A conoscopic holography-based 3D measurement system for analyzing defects in steel plate surface

A conoscopic holography-based 3D measurement system for analyzing the defects on the surface of steel plates was introduced in this paper. The hardware, which is automated through software, performs sampling of the steel plate surface. Through the software interface,point-cloud data of the steel plate surface are obtained and reconstructed to form a 3D image of the steel plate surface. The software allows automatic analysis of steel plate surface detects through identification of the bulges and depressions. In addition, the software can also automatically calculate the defect information ,such as the deepest point, volume, opening area, opening length, and so on, thereby determining the defect size. The results determined by this 3D measurement system were found to be in good agreement with the actual values.

Thermally induced native defect transform in annealed GaSb

Undoped p-type Ga Sb single crystals were annealed at 550–600℃ for 100 h in ambient antimony. The annealed Ga Sb samples were investigated by Hall effect measurement, glow discharge mass spectroscopy（GDMS）, infrared（IR）optical transmission and photoluminescence（PL） spectroscopy. Compared with the as-grown Ga Sb single crystal, the annealed Ga Sb samples have lower hole concentrations and weak native acceptor related PL peaks, indicating the reduction of the concentration of gallium antisite related native acceptor defects. Consequently, the below gap infrared transmission of the Ga Sb samples is enhanced after the thermal treatment. The mechanism about the reduction of the native defect concentration and its influence on the material property were discussed.

Accurate measurement and influence on device reliability of defect density of a light-emitting diode

A method of accurately measuring the defect density of a high-power light-emitting diode （LED） is proposed. The method is based on measuring the number of emitting photons in the magnitude of 105 under the injection current as weak as nA and calculating the non-radiative recombination coefficient which is related to defect density. Defect density is obtained with the self-developed measurement system, and it is demonstrated that defect density has an important influence on LED optical properties like luminous flux and internal quantum efficiency （IQE）. At the same time, a batch of GaN-based LEDs with the chip size of 1 minx 1 mm are selected to conduct the accelerated aging tests lasting for 1000 hours. The results show that defect density exhibits a greater variation and is more sensitive to LED reliability than luminous flux during aging tests. Based on these results, it is concluded that for the GaN-based LED with a chip size of 1 mm ~ I mm, if its defect density is over 1017/cm3, the LED device performance suffers a serious deterioration, and finally fails.

Properties of passive nano films on zircaloy-4 affected by defects induced by hydrogen permeation

In this work, hydrogen absorption and the permeation behavior of the passive layer formed on zircaloy-4 are in- vestigated. Potentiodynamic polarization, Mott-Schottky analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Raman scattering spectroscopy are employed to characterize the passive defects before and after hydrogen permeation. It is found that the nanoscale passive ZrO2 films play an important role in the resistance against corrosion; hydrogen impingement, however, reduces the passive impedance towards hydrothermal oxidation. The increase of defects （vacancies） in passive film is probably attributed to the degradation. We believe that this finding will provide valuable insight into the understanding of the corrosion mechanism of zircaloys used in light water reactors.

Solid-State Reaction and Vacancy-Type Defects in Bilayer Fe/Hf Studied by the Slow Positron Beam

The positron annihilation lifetimes and the Doppler broadening by slow positron beam are measured in thin Fe films with thickness 500 nm, a thin Hf film with thickness 100 nm, and the bilayer Fe (50 nm)/Hf (50 nm) on quartz glass substrate. We have analyzed the behavior in vacancy-type defects in each layer through some deposition temperatures and annealing. It is observed that the thin Fe film, the thin Hf film, and the bilayer Fe (50 nm)/Hf (50 nm) already contain many vacancy-type defects. We have investigated the change of densities of the vacancy-carbon complex and the small vacancy-cluster with carbons, through solid-state amorphization of Fe (50 nm)/Hf (50 nm) bilayer.

