Theoretical analysis and verification of uncertainty of measurement on a cantilever coordinate measuring machine

A cantilever coordinate measuring machine(CCMM)is proposed according to the in-situ measurement requirement of workpieces with complex structures limited by the finite space of the5-axes computerized numerical control(CNC)processing site.Factors affecting uncertainty of measurement(UM)are classified and analyzed on the basis of uncertainty evaluation criteria,and the estimation technique of UM for measuring systems is presented.UM of the CCMM is estimated from the factors such as temperature,error motions as well as the mechanism deformations.Measurement results show that the actual measurement error is smaller than that of measurement requirement.

INTELLIGENT VIRTUAL CONTROL:MEASURING INSTRUMENT FROM WHOLE TO PART

A new concept called intelligent virtual control (IVC), which can be drivenby measuring functions, is put forward. This small 'intelligent measurement instrument unit (IMIU)',carrying with functions of instrument, consists of different types of intelligent virtualinstrument (IVI) through individual components together as building blocks and can be displayeddirectly on the computer screen. This is a new concept of measuring instrument, and also animportant breakthrough after virtual instrument (VI). Virtual control makes instrument resourcesobtain further exploitation. It brings about a fundamental change to the design and manufacturingmode. The instrument therefore, can not only be produced directly inside a PC, but the product isinvolved in the 'green product' system. So far, all the present digital instruments will grow to bereplaced by intelligent control with green characteristics.

Monitoring and Measuring Event Decision-Making Process Using Key Performance Indicators： Evidence From Italian Cruise Terminals

This paper investigates the control systems and coordination mechanisms applied in the relationships between cruise line companies and terminal concessionaires in the cruise events management when the ships are stopping on the quay. Using a case study methodology and focusing on the Italian context, this exploratory study, through a qualitative approach, interviewed two main cruise terminal concessionaires and indirectly observed events planned by cruise companies in sea ports selected for outlining the role of control systems, coordination, and knowledge sharing between the players in cruise events decision-making processes. The first results show that the cruise event management processes on ship berthing and on terminal are separated. The cruise companies don＇t involve terminal concessionaires in the event organization considering them only service suppliers Also, the concessionaires conceive the events planned in the cruise infrastructures as a business unit to optimize the space use, without any forms of coordination or control with cruise companies. Knowledge sharing, coordination, and control among the two players could support the planning, and management of ＂new cruise events＂ in which the visitors may be led from the infrastructure to the ships stopped on the quay. This study offers a set of key performance indicators to support the management, control, and coordination of each inter-organizational relationship identified. Managerial implications and suggestions for improving cruise events management have been provided.

Optimised Pattern Recognition for Robotic Weldment Geometry Measuring

Today, automated robot welding of components with low tolerances in series production is state-of-the-art. But turning to small batch production particularly of parts with high tolerances, engineering and construction of automated solutions is just at the beginning of providing economic efficiency. While weld seam tracking is well established for the described problem, geometric recognition of weldments is not yet solved satisfactorily. This paper will present an optimisation approach of a laser sensor guided and programmed robot welding system which was developed within the project ROPROF at the TU Dortmund. With this development, a working prototype of a robot weld system was built by a steel construction company as well as additional demonstration software showing the potential and transferability of adjusted geometric location of weldments for industrial applications.

