Characterization of Interface State Density of Ni/p-GaN Structures by Capacitance/Conductance-Voltage-Frequency Measurements

For the frequency range of I kHz-lOMHz, the interface state density of Ni contacts on p-GaN is studied using capacitance-voltage （C-V） and conductance-frequency-voltage （G-f-V） measurements at room temperature. To obtain the real capacitance and interface state density of the Ni/p-GaN structures, the effects of the series resistance （Rs） on high-frequency （SMHz） capacitance values measured at a reverse and a forward bias are investigated. The mean interface state densities obtained from the CHF-CLF capacitance and the conductance method are 2 ×1012 e V-1 cm-2 and 0.94 × 1012 eV-1 cm-2, respectively. Furthermore, the interface state density derived from the conductance method is higher than that reported from the Ni/n-GaN in the literature, which is ascribed to a poor crystal quality and to a large defect density of the Mg-doped p-GaN.

MULTIPARAMETER MEASUREMENT FOR RACEWAY GROOVE OF BEARING BASED ON 3D RECONSTRUCTION WITH DIGITAL STRUCTURED LIGHT

A fast 3D reconstruction method based on structured light to measure various parameters of the raceway groove is presented. Digital parallel grating stripes distributed with sine density are projected onto the raceway groove by a DLP projector, and distorting of stripes is happened on the raceway. Simultaneously, aided by three-step phase-shifting approach, three images covered by different stripes are obtained by a high-resolution CCD camera at the same location, thus a more accuracy local topography can be obtained. And then the bearing is rotated on a high precision computer controlled rotational stage. Three images are also obtained as the former step at next planned location triggered by the motor. After one cycle, all images information is combined through the mosaics. As a result, the 3D information of raceway groove can be gained. Not only geometric properties but also surface flaws can be extracted by software. A preliminary hardware system has been built, with which some geometric parameters have been extracted from reconstructed local topography.

Mechanical Analysis and Measurements of a Multicomponent NbTi/Cu Superconducting Magnets Structure for the Fully Superconducting Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source

A fully superconducting electron cyclotron resonance （ECR） ion source （SECRAL ID is currently being built in the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Its key components are three superconducting solenoids （Nb-Ti/Cu） and six superconducting sextupoles （Nb-Ti/Cu）. Different from the conventional supercon- ducting ECR magnetic structure, the SEC17AL Ⅱ includes three superconducting solenoid coils＇ that are located inside the superconducting sextupoles. The SECRAL Ⅱ can significantly reduce the interaction forces between the sextupole and the solenoids, and the magnets can also be more compact in size. For this multi-component SECRAL Ⅱ generating its self field of -8 T and being often exposed to the high self field, the mechanical analysis has become the main issue to keep their stress at 〈200 MPa on coils. The analytical and experimental results in mechanics are presented in the SECRAL Ⅱ structure. To improve the accuracy and efficiency of analysis, according to the composite rule of micromechanics, the equivalent uniform windings are used to simulate the epoxy-impregnated Nb-Ti/Cu coils. In addition, using low temperature strain gauges and a wireless fast strain acquisition system, a fundamental experiment on the based on our analysis, the stresses and deformations optimized. strains developments of a sextupole is reported. Finally, for its assembly of each SECRAL Ⅱ coil will be further

In/Pd-Doped SnO2-Based CO Micro-Structure Sensor with High Sensitivity and Quick Response

In/Pd-doped SnO2 is synthesized via a sol-gel method and coated on a silicon substrate with Pt electrodes to fabricate a micro-structure sensor. The sensor can be used to detect CO down to l ppm （the sensitivity is about 3）, and the response time and recovery time are about 5 and 15 s, respectively. Excellent selectivity is also found based on our sensor. These results demonstrate a promising approach to fabricate high-performance CO sensors with high sensitivity and quick response.

