Design of weak current measurement system and research on temperature impact

A dedicated weak current measurement system was designed to measure the weak currents generated by the neutron ionization chamber.This system incorporates a second-order low-pass filter circuit and the Kalman filtering algorithm to effectively filter out noise and minimize interference in the measurement results.Testing conducted under normal temperature conditions has demonstrated the system's high precision performance.However,it was observed that temperature variations can affect the measurement performance.Data were collected across temperatures ranging from -20 to 70℃,and a temperature correction model was established through linear regression fitting to address this issue.The feasibility of the temperature correction model was confirmed at temperatures of -5 and 40℃,where relative errors remained below 0.1% after applying the temperature correction.The research indicates that the designed measurement system exhibits excellent temperature adaptability and high precision,making it particularly suitable for measuring weak currents.

Measurement of the current and spectral analysis on the continental shelf in the East China Sea

Direct measurements of current velocity and water temperature were undertaken at the mooring Sta. M (125°29.38' N, 31°49.70' E) on the continental shelf area in the East China Sea in June 1999 by R/V Xiangyanghong 14. The relationship between various time series of oceanic fluctuations is calculated by spectral analysis. The major results are as follows: (1) an average (u,v) of (6.9,-3.0 cm/s) at the 30 m depth is obtained during the 9-day observation, and that at the 45 m depth is (3.7,-1.1 cm/s), i. e., the mean flows are southeastward at both the 30 and 45 m depths;the currents become stronger gradually during the observation period; this may be mainly attributed to the transition of the tidal currents from neap to spring; (2)semidiurnal fluctuation is the most dominant in the current fluctuations, and rotates mainly clockwise; in the next place, there is also diurnal fluctuation;the local inertial period is close to the period of diurnal fluctuation, and an inertial motion is clockwise; thus, local inertial motion combines with diurnal fluctuation, and makes the spectral peaks in clockwise components much higher than those in counterclockwise ones; except for the fluctuations of above main periods, there is also the peak at 3 d period for counterclockwise compo-nents in the upper and lower layers; (3) the calculation of cross spectra between two time series of current velocities at the 30 and 45 m depths shows that both the current fluctuations at the 30 and 45 m depths are much alike, i. e., they are synchro; this shows that the flow field here is rather vertically homogeneous; (4)power spectra of tempera-ture time series at both the 30 and 45 m depths show that the semidiurnal peak is the most predominant, and the second highest peak is the diurnal period; besides spectral peaks at above periods, there are also obvious spectral peaks at 6.8 h and 2 d; (5)plots of temperature time series at 16 , 30 , 35 , 45 and 50 m depths show that the temporal variations of temperature at these depths are synchro, which are like those in the velocity field; temperature records also show a gradual rise in temperature, which are also like those in the velocity field.

Currents in the Luzon Strait during the spring of 2002: observation and computation by modified inverse model

On the basis of the current measurements at 200,500 and 800 m from moored current meters with the time series data from March 17 to April 15 at the mooring station (20°49′57″N, 120°48′ 12″E) and the hydrographic data obtained in the Luzon Strait during the spring of 2002 cruise, the circulation in the investigated area is computed by using the modified inverse method. The major observed results are as follows: (1) the average velocity and the flow direction in the observing days are (47.4 cm/s, 346°) at the 200 m level. The average velocity in the observing days is (20.3 cm/s, 350? at the 500 m level. These mean that the Kuroshio intrudes into the South Chin Sea to flow northwestward through the Luzon Strait at 200 and 500 m levels. (2) The average velocity in the observing days is (1.2 cm/s, 35°) at the 800 m level, i. e., its direction is northeastward. This means that the flow condition at the 800 m level very differs from mat at the 200 and 500 m levels. (3) There is the high density and cold water (HDCW) in the middle of western part of in the investigated region, and its center is located near the hydrological station 3 at Section A. (4) There is the lower density and warm water (LDWW) in the southeastern part of investigated region. (5) The currents in April 2002 are stronger than those in March 2002.The major computed results are as follows: (1) The northwestward and southeastward VTs through Section B are 32.48×106 m3/s (inclusive of VT of anticyclonic eddy) and 3.34×106m3/s, respectively. The net northwestward VT through Section B in the investigated area is about 29.14×106 m3/s. (2) The eastern and western VTs through Section A are about 16.71×106 and 8.57×106 m3/s, respectively. Thus, the net eastward VT through Section A is about 8.14×106 m3/s. (3) The net northward VT through Section M is about 24.68×106 m3/s. (4) After about 24.68×106 m3/s flows through Section M, most of it, about 16.54×106 m3/s, flows northward through the eastern part of Section C and then flows northward into the region east Taiwan Island. The other part of it, about 8.14×106 m3/s, branches out from the main Kuroshio and then flows meanderingly through the western part of Section C. Thus, the Kuroshio has the two cores of current at Section C. (5) The direction of the computed current near the mooring station M agrees with the direction of the current measurements at 200 and 500 m from moored current meters, i.e., their directions both are northwestward. (6) About 3.34×106 m3/s of the South Chin Sea water probably flows slowly from the northwest to the southeast in the layer below 550 m at the western part of Section B.

