokamak plasma effectively, the ion source must be capable of producing ions with high proton ratio. The proton ratio, which is found to be more than 65.6% at the ion current of 19.6A with the extracti... For heating the tokamak plasma effectively, the ion source must be capable of producing ions with high proton ratio. The proton ratio, which is found to be more than 65.6% at the ion current of 19.6A with the extraction voltage of 39.6 k V, is measured with an image spectrograph by Doppler shift effect of Balmer-α-radiation spectrum emitted from fast hydrogen particles. The tendency of proton ratio with the ion density in experiment is almost the same as the mode devised by Zhang et al. Okumura et al. only gave the affection of the plasma volume and ion loss area on the proton ratio, but the relationship between the ion density in chamber and the proton ratio was not presented. We give the relationship. 展开更多
关键词 ACCELERATORS beams and electromagnetism Nuclear physics Instrumentation and measurement Plasma physics Particle physics and field theory
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Characterizing THz Coherent Synchrotron Radiation at Femtosecond Linear Accelerator
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作者 林栩凌 张建兵 +4 位作者 卢裕 雒峰 陆善良 俞铁民 戴志敏 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2009年第12期103-105,共3页
The generation and observation of coherent THz synchrotron radiation from femtosecond electron bunches in the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics femtosecond accelerator device is reported. We describe the experimen... The generation and observation of coherent THz synchrotron radiation from femtosecond electron bunches in the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics femtosecond accelerator device is reported. We describe the experiment setup and present the first result of THz radiation properties such as power and spectrum. 展开更多
关键词 ACCELERATORS beams and electromagnetism Nuclear physics Instrumentation and measurement Optics quantum optics and lasers Particle physics and field theory
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Proton Acceleration with Nano-Scale Micro-Structured Target by Circularly Polarized Laser Pulse
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作者 金张英 沈百飞 +5 位作者 张晓梅 王凤超 温猛 吉亮亮 徐建彩 王文鹏 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2009年第12期179-182,共4页
Two dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are taken to study the interaction of a circularly polarized laser pulse with a nano-scale micro-structured target. The protons which are doped in the rear side of the targ... Two dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are taken to study the interaction of a circularly polarized laser pulse with a nano-scale micro-structured target. The protons which are doped in the rear side of the target experience the electrostatic fields caused by both the radiation pressure driven shock and the target normal sheath at the rear side of the target. A quasimonoenergetic proton bunch with central energy of about 11MeV and energy spread of &#8710; ε/ε about 0.18 is achieved by using a 3.45×1019 W/cm2, 66fs laser pulse. A comparison with the case of linearly polarized laser pulse and the same target condition is considered. 展开更多
关键词 ACCELERATORS beams and electromagnetism Nuclear physics Instrumentation and measurement Optics quantum optics and lasers Plasma physics Particle physics and field theory
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Study on direct point spread function measurement of capillary plate collimators with divergent X-ray beams
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作者 Tianming Li Tao Luo +2 位作者 Yupeng Xu Huilin He Liming Song 《Radiation Detection Technology and Methods》 CSCD 2023年第3期321-336,共16页
Purpose The Filed of View(FOV)of eXTP/LAD is limited by lead-glass capillary plate collimators placed in front of the Silicon Drift Detectors(SDDs)for reducing the background contamination caused by the photons of Cos... Purpose The Filed of View(FOV)of eXTP/LAD is limited by lead-glass capillary plate collimators placed in front of the Silicon Drift Detectors(SDDs)for reducing the background contamination caused by the photons of Cosmic X-ray Background(CXB)leaking from outside the FOV.The core quality parameters of lead-glass capillary plate collimators are Open Area Ratio(OAR)and FOV.The performance of lead-glass capillary plate collimators is determined by its design specification such as pore-to-pore misalignment,pore perpendicularity with collimator surface and pore diameter.Since the design specification is the result of a large number of micropores,we use the full width at half maximum(FWHM)and peak value of point spread function(PSF)to characterize the capillary plate collimator performance.In order to quickly evaluate the performances of collimators,we developed a direct PSF measurement method using divergent beams.Methods In this paper,the simulation package of the divergent beamsmeasurement setup is developed based on Geant4.The simulation parameters of scintillator absorption length are corrected by experimental data.We