Illumination and Voltage Dependence of Electrical Characteristics of Au/0.03 Graphene-Doped PVA/n-Si Structures via Capacitance/Conductance-Voltage Measurements

Au/n-Si （MS） structures with a high dielectric interlayer （0.03 graphene-doped PVA） are fabricated to investigate the illumination and voltage effects on electrical and dielectric properties by using capacitance-voltage （C-V） and conductance-voltage （G/w-V） measurements at room temperature and at 1 MHz. Some of the main electrical parameters such as concentration of doping atoms （ND）, barrier height （ ФB（ C - V） ）, depletion layer width （WD） and series resistance （Rs） show fairly large illumination dispersion. The voltage-dependent profile of surface states （Nss） and resistance of the structure （Ri ） are also obtained by using the dark-illumination capacitance （Cdark- Cm） and Nicollian-Brews methods, respectively, For a clear observation of changes in electrical parameters with illumination, the values of ND, WD, ФB（O- V） and Rs are drawn as a function of illumination intensity. The values of ND and WD change almost linearly with illumination intensity. On the other hand, Rs decreases almost exponentially with increasing illumination intensity whereas ФB（C - V） increases. The experimental results suggest that the use of a high dielectric interlayer （0.03 graphene-doped PVA） considerably passivates or reduces the magnitude of the surface states. The large change or dispersion in main electrical parameters can be attributed to generation of electron-hole pairs in the junction under illumination and to a good light absorption. All of these experimental results confirm that the fabricated Au/0.03 graphene-doped PVA/n-Si structure can be used as a photodiode or a capacitor in optoelectronic applications.

Overview of the Reports on the Reformation of Personal Income Taxation

Presentation of the reports on the reformation of personal income taxation that have been prepared with a development plan for the Greek economy,that discuss the issue of taxation and point out its important features.The goal is the complete modernization of the tax system,so that it responds more fully to the principles of social justice,contributes to the economic development of the country and is governed by simple and modern procedures,which apply to all tax objects.The purpose of the study is to deepen the proposals for tax reform based on the peculiarities of the Greek economy,the international trends in this field and the weaknesses of the tax system.The effects of a tax reformation are analyzed and how it should take the form of the reform,which,however,requires a new legislation,which will bring about radical and deep cuts,which respond to the new conditions and the internationalization of the economy.Proposals for a set of structural measures,which are necessary for the country’s adaptation to the wider European environment and the elimination of the weaknesses that increase its distance from the other member countries.Citation of the common points of the reports on the reformation of personal income taxation and their adoption by the tax leadership.

Overview and outlook on railway track stiffness measurement

Stiffness is one of the basic performance parameters for railway track. The efficient and accurate stiffness measurement has been considered as the foundation for further development of railway engineering, and therefore has great theoretical and practical significance. Based on a summary of the connotation and measurement of track stiffness, the state of the art of measurement methods for track stiffness was analyzed systematically. The standstill measurement of track stiffness can be performed with the traditional jack-loading method, impact hammer method, FWD （falling weight deflectometer） method, and track loading vehicle method. Although these methods can be adopted in stiffness measurement for a section of railway track, they are not desirable owning to small range and low efficiency. In the recent 20 years, researchers have proposed many methods like unbalancedloading laser displacement method, deflection basin deformation rate method, and eccentricity excitation method to continuously measure track stiffness; however, these methods have drawbacks like poor accuracy, low speed, and insufficient data analysis. In this work, the merits and demerits of these methods were summarized, and optimization suggestions were presented. Based on the wave transmission mechanism and principle of vibration energy harvesting, an overall conception on continuous measurement of stiffness and long-term stiffness monitoring for special sections was proposed.

Investigation on method for measuring dynamic shear modulus of underwater acoustic structure materials

A new method is described to measure the dynamic shear modulus of underwater acoustic structure materials in a small anechoic water tank by using a broadband parametric source, a precise coordinate installation and techniques of signal processing in the frequency range of 20 kHz - 100 kHz. The typical size of material samples is 500×500 mm2. Basic principles, experiment installation and measured results are also presented

Truncation and Rounding-Based Scalable Approximate Multiplier Design for Computer Imaging Applications

