Evaluation of Nutritional Value and Safety of Black Soldier Flies Fed on Dead Pig Meat and Bone Meal

[Objectives]This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value and safety of black soldier flies fed with dead pig meat and bone meal(DPMBM)and to explore the resource utilization of DPMBM.[Methods]The general nutrient composition,amino acids,fatty acids and mineral elements of black soldier fly meal(BSLM)were detected and analyzed.[Results]The results showed that the contents of moisture,crude protein,crude fat and ash in BSLM were 3.42%,42.31%,34.04%and 5.40%,respectively.The contents of total amino acids(TAA),essential amino acids(∑EAA)and non-essential amino acids(∑NEAA)and umami amino acids(∑DAA),the EAA/TAA value and the EAA/NEAA value were 37.93%,13.08%,24.85%,13.43%,34.47%,52.61%,respectively.A total of eight kinds of saturated fatty acids and seven kinds of unsaturated fatty acids were detected,accounting for 63.65%and 32.67%of the total fatty acids.Among the major mineral elements,the content of Ca was the highest,followed by K,Mg and Na.Among the trace mineral elements,the content of Mn was the highest,followed by Fe,Zn,Cu,Ni,Cr,Cd,As,Pb,Se,Sn,Ti,Sb and Hg.The contents of heavy metal mineral elements in BSLM were far lower than the limits specified in Hygienical Standard for Feeds.[Conclusions]In conclusion,BSLM has high nutritional value and good safety of heavy metals,and thus great potential for development and utilization as a high quality dietary protein,fat and mineral elements source.

A Study on the Meat and Bone Meal or Poultry By-product Meal as Protein Substitutes of Fishmeal in Concentrated Diets for Paralichthys olivaceus

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of meat and bone meal （MBM） and poultry by-product meal （PBM） as the replacement of fishmeal in the diets on the growth performance, survival and apparent digestibility coefficient （ADC） of Japanese flounder （Paralichthys olivaceus）. The experimental diets included 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% MBM or PBM replacement of total fishmeal respectively. All diets were iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric. The results showed that there are no significant differences （P 〉0.05） in growth performance among the treatments fed with 0% -60% MBM replacement of fishmeal, while the percent weight gain （WG, % ）, body length gain （BLG, % ） and ADC significantly decrease when fishmeal is replaced by 80% MBM. The result showed also that there are no significant differences （P 〉0.05） in growth performance and ADC among all treatments fed with the diets with 0% -80% replacements of fishmeal with PBM.

A Study on the Meat and Bone Meal and Poultry By-product Meal as Protein Substitutes of Fish Meal in Practical Diets for Litopenaeus vannamei Juveniles

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of meat and bone meal (MBM) and poultry by-product meal (PBM) as the replacement of fish meal in the diets on the growth performance, survival and apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of Litopenaeus vannamei. The basal diets were formulated with 22% fish meal and other ingredients which provided about 40% protein and 9% lipid in the diet. The experimental diets included MBM or PBM to replace 0, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of total fish meal respectively. All diets were iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric in gross terms. The results showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in growth performance and ADC among the treatments fed with the diets in which 0-60% fish meal had been replaced with MBM, while the percent weight gain (WG, %), body length gain (BLG, %) and ADC significantly decreased when the MBM was up to 80% of the fish meal. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in growth performance and ADC among all the treatments fed with the diets in which 0-80% fish meal had been replaced with PBM.

Comparative Nutritional Analysis on Fish Meal and Meat and Bone Meal of Harmless Treatment of Dead Pig Carcass

In order to explore the resource utilization of the harmless treatment product(pork meat and bone meal,abbreviated PM)of pigs died of non-communicable diseases,the general nutritional components and amino acid composition of PM and fish meal were determined and compared.The results showed that the contents of moisture,crude protein,crude fat and ash in PM and fish meal were 3.25%and 8.92%,66.65%and 66.67%,13.52%and 8.23%,18.25%and 21.50%,respectively.The contents of essential amino acids(EAA)in PM and fish meal were 19.94%and 22.35%,respectively.For PM and fish meal,the first limiting amino acid was Met(methionine)+Cys(cysteine),and the second limiting amino acid was Lys(lysine);their essential amino acid indexes(EAAI)were 66.60 and 77.04,respectively;and their delicious amino acid(DAA)contents were 26.89%and 23.15%,respectively.In summary,the meat and bone meal of pigs died of non-communicable diseases has the characteristics of high protein and low ash contents,and has certain development and utilization potential as a recycled waste resource,especially in aquatic feed to replace fish meal.