Simulation of Current Measurement Using Magnetic Sensor Arrays and Its Error Model

Magnetic sensor arrays are proposed to measure electric current in a non-contact way. In order to achieve higher accuracy, signal processing techniques for magnetic sensor arrays are utilized. Simulation techniques are necessary to study the factors influencing the accuracy of current measurement. This paper presents a simulation method to estimate the impact of sensing area and position of sensors on the accuracy of current measurement. Several error models are built up to support computer-aided design of magnetic sensor arrays.

Measurement of Current Profile in a Tokamak Through AC Modulation

The plasma current is modulated with an alternating current （ac） component in a frequency range of 90 Hz - 900 Hz in the plateau discharge phase in the CT-6B tokamak. A plasma electric conductivity profile in a form of （1 - r^2/a^2）^α with a parameter α which is fitted with the experimental data, can be determined. The effects of magnetic shear in a tokamak field configuration on the current penetration are taken into account in the numerical simulation. The measurement method and obtained results are discussed.

Investigations of Tracking Phenomena in Silicone Rubber Using Moving Average Current Technique

In the present work, tracking phenomenon in Silicone rubber material has beenstudied under AC and DC voltage, with ammonium chloride as a contaminant. It is observed that thetracking is more severe under the DC voltages. The tracking time is less under negative DC comparedto the positive DC voltage. The tracking mechanism is explained in detail. The leakage currentduring the tracking studies was as measured and the moving average technique was adopted tounderstand the trend in current flow. The leakage current magnitude is high with thermally agedspecimens compared to the virgin specimen, irrespective of the type of applied voltage. It isrealized that the tracking time and the leakage current magnitude shows an inverse relationship.

Dispersion effect on the current voltage characteristic of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors

The current voltage （IV） characteristics are greatly influenced by the dispersion effects in A1GaN/CaN high electron mobility transistors. The direct current （DC） IV and pulsed IV measurements are performed to give a deep investigation into the dispersion effects, which are mainly related to the trap and self-heating mechanisms. The results show that traps play an important role in the kink effects, and high stress can introduce more traps and defects in the device. With the help of the pulsed IV measurements, the trapping effects and self-heating effects can be separated. The impact of time constants on the dispersion effects is also discussed. In order to achieve an accurate static DC IV measurement, the steady state of the bias points must be considered carefully to avoid the dispersion effects.