simulate the PSF of collimators with different distribution of pore diameter and misalignment by parallel beams and divergent beams.By comparing the peak value and FWHM of collimators PSF,the feasibility in replacing parallel beams measurement with divergent beams measurement is studied.Results It is verified that the influence of the geometric size of 33μm radius of the micro-focus of X-ray tube can be ignored.The results show that the FWHM of collimators is increased with error root mean square error(RMS)of the distribution of collimators pore diameter and pore inclination angle.The peak value of PSF is mainly influenced by pore non-parallelism of the pores,and it decreases with an increase in pore inclination angle.Comparison of parallel beams PSF and divergent beams PSF shows well consistency of peak value and FWHM of collimator.But,the peak value of the divergent beams PSF is mainly affected by the defects of the pores close to the optical axis and result in difference from the parallel beams results consequently.We have developed capillary plate collimators response function based on the projected area function of a cylindrical pore and the fluorescence broadening of the scintillator and fitted PSF by response function.The capillary plate collimator open area ratio is calculated by using the micropores radius and collimator frame thickness obtained by fitting parameter,and the result is close to the parallel beams PSF.Conclusion The feasibility divergent beams measurement is verified. 展开更多
关键词 GEANT4 EXTP/LAD Capillary plate collimators Divergent X-ray beams measurment
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Assessment of Primordial Radionuclides in Pakistani Red Bricks and Associated Radiation Doses
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作者 K. Khan A. Jabbar +2 位作者 P. Akhter M. Tufail H. M. Khan 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2010年第3期343-346,共4页
Specific activity of primordial radionuclides and associated radiation hazards due to 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th have been measured in backed red brick samples, collected from five highly populated areas of the North West ... Specific activity of primordial radionuclides and associated radiation hazards due to 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th have been measured in backed red brick samples, collected from five highly populated areas of the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. For the detection, analysis and data acquisition, a high purity germanium detector was used. Associated external doses were calculated using a Monte Carlo neutron photon transport code. A theoretical model to determine the gamma dose rate at 1 m height from the floor, made of bricks, was employed for the calculation of mass attenuation coefficient and self-absorption in the floor for the gamma energies of these radionuclides and their progeny. Monte Carlo simulation shows that in this study the floor, having more than an effective thickness of 15 cm, contributes very little to the external gamma dose rate. The values of the external dose rate and annual effective dose are found to be much lower than the world average as well as from other countries of the world. 展开更多
关键词 ACCELERATORS beams and electromagnetism Nuclear physics Instrumentation and measurement Environmental and Earth science Particle physics and field theory Astrophysics and astroparticles
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Beam Measurement Using Digital Technology
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作者 黄国庆 叶恺容 《Chinese Physics C》 SCIE CAS CSCD 北大核心 2008年第z1期142-144,共3页
Recently many accelerator parameters are measured by using the digital technology.A data acquisition circuit board adopting software radio technology has been developed.With this circuit board and RF front-end produce... Recently many accelerator parameters are measured by using the digital technology.A data acquisition circuit board adopting software radio technology has been developed.With this circuit board and RF front-end produced i-tech company one can comprise the BPM system.A bunch length monitor composed of the circuit board,power splitter, mix,and band filter has been examined for the bunch length measurement of HLS.The data acquisition circuit board can be further improved,for example,the Ethernet can substitute VME;direct high frequency sampling can substitute medium frequency sampling;using large FPGA.Those will further improve the performance of the data acquisition system,and be the goal of developing this system in the future. 展开更多
关键词 beam measurement digital technology BPM bunch length
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Electro-optical sampling non-synchronous delay scanning measurement of electron beam bunch length at BFEL 被引量:1
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作者 孙大睿 徐金强 陈森玉 《Chinese Physics C》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2010年第2期227-230,共4页