Advanced technology used for arithmetic computing application,comprises greater number of approximatemultipliers and approximate adders.Truncation and Rounding-based Scalable ApproximateMultiplier(TRSAM)distinguish a variety of modes based on height(h)and truncation(t)as TRSAM(h,t)in the architecture.This TRSAM operation produces higher absolute error in Least Significant Bit(LSB)data shift unit.A new scalable approximate multiplier approach that uses truncation and rounding TRSAM(3,7)is proposed to increase themultiplier accuracy.With the help of foremost one bit architecture,the proposed scalable approximate multiplier approach reduces the partial products.The proposed approximate TRSAM multiplier architecture gives better results in terms of area,delay,and power.The accuracy of 95.2%and the energy utilization of 24.6 nJ is observed in the proposed multiplier design.The proposed approach shows 0.11%,0.23%,and 0.24%less Mean Absolute Relative Error(MARE)when compared with the existing approach for the input of 8-bit,16-bit,and 32-bit respectively.It also shows 0.13%,0.19%,and 0.2%less Variance of Absolute Relative Error(VARE)when compared with the existing approach for the input of 8-bit,16-bit,and 32-bit respectively.The proposed approach is implemented with Field-Programmable Gate Array(FPGA)and shows the delay of 3.640,6.481,12.505,22.572,and 36.893 ns for the input of 8-bit,16-bit,32-bit,64-bit,and 128-bit respectively.The proposed approach is applied in digital filters designwhich shows the Peak-Signal-to-NoiseRatio(PSNR)of 25.05 dB and Structural Similarity Index Measure(SSIM)of 0.98 with 393 pJ energy consumptions when used in image application.The proposed approach is simulated with Xilinx and MATLAB and implemented with FPGA.

Electromechanical Behavior of Interdigitated SiO2 Cantilever Arrays

Bending and first flexural mode vibration behavior of electrostatic actuated nanometer-sized interdigitated cantilever arrays are characterized under vacuum conditions. The pull-in＇＇ effect in dc driving and the hard spring effect＇＇ in ac driving are observed. A mass sensitivity of 20 fg is expected for our devices due to the ultra-small mass of the arm and relative high Q factor. The mass-spring lump model combined with Green＇s function method is used to fit the dc driving behaviors including the pull-in voltage. For the ac driving case, the polynomial expansion of the capacitive force is used in the model. The successfully fittings of the pull-in voltage and the hard spring effect prove that our simulation method could be used for guiding the geometrical design of cantilever-based sensors.

Multiband nodeless superconductivity near the charge-density-wave quantum critical point in ZrTe(3-x)Sex

It was found that selenium doping can suppress the charge-density-wave（CDW） order and induce bulk superconductivity in ZrTe3. The observed superconducting dome suggests the existence of a CDW quantum critical point（QCP） in ZrTe3-xSex near x ≈ 0.04. To elucidate the superconducting state near the CDW QCP, we measure the thermal conductivity of two ZrTe（3-x）Sex single crystals（x = 0.044 and 0.051） down to 80 m K. For both samples, the residual linear term κ0/T at zero field is negligible, which is a clear evidence for nodeless superconducting gap. Furthermore, the field dependence of κ0/T manifests a multigap behavior. These results demonstrate multiple nodeless superconducting gaps in ZrTe（3-x）Sex,which indicates conventional superconductivity despite of the existence of a CDW QCP.

Performance Analysis of Image Smoothing Techniques on a New Fractional Convolution Mask for Image Edge Detection

We present the analysis of three independent and most widely used image smoothing techniques on a new fractional based convolution edge detector originally constructed by same authors for image edge analysis. The implementation was done using only Gaussian function as its smoothing function based on predefined assumptions and therefore did not scale well for some types of edges and noise. The experiments conducted on this mask using known images with realistic geometry suggested the need for image smoothing adaptation to obtain a more optimal performance. In this paper, we use the structural similarity index measure and show that the adaptation technique for choosing smoothing function has significant advantages over a single function implementation. The new adaptive fractional based convolution mask can smoothly find edges of various types in detail quite significantly. The method can now trap both local discontinuities in intensity and its derivatives as well as locating Dirac edges.

A Structural Measurement of the Valuation Effect of China's External Assets:Method and Application

Existing research on the measurement of the valuation effect mainly follows the residual method proposed by Lane and Milesi-Ferretti(2001).This cannot be used to perform structural decomposition.We propose an aggregation approach rather than the residual method to measure structurally the investment flow and valuation effect of China's external assets.The results indicate that the valuation effect of China's external assets has been highly volatile and it was negative during the pandemic period.The structural decomposition shows that portfolio investment and direct investment made the main contributions to the valuation effect.The impact of exchange rates on the valuation effect has generally been higher than that of asset price in terms of direct investment and total external assets but the opposite has been true for portfolio investment.China's outward investments are currently more inclined to Asian countries and a few European countries but inflows to China still mainly come from developed countries.