Export of Greenland Sea water across the Mohn Ridge induced by summer storms

The Mohn Ridge separates the Greenland Sea and the Lofoten Basin.Previous studies identified the export across the Mohn Ridge(EMR)from the Greenland Basin into the Lofoten Basin using water mass analysis and the tracer diffusion method,but there is still lack of direct current measurements.A surface mooring with four current meters was deployed on the Mohn Ridge from June 5 to June 18 in 2015,when three cyclones passed in the adjacent area.In the absence of cyclones,the flow on the Mohn Ridge was northeastward,parallel to the ridge.When cyclones appeared,the EMR occurred to transport Greenland Sea water into the Lofoten Basin.The probable mechanism is the sea level height variation caused by the perturbation of the low pressure of cyclones,which yields an outward pressure gradient force to drive the outflow.Our results suggest that the outflow is intermittent and only happens during cyclone activities.The annual mean volume flux of EMR was roughly estimated by the limited data,which is about 3.8×10^(6)m^(3)/s,a little bit smaller than the estimation based on volume conservation.The results indicate that the contribution of the cyclonic storms to EMR is a greatly important mechanism that potentially influences the global thermohaline circulation through the Greenland-Scotland Ridge overflow.

Tides and short-term variabilities in the Kuroshio west of Yonakuni-jima

Direct current measurements at the mooring station M southwest of Yonakuni-jima are carried out from May 18 to June 1, 1996. The Observed Kuroshio Current at 290 and 594 m depths of the mooring station M is quite steady ddring the pened of Observation. The rotary spectral estimates of the current data by the maximum entropy method show that there are prominent diurnal and semidiurnal spectral peaks. The semidiurnal tide is predominant at 290 m depth while there is the current fluctuation with the inertial period except for the tidal oscillation at 594 m depth. There are also peaks at the pened of 4-7 d. There is a significant coherence between two time series of currents at 290 and 594 m depths in the pened range of 3 - 5 d. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) wind data during the same period as the oceanic measurement are used in comparison with the current meter data. Rotary spectral estimates for the wind data show significant peaks at the period of 3 - 5 d. It is concluded from the cross spectra between the wind and the current that the current fluctuation of 3 - 5 d period at 290 m depth response to the wind fluctuation of the same periods with time lags smaller than 1 d.

Modified sequential importance resampling filter

In order to deal with the particle degeneracy and impov- erishment problems existed in particle filters, a modified sequential importance resampling （MSIR） filter is proposed. In this filter, the resampling is translated into an evolutional process just like the biological evolution. A particle generator is constructed, which introduces the current measurement information （CMI） into the resampled particles. In the evolution, new particles are first pro- duced through the particle generator, each of which is essentially an unbiased estimation of the current true state. Then, new and old particles are recombined for the sake of raising the diversity among the particles. Finally, those particles who have low quality are eliminated. Through the evolution, all the particles retained are regarded as the optimal ones, and these particles are utilized to update the current state. By using the proposed resampling approach, not only the CMI is incorporated into each resampled particle, but also the particle degeneracy and the loss of diver- sity among the particles are mitigated, resulting in the improved estimation accuracy. Simulation results show the superiorities of the proposed filter over the standard sequential importance re- sampling （SIR） filter, auxiliary particle filter and unscented Kalman particle filter.

Estimating the change of porosity in the saturated zone during air sparging

Air sparging is a remedial method for groundwater. The remedial region is similar to the air flow region in the saturated zone. If soil particles are transported during air sparging, the porosity distributions in the saturated zone change, which may alter the flow path of the air. To understand better the particle movement, this study performed a sandbox test to estimate the soil porosity change during air sparging. A clear fracture was formed and the phenomenon of particle movement was observed when the air injection was started. The moved sand filled the porous around the fracture and the reparked sand filled the fracture, reducing the porosity around the fracture. The results obtained from the photographs of the sandbox, the current measurements and the direct sand sample measurements were close to each other and are credible. Therefore, air injection during air sparging causes sand particle movement of sand, altering the characteristic of the sand matrix and the air distribution.

Aripiprazole and Cariprazine for Bipolar Disorder?