Vibration response and safety control for blasting vibration of the existing tunnel with defects

Current studies on blasting construction of small clear-distance tunnels have not considered the impact of existing tunnel lining defects when establishing safety controls.This paper offers a series of study results based on the blasting project of a new tunnel adjacent to the existing defect Xinling tunnel to thoroughly examine the dynamic response,safety control standards,and measures of the existing defect tunnel.First,structural models were developed to investigate the influence of the presence or absence of specific defects(like lining cracks and cavities behind the lining)on the dynamic response of the current tunnel lining to identify the most unfavorable defect distribution.Then,establish safety control standards for intact linings and those with the most unfavorable defects.Eventually,two types of control measures,single safe charge and reasonable delay time,were studied based on the established safety control standards.In particular,the most adverse position of cracks was the wall facing the explosion,the rise in depth was more unfavorable for vibration response,and the impact of the longitudinal crack was restricted to the vicinity of the crack.While the vault was the most adverse cavity position,the rise in cavity area was more damaging,and the influence range varied with longitudinal cavity length.Moreover,the impact of cracks was mainly evident in the amplification effect of stress at the crack region.In contrast,cavities had varied degrees of amplification effects on the vibration velocity and stress response and a relatively extensive influence range.Safety control research was conducted,when the tunnel was intact,with a right wall crack,a vault cavity,and both vault cavity and crack for this project,the peak particle velocity(PPV)of the safety control standard for vibration velocity was 13,10,13,and 8 cm/s,respectively,and the respective single safe charge could be adjusted at 64,53,37,and 25 kg.However,the presence of different defects had a relatively negligible effect on the reasonable delay time;25 ms was recommended for existing tunnel lining with and without the defect.

A feature selection approach based on a similarity measure for software defect prediction

Software defect prediction is aimed to find potential defects based on historical data and software features. Software features can reflect the characteristics of software modules. However, some of these features may be more relevant to the class （defective or non-defective）, but others may be redundant or irrelevant. To fully measure the correlation between different features and the class, we present a feature selection approach based on a similarity measure （SM） for software defect prediction. First, the feature weights are updated according to the similarity of samples in different classes. Second, a feature ranking list is generated by sorting the feature weights in descending order, and all feature subsets are selected from the feature ranking list in sequence. Finally, all feature subsets are evaluated on a k-nearest neighbor （KNN） model and measured by an area under curve （AUC） metric for classification performance. The experiments are conducted on 11 National Aeronautics and Space Administration （NASA） datasets, and the results show that our approach performs better than or is comparable to the compared feature selection approaches in terms of classification performance.

Software Defect Prediction Using Fuzzy Integral Fusion Based on GA-FM

The fuzzy measure and fuzzy integral are applied to the classification of software defects in this paper. The fuzzy measure of software attributes and attributes＇ sets are treated by genetic algorithm, and then software attributes are fused by the Choquet fuzzy integral algorithm. Finally, the class labels of soft- ware modules can be output. Experimental results have shown that there are interactions between characteristic attributes of software modules, and also proved that the fuzzy integral fusing method using Fuzzy Measure based on Genetic Algorithm （GA-FM） can significantly improve the accuracy for software defect prediction.

Mapping Problems,Fundamental Groups and Defect Measures

We study all the possible weak limits of a minimizing sequence,for p-energy functionals, consisting of continuous maps between Riemannian manifolds subject to a Dirichlet boundary condition or a homotopy condition.We show that if p is not an integer,then any such weak limit is a strong limit and,in particular,a stationary p-harmonic map which is C1,α continuous away from a closed subset of the Hausdorff dimension ≤n-[p]-1.If p is an integer,then any such weak limit is a weakly p-harmonic map along with a（n-p）-rectifiable Radon measure μ.Moreover,the limiting map is C1,α continuous away from a closed subset ∑=spt μ∪S with Hn-p（S）=0.Finally,we discuss the possible varifolds type theory for Sobolev mappings.