Particle Measurement Sensor for in situ determination of phase structure of fluidized bed

Based on three-dimensional （3D） acceleration sensing, an intelligent particle spy capable of detecting, transferring, and storing data, is proposed under the name of Particle Measurement Sensor （PMS）. A prototype 60-mm-dia PMS was tested to track its freefall in terms of velocity and displacement, and served as a particle spy in a fluidized bed delivering the in situ acceleration information it detects. With increasing superficial gas velocity in the fluidized bed, the acceleration felt by PMS was observed to increase. The variance of the signals, which reflect the fluctuation, increased at first, reaching a maximum at the gas velocity （Uc） which marks the transition from bubbling to turbulent fluidization. Through probability density distribution （PDD） analysis, the PDD peak can be divided into the emulsion phase peak and the bubble phase peak. The average acceleration of emulsion and bubble phase increased, while the variance of both phases reached a maximum at Uc, at the same time. However, the difference between the variances of two phases reached the maximum at Uc. Findings of this study indicate that PMS can record independent in situ information. Further, it can provide other in situ measurements when equipped with additional multi-functional sensors.

Structure normal velocity reconstruction withsparse measurement points

To achieve normal velocity reconstruction of a vibrating surface with sparse mea- surement points, a reconstruction method is proposed by exploiting of acoustic radiation modes as expansion functions, which are capable of describing the geometric shape of a vibrating surface. Firstly, acoustic radiation modes of the vibrating surface are calculated and the rela- tionship between normal velocity and acoustic radiation modes is built. Then actual measured normal velocity values are expressed by corresponding acoustic radiation modes and the expan- sion coefficients are calculated. Subsequently, all normal velocity values can be reconstructed by the obtained expansion coefficients. Experimental validations have been performed by a double-layer steel cylindrical shell with enclosed ends in an anechoic water tank. Two cases with different wavenumber components distribution were designed by a vibration shaker and a rotor device respectively. Two experimental results both show that actual vibration distribution cannot be revealed exactly by the sparse measurement points, which corresponds to severe loss of vibration related wavenumber components. On the other hand, normal velocity and corresponding wavenumber components can be restored accurately in both two wavenumber components distribution cases according to the proposed method, which demonstrates obvious effectiveness of the proposed method.

Simultaneous measurement of axial strain and temperature based on twisted fiber structure

In this Letter, an alternative solution is proposed and demonstrated for simultaneous measurement of axial strain and temperature. This sensor consists of two twisted points on a commercial single mode fiber introduced by flame-heated and rotation treatment. The fabrication process modifies the geometrical configuration and refractive index of the fiber. Different cladding modes are excited at the first twisted point, and part of them are coupled back to the fiber core at the second twisted point. Experimental results show distinct sensitivities of 34.9 pm/με with 49.23 pm/℃ and -36.19 pm/με with 62.99 pm/℃ for the two selected destructive interference wavelengths.

A new structural reliability index based on uncertainty theory

The classical probabilistic reliability theory and fuzzy reliability theory cannot directly measure the uncertainty of structural reliability with uncertain variables, i.e., subjective random and fuzzy variables. In order to simultaneously satisfy the duality of randomness and subadditivity of fuzziness in the reliability problem, a new quantification method for the reliability of structures is presented based on uncertainty theory, and an uncertainty-theory-based perspective of classical Cornell reliability index is explored. In this paper, by introducing the uncertainty theory, we adopt the uncertain measure to quantify the reliability of structures for the subjective probability or fuzzy variables, instead of probabilistic and possibilistic measures. We utilize uncertain variables to uniformly represent the subjective random and fuzzy parameters, based on which we derive solutions to analyze the uncertainty reliability of structures with uncertainty distributions. Moreover, we propose the Cornell uncertainty reliability index based on the uncertain expected value and variance.Experimental results on three numerical applications demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.

Submicron Volume Roughness & Asperity Contact Friction Model for Principle Slip Surface in Flash Heating Process

Based on focused ion beam and shear friction apparatus data, the multi-resolutions （0.2 nm-5μm） volume roughness ＆ asperity contact （VR ＆ AC） three-dimensional structure on principle slip surface interface-surface （PSS-IS） is measured on high performance computational platform; and physical plastic-creep friction model is established by using hybrid hyper-singular integral equation ＆ lattice Boltzmann ＆ lattice Green function （BE-LB-LG）. The correlation of rheological property and VR ＆ AC evolution under transient （10 μs） macro-normal stress （18-300 MPa） and slip rate （0.25-7.5 m/s） are obtained; and the PSS-IS friction in co-seismic flash heating is quantitative analyzed for the first time.