饲料中添加貉肉骨粉对育成期雄性蓝狐生产性能的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同水平貉肉骨粉对育成期雄性蓝狐生产性能的影响。选取(30±5)日龄、初始体重为(1.90±0.32)kg的健康雄性蓝狐90只,随机分为6组,每组15个重复,每个重复1只。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂添加量3.00%(Ⅱ组)、6.00%(Ⅲ组)、9.00%(Ⅳ组)、12.00%(Ⅴ组)和15.00%(Ⅵ组)貉肉骨粉的日粮。预试期7 d,正试期80 d。在正试期第55~57天进行消化代谢试验,消化试验结束后采血,检测血清生化指标。结果表明:①Ⅴ组末体重、平均日增重显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P<0.05),料重比显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。②Ⅳ组的干物质、粗蛋白消化率显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅵ组(P<0.05);Ⅴ组粗脂肪消化率显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ组(P<0.05)。③各试验组氮摄入量、氮沉积均显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅵ组净蛋白利用率显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组(P<0.05),Ⅴ组蛋白质生物学价值显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。④Ⅴ组血清三酰甘油水平显著低于Ⅳ组(P<0.05)。综合各项指标,饲粮中貉肉骨粉添加量为12.00%时,育成期蓝狐获得较高的生产性能。

貉肉骨粉营养成分分析

为解决蛋白质饲料原料短缺和价格上涨的问题,对貉肉骨粉的营养成分、卫生与安全性进行了评估,为其作为新的动物性蛋白质饲料资源提供数据支持。试验以貉肉骨粉为材料,与狐肉骨粉、进口牛肉骨粉和进口鱼粉进行对比,测定了常规营养成分、氨基酸含量、重金属元素含量、农药残留和微生物污染情况。结果表明:①貉肉骨粉干物质含量显著高于狐肉骨粉和进口鱼粉(P<0.05),粗脂肪含量显著高于进口牛肉骨粉和进口鱼粉(P<0.05);②貉肉骨粉的必需氨基酸含量显著高于进口牛肉骨粉(P<0.05),非必需氨基酸含量高于其他试验材料;③貉肉骨粉符合饲料卫生标准,未检出六六六和滴滴涕,重金属含量和微生物指标均符合要求。因此,貉肉骨粉具有开发成为新型蛋白质饲料原料的潜力。

狐肉骨粉安全性能评价

试验使用狐屠体生产肉骨粉,旨在研究狐屠体制作肉骨粉的可行性,评价狐肉骨粉安全性。试验分别从我国13个狐主要养殖区中随机选取处于取皮期、体重15 kg左右健康蓝狐3只(共39只)。狐屠体(含内脏和趾爪),经过绞碎、高压水解、脱脂、烘干、粉碎等程序制作成肉骨粉,分别测定常规营养成分、重金属、兽药残留以及犬瘟热病毒,进行安全性评价。结果表明,肉骨粉中的粗蛋白含量在55%~67%之间,符合《饲料用骨粉及肉骨粉》一级指标中粗蛋白的要求。铅、砷、汞、镉、铬重金属元素含量符合国标对肉骨粉卫生安全标准的要求。磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶、青霉素、土霉素和庆大霉素符合食品中对兽药最大残留限量的标准要求。研究表明,狐肉骨粉的营养价值丰富,卫生和安全指标满足蛋白质饲料原料标准。