Implantation induced defects and electrical properties of Sb-implanted ZnO

Defects in Sb implanted Zn O single crystals have been studied by using photoluminescence(PL) spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction(XRD) and Raman scattering.Electrical properties of the samples were analyzed by Hall effect measurement.The results indicate that the annealed Sb-implanted sample is n-type with a free electron concentration of the same amplitude as the calculated implantation concentration.The well-known oxygen vacancy related deep level green PL band is suppressed in the as-implanted sample and recovers to the level close to the as-grown Zn O single crystal after annealing.These phenomena suggest that a large portion of as-implanted Sb atoms occupy oxygen lattice site in an unstable state and move to the interstitial site,forming the complex donor defect upon high temperature annealing,resulting in n-type conduction even if the implantation dose is quite high.

Experimental and numerical study on structural performance of reinforced concrete box sewer with localized extreme defect

An experimental and numerical investigation into the structural performance of reinforced concrete box sewers with typical corrosion-related extreme defects localized at the ceiling was conducted.Firstly,during the large-scale laboratory test,some key struc-tural responses were captured and evaluated,including the crack width development process(via digital image correlation measurement),ceiling deflection,and material strains of both complete and typical defective boxes.The failure modes and load-carrying mechanism throughout the specimen loading phases were analyzed.Furthermore,the specimen failure process was simulated using a damage-basedfinite element method,and a related parameter sensitivity analysis was performed.The results indicate that the defective ceiling cracked at mid-span under a low load value,but the bending capacity loss can be substituted by two shoulders and carry three tofive times more load before completely collapsing.The simulation matched the lab test qualitatively,and with the suggested set strategy of material parameters,the load-deflection feature curve could provide a practical prediction of the ultimate bearing capacity of the defec-tive sewers,with a 10–15%error on the safe side.

Single-electromagnet levitation for density measurement and defect detection

This paper presents a single-electromagnet levitation device to measure the densities and detect the internal defects of antimagnetic materials.The experimental device has an electromagnet in its lower part and a pure iron core in the upper part.When the electromagnet is activated,samples can be levitated stably in a paramagnetic solution.Compared with traditional magnetic levitation devices,the single-electromagnet levitation device is adjustable.Different currents,electromagnet shapes,and distances between the electromagnet and iron core are used in the experiment depending on the type of samples.The magnetic field formed by the electromagnet is strong.When the concentration of the MnCl aqueous solution is 3 mol/L,the measuring range of the single-electromagnet levitation device ranges from 1.301 to 2.308 g/cm.However,with the same concentration of MnCl aqueous solution(3 mol/L),the measuring range of a magnetic levitation device built with permanent magnets is only from 1.15 to 1.50 g/cm.The single-electromagnet levitation device has a large measuring range and can realize accurate density measurement and defect detection of high-density materials,such as glass and aluminum alloy.

生物基功能环保纱线的开发与应用现状

为深入探究生物基功能环保纱线的工艺措施,通过查阅大量有关文献进行归纳总结,得出不同类别生物基纤维的预处理、加工过程工艺参数设定、纺纱环境及工艺原则等。指出:对于强力比较低的生物基纤维需要进行自由开松,以避免损伤纤维;对于回潮率较高的生物基纤维,需控制好车间温湿度,使纤维最好处于放湿状态,以防止纤维缠绕胶辊;对于可纺性能比较差的生物基纤维,为不影响成纱强度,其占比不超过30%;对于易产生静电的生物基纤维,为提高其蓬松性,需对纤维喷洒预处理剂,且密封处理24 h以上;对于长度较长的生物基纤维,为减小纤维损伤,开清棉采用“以梳代打,减少落棉,降低打手速度”的原则,梳棉工序采取“低速度,大隔距,适当增加锡林刺辊线速比”的原则,实现纤维快速转移。