The Electro-optical sampling delay scanning technique can be used for electron beam bunch length measurement. A novel non-synchronous delay scanning technique based on the electro-optical sampling measurements is pres... The Electro-optical sampling delay scanning technique can be used for electron beam bunch length measurement. A novel non-synchronous delay scanning technique based on the electro-optical sampling measurements is presented. Based on Beijing Free Electron Laser (BFEL), the electron beam bunch length was measured with the electro-optical sampling technique for the first time in China. The result shows that the electron beam bunch length at BFEL is about 5.6±1.2 ps. 展开更多
关键词 electro-optical sampling measurement of electron beam bunch length non-synchronous delay scanning technique
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Investigate the nonuniformity of low-energy electron beam with large cross-sections 被引量:1
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作者 REN Jie HUANG JianMing +2 位作者 ZHANG YuTian LI DeMing ZHU NanKang 《Science China(Technological Sciences)》 SCIE EI CAS 2012年第4期997-1000,共4页
Over the past decades, low-energy electron accelerators have been used worldwide for surface curing and sterilization. The beam nonuniformity is an important parameter of the low-energy electron beam with large cross-... Over the past decades, low-energy electron accelerators have been used worldwide for surface curing and sterilization. The beam nonuniformity is an important parameter of the low-energy electron beam with large cross-sections. A simple and accurate measurement system of nonuniformity for the low-energy electron beam with large cross-sections was developed. The main concept consists in the measurement of nonuniformity, which is realized by using a linear actuator to drive two scanning wires through the beam's cross-sections at a fixed speed. The beam distribution can be obtained by sending/collecting the current signals to/from the Data Acquisition (DAQ) software on a laptop by a USB DAQ card. This device is very convenient for the performance testing of a new accelerator at the manufacturer's site. The distribution of the homemade low voltage electron accelerator EBS-300-50 was measured and evaluated. 展开更多
关键词 low-energy electron beam large cross-sections electron beam industry accelerator beam nonuniformity measurement
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Upgrade of beam energy measurement system at BEPC-Ⅱ
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作者 张建勇 蔡啸 +9 位作者 莫晓虎 郭迪舟 王建力 刘佰奇 M.N.Achasov A.A.Krasnov N.Yu.Muchnoi E.E.Pyata E.V.Mamoshkina F.A.Harris 《Chinese Physics C》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2016年第7期90-99,共10页
The beam energy measurement system is of great importance for both BEPC-II accelerator and BES-III detector. The system is based on measuring the energies of Compton back-scattered photons. In order to meet the requir... The beam energy measurement system is of great importance for both BEPC-II accelerator and BES-III detector. The system is based on measuring the energies of Compton back-scattered photons. In order to meet the requirements of data taking and improve the measurement accuracy, the system has continued to be upgraded, which involves the updating of laser and optics subsystems, replacement of a view-port of the laser to the vacuum insertion subsystem, the use of an electric cooling system for a high purity germanium detector, and improvement of the data acquisition and processing subsystem. The upgrade system guarantees the smooth and efficient measurement of beam energy at BEPC-II and enables accurate offline energy values for further physics analysis at BES-III. 展开更多
关键词 LASER HPGe detector beam energy measurement
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The beam-based calibration of an X-ray pinhole camera at SSRF
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作者 冷用斌 黄国庆 +3 位作者 张满洲 陈之初 陈杰 叶恺容 《Chinese Physics C》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2012年第1期80-83,共4页
A pinhole camera for imaging X-ray synchrotron radiation from a dipole magnet is now in operation at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) storage ring.The electron beam size is derived by unfolding the... A pinhole camera for imaging X-ray synchrotron radiation from a dipole magnet is now in operation at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) storage ring.The electron beam size is derived by unfolding the radiation image and the point spread function (PSF) with deconvolution techniques.The performance of the pinhole is determined by the accuracy of the PSF measurement.This article will focus on a beam-based calibration scheme to measure the PSF system by varying the beam images with different quadrupole settings and fitting them with the corresponding theoretical beam sizes.Applying this method at SSRF,the PSF value of the pinhole is revised from 37 to 44μm.The deviation in beam size between the theoretical value and the measured value isminimized to 4% after calibration.This optimization allows us to observe the horizontal disturbance due to injection down to as small as 0.5μm. 展开更多
关键词 beam diagnostics X-ray pinhole camera point spread function beam size measurement
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