3-D Free-form Shape Measuring System Using Unconstrained Range Sensor

Three-dimensional（3-D） free-form shape measurement,a challenging task pursued by computer vision,is mainly characterized with single view acquisition and multiple view registration.Most of the conventional scanning systems are less flexibility and difficult to realize engineering applications for employing sequential registration tactic.To develop portable scanning system and engineering registration method overcoming problems of error accumulation and propagation is the research direction.In this paper,one 3-D free-form shape measuring system using unconstrained range sensor is designed.A quasi-active stereo binocular visual sensor embedded within a scanning mechanism is used as the range sensor.Error compensation is performed by residual amendment according to camera calibration lattice.Artificial control points are designed and adhered on object and one camera is introduced to shot these control points from different positions and orientations.Then ray bundle adjustment（BA） method is used to calculate the space coordinates of all the control points,so as to set up a global control net work.Registration can be completed by mapping at least 3 control points observed by range sensor in single view acquisition into the global control network.In this system,no calibration for laser plane is required and the motion of range sensor is completely free.The overlapping of neighboring region is unessential for registration.Therefore,the working range of the system can be easily extended.The measuring precision mainly depends on the quality of global control network.The sequential distances of coding control points are observed by electronic theodolites and then compared with those obtained according to BA result.Experimental results show that relative distance error of control points is no more than 0.2%.The proposed measuring system is portable,provides good capacity for global error control,and contributes to the engineering application of 3-D free-form shape measurement.

Control and protection strategy for MMC MTDC system under converter-side AC fault during converter blocking failure

This paper investigates a control and protection strategy for a four-terminal modular multilevel converter(MMC)based high-voltage direct current(HVDC)system under a converter-side AC fault.Based on the system operating condition,a control and protection strategy against the fault with normal blocking of the converter is proposed.In practical,applications encountering such a fault,the MMC at the fault side may experience different conditions of blocking failure.The blocking failures may occur on:①the whole converter;②one converter arm;③one sub-module(SM)/several SMs of one converter arm;④other conditions.The phenomenon of the multi-terminal HVDC(MTDC)system following the fault is analyzed under the first three conditions with real-time simulations using the real-time digital simulator(RTDS).Based on the impact of different conditions on the MTDC system,the necessity of utilizing special control and protection is discussed.A special control and protection strategy is proposed for emergency conditions,and its effectiveness is verified by real-time simulation results.

An Integrated Control and Protection System for Photovoltaic Microgrids

The microgrid has shown to be a promising solution for the integration and management of intermittent renewable energy generation.This paper looks at critical issues surrounding microgrid control and protection.It proposes an integrated control and protection system with a hierarchical coordination control strategy consisting of a stand-alone operation mode,a grid-connected operation mode,and transitions between these two modes for a microgrid.To enhance the fault ride-through capability of the system,a comprehensive three-layer hierarchical protection system is also proposed,which fully adopts different protection schemes,such as relay protection,a hybrid energy storage system(HESS)regulation,and an emergency control.The effectiveness,feasibility,and practicality of the proposed systems are validated on a practical photovoltaic(PV)microgrid.This study is expected to provide some theoretical guidance and engineering construction experience for microgrids in general.

Architecture Design for Integrated Wide Area Protection and Control Systems

This paper firstly reviews the recent development in power system protection and control, with special attention paid to the wide-area and integrated protection, in order to look into future development of integration of protection and control for smart grids. This paper mainly reports on the development of integrated wide area protection and control for power systems. The concept of integrated wide area protection and control is introduced, in which a hierarchical protection and control system provides the protection and control of wide area or regional power substations/ plants and their associated power network. The system is mainly divided into three levels, the local, the substation/plant and the wide area/regional protection and control. The integrated functions at each level are described in details with an aim to develop an optimal coordination mechanism between the levels. One of the core elements in the system is the synchronised wide area communication network between the substations and the protection and control system, in which latest communication technology is employed. Another important player in the system is the wide area synchronized protection and control information platform, which not only enables the fusion three line of defence for power system protection and control, but also provides a perfect tool for the application of cloud computing to substations and power networks.

Achieving dynamic privacy measurement and protection based on reinforcement learning for mobile edge crowdsensing of IoT

With the maturity and development of 5G field,Mobile Edge CrowdSensing(MECS),as an intelligent data collection paradigm,provides a broad prospect for various applications in IoT.However,sensing users as data uploaders lack a balance between data benefits and privacy threats,leading to conservative data uploads and low revenue or excessive uploads and privacy breaches.To solve this problem,a Dynamic Privacy Measurement and Protection(DPMP)framework is proposed based on differential privacy and reinforcement learning.Firstly,a DPM model is designed to quantify the amount of data privacy,and a calculation method for personalized privacy threshold of different users is also designed.Furthermore,a Dynamic Private sensing data Selection(DPS)algorithm is proposed to help sensing users maximize data benefits within their privacy thresholds.Finally,theoretical analysis and ample experiment results show that DPMP framework is effective and efficient to achieve a balance between data benefits and sensing user privacy protection,in particular,the proposed DPMP framework has 63%and 23%higher training efficiency and data benefits,respectively,compared to the Monte Carlo algorithm.