49-2游泳池式轻水反应堆池底点缺陷超声测量技术研究

为掌握49-2游泳池式轻水反应堆(简称49-2堆)堆水池铝质池底点缺陷的现状,以进一步为堆水池的服役性能评估提供数据支撑,确保反应堆的安全稳定运行,根据池底结构、池内介质、池壁材料等信息,研发了水浸超声测量系统,对池底点缺陷的分布情况进行了全面检查,实现了点缺陷深度的精确测量。该研究实现了首次对49-2堆池底点缺陷实际状态的远程水下无损检测,检测结论显示:与历史数据相比,池底点缺陷的分布和点坑深度测量数据基本一致,最大点坑深度为1.495 mm。研究结论为49-2堆池底材料的时限老化分析提供了重要数据支撑,研发的水下超声测量技术也可应用于同类型池式堆堆容器及乏燃料贮存池的老化管理工作以及服役寿命分析论证工作中。

基于改进凸包缺陷算法的扎带定位方法

针对传统视觉在检测捆扎带时存在难检、漏检、定位扎带位置困难和速度慢等问题,提出一种基于改进凸包缺陷算法的扎带定位方法。采用自适应直方图均衡化图像增强算法,以增强编织袋区域与背景的对比度;利用快速凸包算法获得编织袋轮廓的凸包,减少获取凸包的时间;最后,通过改进凸包缺陷算法对编织袋轮廓凸包进行缺陷检测,根据检测结果中凸包缺陷点的位置和缺陷深度进行筛选得到扎带定位点。同时为验证该算法的准确性与鲁棒性,在具有复杂背景干扰的环境下进行实验,将传统凸包缺陷算法与改进后的凸包缺陷算法进行对比分析。实验结果表明:相比于传统凸包缺陷算法无法检测出编织袋轮廓的全部缺陷从而存在漏检,改进后的凸包缺陷算法漏检率为0,定位误差小于4 mm,可有效定位扎带位置并具有较高的鲁棒性。

浅谈在检验检测机构中实施零缺陷质量管理的方法

本文简要介绍了菲利普·克劳士比的零缺陷理论,并深入探讨了在检验检测机构中实施零缺陷质量管理的益处、实施步骤以及关键要点。

全球主要谅解备忘录组织(MOU)PSC检查特点与应对策略

通过分析研究全球主要谅解备忘录组织(MOU)的PSC检查缺陷统计数据,得出主要区域备忘录组织的PSC检查特点和检查重点,并给出相应的应对措施,为船舶管理人员提供迎检指导,便于PSC检查的顺利通过。

基于自适应BM3D的绝缘子缺陷检测图像降噪方法

由于拍摄环境的影响,获取的图像中常常混有噪声,极易影响绝缘子缺陷检测的准确性。针对该问题,提出了一种自适应BM3D降噪方法。首先,引入基于噪声水平与图像块协方差矩阵特征值的统计关系的噪声估计算法,解决原始BM3D算法需要先验知识的问题;其次,以峰值信噪比为目标函数,通过量子遗传算法得到绝缘子图像在各个噪声强度下的参数最优值,包括基础估计中的硬阈值参数、距离阈值和最终估计中的距离阈值;最后,以噪声强度为自变量,采用多项式拟合的方式得到上述3个参数的拟合曲线,从而得到各个噪声强度下算法的最佳参数组合,实现BM3D算法在不同噪声水平下的参数快速自适应。对比实验的结果表明所提出的方法在直观视觉和客观评价指标上优于其他方法。当噪声标准差为25时,所提出的方法相较于原始BM3D算法在峰值信噪比、结构相似性和边缘保留指数指标上均有所提升,尤其是边缘保留指数提升近20%。在提升降噪效果的同时能够保留更多边缘细节,这有助于提高后续绝缘子识别及缺陷检测的效果。

油库建设工程质量缺陷及运行风险的防控

以某新建油库为例,分析了油库建设工程中质量缺陷形成的运行风险,指出质量缺陷存在于施工图设计、设备选型、安装施工和竣工资料交付等多个阶段,运行风险则表现为工艺安全、油品质量、环境污染、资料丢失等几种类型,总结了质量缺陷形成的原因是设计能力或设计经验不足、图纸会审和技术交底不细、施工及监理质量控制不严、质量信息反馈意识不强、有关管理规定解读过度等,提出了质量缺陷运行风险的防控措施,为油库建设工程的全面质量管理提供了借鉴。