In this article, the present author, a research psychologist and measurement expert, evaluates the major clinical trials used to support the use of aripiprazole and the chemically almost identical cariprazine for treating bipolar disorder. The main problem with the trials is that they were conducted mainly with outpatients, who on average were only moderately manic in the mania studies and only moderately depressed in the depression studies. The effectiveness of aripiprazole and cariprazine in treating moderate mania, most likely hypomania, and moderate depression, was far from encouraging. Aripiprazole produced just 7% greater reduction of mania symptoms than did placebo treatment, and just 1% greater reduction of depression symptoms than did placebo treatment when administered, as is common practice, with an SSRI or SNRI antidepressant. Cariprazine proved to be not much better because at the high dosage level of 3.0 mg/day to 12.0 mg/day, cariprazine produced only 9% greater reduction of mania symptoms than did placebo treatment, and at the typical low dosage of 1.5 to 3.0 mg/day produced just 4% greater reduction of depression symptoms than did placebo treatment. Moreover, as the pharmaceutical industry has long suspected, there is a massive placebo effect associated with these two drugs, especially for depression. These findings imply that government regulatory authorities’ approval of aripiprazole and cariprazine as mood stabilizers for treating bipolar disorder is dubious. Nevertheless, the possibility remains that the purported mood-stabilizing mechanism of these two medicines is activated only with patients presently experiencing severe mania or severe depression, a possibility that requires an in-hospital clinical trial or, at the very least, a longitudinal analysis of bipolar patients’ treatment records. Furthermore, an appendix to the present article demonstrates that the measures used in the trials, the Young Mania Rating Scale and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, are deficient and that a briefer combination measure focusing only on the core symptoms of bipolar disorder should be used.

Current measurement method based on magneto-optic rotation effect

Aiming at the approximate measurement of magnetic rotation angle in optical current sensor based on light intensity detection mode,this paper proposes a current measurement method based on triangular constant transformation to reconstruct magnetic rotation angle,so as to avoid the large current measurement error caused by the approximate measurement of the magnetic rotation angle.By extracting the direct current(DC)component and the alternating current(AC)component of the light intensity signal detected by the photoelectric detector(PD),the sine signal containing the magnetic rotation angle is directly obtained by dividing the two components,and then the triangular identity transformation method is used to linearly demodulate the magnetic rotation angle and reconstruct the current waveform.The experimental results show that the relative error of current measurement does not exceed 1.40%in the current range of 0.05—0.50 A,which is less than the approximate linear measurement(ALM)method,and the magnetic rotation angle and the current have a good linear relationship.

Characteristics of Long Air Gap Discharge Current Subjected to Switching Impulse

Measuring the pre-breakdown current of long sparks in air is important for investigating the discharge mechanism.Since the breakdown of long air gaps is conducted by a series of streamer-leader processes,the corresponding current signals cover a bandwidth of 0 to more than 20 MHz.Measurement accuracy of the current from the high voltage side is affected by the displacement current and impulse electromagnetic interference.In this paper,a coaxial current sensor with a DC bandwidth of 74.45 MHz is developed.A displacement current-restrained electrode structure is proposed to reduce the equivalent capacitance between the current sensor and the ground over 30 times.Combined with the digital optical fiber synchronous acquisition unit,a current measurement system for long air gap discharge is established.For the purpose of the UHV system’s external insulation optimization design,the discharge current waveform of a 6 m rod-plane air gap under positive switching impulse voltage with 250µs and 1000µs time to crest is obtained.Discharge images and stressed voltage are combined to analyze the continuous feature of a current waveform under critical time to crest impulse and discontinuous feature under long front duration impulse.For the purposes of a lightning protection study,the current waveform of a 10 m rod-plane air gap is subjected to negative switching impulse.Finally,the pulse characteristics of the current corresponding to the single channel and branching stepped negative leader are discussed.

Accurate surface potential determination in Schottky diodes by the use of a correlated current and capacitance voltage measurements.Application to n-InP

Based on current voltage（I-Vg） and capacitance voltage（C-Vg） measurements,a reliable procedure is proposed to determine the effective surface potential Vd（Vg） in Schottky diodes.In the framework of thermionic emission,our analysis includes both the effect of the series resistance and the ideality factor,even voltage dependent. This technique is applied to n-type indium phosphide（n-InP） Schottky diodes with and without an interfacial layer and allows us to provide an interpretation of the observed peak on the C-Vg measurements.The study clearly shows that the depletion width and the flat band barrier height deduced from C-Vg,which are important parameters directly related to the surface potential in the semiconductor,should be estimated within our approach to obtain more reliable information.