Seismic protection of frame structures via semi-active control:modeling and implementation issues

Theoretical and practical issues concerning the multi-faceted task of mitigating the latero-torsional seismic response of a prototypal frame structure with asymmetric mass distribution are approached, Chevron braces with embedded magnetorheological dampers acting on the interstory drift are used to ensure additional energy dissipation. The semi-active control strategy employed to govern the modification of the damper characteristics via feedback is based on the selection of optimal forces according to a H2/LQG criterion, with respect to which the actual forces are regulated by a clipped-optimal logic. A dynamic observer is used to estimate the state through a non-collocated placement of the acceleration sensors. Several aspects to be addressed throughout the complex process including the design, modelization, and implementation phases of semi-active protection systems are discussed. Finally, experimental results obtained to mitigate the motion induced by ground excitation in a large-scale laboratory prototype, simulating the seismic response of a two-story building, are summarized.

Protection and Quality Control of Wild Chinese Herbal Medicine Resources in Nature Reserves by Taking Longyuwan Scenic Spot Within Funiu Mountain Nature Reserve as an Example

This paper discussed how to protect and control the quality of wild Chinese herbal medicine resources in nature reserves by taking Longyuwan National Forest Park within Funiu Mountain Nature Reserve as an example. Through the combination of three methods including literature review, visiting and investigational studies, and field surveys, the data of investigation, collection and collation were analyzed. According to data of surveys, collection and collation, problems related to the protection of wild Chinese herbal medicine resources faced by Longyuwan Scenic Spot within Funiu Mountain Nature Reserve were also analyzed and protection strategies and quality control of wild Chinese herbal medicine resources in this nature reserve were discussed. It was expected that the results would provide important scientific references for the sustainable development, protection and quality control of wild Chinese herbal medicine resources within nature reserves.

Study on DeviceNet communication mechanism and its application in protection measurement and control system

To fit in with the developing requirement of int and communication of protective relays, a protection egrated functions of protection measurement, control measurement and control system based on DeviceNet fieldbus is designed. The communication mechanism of DeviceNet is studied and data trigger modes, communication connection, message types and other key technologies are analyzed. The object modeling and device description of the device are realized too. Results of network test, dynamic simulation and test in the field indicate that this system can accomplish all the communication tasks in real time and can make precise response to every kind of faults of the motor, transformer, line and capacitor. Moreover, this system has higher measurement precision and better control capability.

Fractional Gradient Descent RBFNN for Active Fault-Tolerant Control of Plant Protection UAVs

With the increasing prevalence of high-order systems in engineering applications, these systems often exhibitsignificant disturbances and can be challenging to model accurately. As a result, the active disturbance rejectioncontroller (ADRC) has been widely applied in various fields. However, in controlling plant protection unmannedaerial vehicles (UAVs), which are typically large and subject to significant disturbances, load disturbances andthe possibility of multiple actuator faults during pesticide spraying pose significant challenges. To address theseissues, this paper proposes a novel fault-tolerant control method that combines a radial basis function neuralnetwork (RBFNN) with a second-order ADRC and leverages a fractional gradient descent (FGD) algorithm.We integrate the plant protection UAV model’s uncertain parameters, load disturbance parameters, and actuatorfault parameters and utilize the RBFNN for system parameter identification. The resulting ADRC exhibits loaddisturbance suppression and fault tolerance capabilities, and our proposed active fault-tolerant control law hasLyapunov stability implications. Experimental results obtained using a multi-rotor fault-tolerant test platformdemonstrate that the proposed method outperforms other control strategies regarding load disturbance suppressionand fault-tolerant performance.

Impact of Migrant Populations on Tuberculosis Rates in Saudi Arabia: Assessing How Migration Patterns Affect TB Incidence and Control Measures: A Narrative Review

This research focuses on the effects of migration on the TB infection rate and its prevention in Saudi Arabia, which has a large number of expatriates from TB-affected countries. Despite, based on the current global statistics of TB occurrence, it is evident that the national incidence of TB has reduced from 10.55 per 100,000 in 2015 to 8.36 per 100,000 in 2019;despite this, there are still some difficulties because migrants bring new strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Hindrances, including language barriers and perceived immigration status, hinder patients from seeking medical attention or doctors from diagnosing diseases. Each patient and each cultural group need special attention to public health, enhancing living circumstances, and health care support. Community participation, inclusion of TB control programs into functional healthcare facilities, and the functioning of TB programs need to be stressed to address TB issues. Considering the focus on social, economic, and cultural approaches, the country can make severe advancements in TB control and population protection. This holistic analysis is critical for a long-term effective strategy to combat TB in the Kingdom.

Immobilization of antibodies on the self-assembled monolayer by antigen-binding site protection and immobilization kinetic control

The orientation of the biological molecule immobi-lized on a solid surface has been critical in devel-opment of various applications. In this study, ori-entation of antibody was retained by protecting the antigen-binding site of the antibody prior to immo-bilization to -functionalized mixed self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 12-mercaptododecanoic acid and 1-heptanethiol. More importantly, the number of immobilization bonds formed between each an-tigen-binding site protected antibody molecule and the solid surface was controlled by optimizing the mole fraction of the activated carboxyl group of the linker molecules in the mixed SAM. The amount of antibody used in this study was approximately equivalent to the amount for one monolayer surface coverage. The resulting activity of protected immo-bilized antibody was about 10 fold higher than that of random immobilized

Problems in Water Environmental Control—Sense and Nonsense in Measurement of Water Protection

Water environmental control and process refinement inside a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is fundamentally based on sampling, analysis and on-line measurements on water and sludge streams. The problems related to an accurate and reliable control and thus an efficient water protection are addressed in the following. Four different crucial points whenever a sampling and control scheme is planned: 1) Where should a sampling and on-line measurement take place? 2) When should sampling take place? 3) How should the sampling and on-line measurement take place? 4) Which variables should be controlled? Examples are given from different plants demonstrating ways to address the questions. Especially the relevance of the adopted parameter BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) is discussed. It is finally suggested to even abandon the use of BOD as consent variable in favor of on-line measurement of Suspended Solids, Nitrogen and Phosphorous.

Advancement in Wide Area Monitoring Protection and Control Using PMU’s Model in MATLAB/SIMULINK

A big step forward to improve power system monitoring and performance, continued load growth without a corresponding increase in transmission resources has resulted in reduced operational margins for many power systems worldwide and has led to operation of power systems closer to their stability limits and to power exchange in new patterns. These issues, as well as the on-going worldwide trend towards deregulation of the entire industry on the one hand and the increased need for accurate and better network monitoring on the other hand, force power utilities exposed to this pressure to demand new solutions for wide area monitoring, protection and control. Wide-area monitoring, protection, and control require communicating the specific-node information to a remote station but all information should be time synchronized so that to neutralize the time difference between information. It gives a complete simultaneous snap shot of the power system. The conventional system is not able to satisfy the time-synchronized requirement of power system. Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is enabler of time-synchronized measurement, it communicate the synchronized local information to remote station.

Regional Coordinated Development and Joint Prevention and Control for Environmental Protection in China in the New Era

The three important historical development stages of China from"standing up","getting rich"to"becoming strong"were analyzed deeply.Regional coordinated development policies and strategies have also gone through the"enlightenment stage","development stage"and"mature stage".On this basis,the problems of the coordination of China s regional coordinated development and joint prevention and control for environmental protection in the new era,as well as suggestions for the next step were further analyzed.