貉肉骨粉对冬毛期雄性蓝狐生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、氮代谢和血清生化指标的影响

试验旨在探究日粮中使用不同水平貉肉骨粉替代鱼粉对冬毛期蓝狐生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、氮代谢及血清生化指标的影响。选取120日龄、初始体重为(6.33±0.03)kg的健康雄性蓝狐90只,随机分为6组,每组15个重复,每个重复1只。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别用3%(Ⅱ组)、6%(Ⅲ组)、9%(Ⅳ组)、12%(Ⅴ组)和15%(Ⅵ组)的貉肉骨粉替代基础饲粮中鱼粉。预试期7 d,正试期80 d。结果表明:①各组末体重、平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比差异不显著(P>0.05),Ⅴ组体长显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅵ组(P<0.05),Ⅴ组鲜皮长显著高于Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。②Ⅴ组干物质表观消化率显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05),Ⅵ组粗蛋白表观消化率显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.05),各组粗脂肪表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)。③各组氮摄入量、粪氮排出量、尿氮排出量、氮沉积、净蛋白利用效率和蛋白质生物学价值差异不显著(P>0.05)。④Ⅴ组血清尿素氮(BUN)含量显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组(P<0.05),各组血清白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、胆固醇(CHO)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、三酰甘油(TG)及葡萄糖(GLU)的含量差异均不显著(P>0.05)。综合各项指标,在冬毛期蓝狐饲料中使用貉肉骨粉,添加量为12%时各项指标最优。

不同养殖地区乌苏里貉肉骨粉安全性能评价

研究旨在分析评价乌苏里貉屠体加工肉骨粉的安全性能,样品来自全国17个貉主要养殖地区,探讨貉屠体制作肉骨粉的可行性,为貉屠宰后的副产物有效利用提供理论依据,为丰富我国动物性蛋白饲料来源提供数据支撑。分别从17个地区貉养殖场中随机选取取皮期健康的乌苏里貉各3只,共51只。每只体重9 kg左右,取皮后的貉屠体作为试验样品(含内脏和趾爪),经过绞碎、高压水解、脱脂、烘干、粉碎等工艺制作貉肉骨粉,对其进行营养价值分析和安全性评价。结果表明,貉肉骨粉中粗蛋白、粗灰分、水分、钙、总磷含量满足国标对肉骨粉的要求,其中衡水、潍坊、青岛的貉肉骨粉中的粗蛋白含量分别高达67.29%、66.14%、73.5%符合GB/T 20193—2006《饲料用骨粉及肉骨粉》中的一级指标。铅、砷、汞、镉、铬重金属元素含量符合国标对肉骨粉卫生安全标准的要求,磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲噁唑、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶、青霉素、土霉素、庆大霉素符合食品中对兽药最大残留限量的标准要求。貉屠宰取皮后的屠体,按照肉骨粉加工工艺制作成肉骨粉,其营养价值丰富,卫生和安全指标满足蛋白质饲料原料标准,可作为备选的优质蛋白质饲料原料。

Protein digestive dynamics of meat and bone meals in broiler chickens

This study determined the variations in protein digestibilities and digestion rates in broiler chickens offered diets containing 7 different meat and bone meals(MBM).A total of 252 male Ross 308 broiler chickens were offered 7 atypical diets largely based on maize and MBM from 24 to 28 d post-hatch.Each experimental diet was offered to 6 replicates with 6 birds per replicate cage.Excreta were collected in their entirety from 25 to 27 d post-hatch and on 28 d post-hatch.Digesta samples were collected from the proximal jejunum,distal jejunum,proximal ileum and distal ileum.Apparent digestibilities of protein were determined in each segment and apparent digestibilities of amino acids were measured in the distal ileum.There were significant differences in apparent protein digestibility coefficients in the proximal jejunum(P=0.006),where broiler chickens offered the high ash beef meal(diet 7)generated the lowest protein digestibility in the proximal jejunum(0.318).Similarly,there were significant differences in apparent digestibility coefficients in the distal jejunum(P<0.001)and distal ileum(P<0.001)but not in the proximal ileum.More pronounced differences were found in the disappearance rate of protein and there were significant differences in all 4 segments of the small intestine(P<0.001).Broiler chickens offered the high ash beef meal had the lowest protein disappearance rate(P<0.001).No difference was observed in the predicted protein digestion rate(P=0.486)but chickens offered the high ash beef meal had the lowest potential digestible protein(0.662,P=0.034)whereas the highest potential digestible protein(0.739)was detected in diet 5(containing a beef meal).This study contributed to the establishment of a preliminary database to include digestion rates of starch and protein into practical diet formulation.

Over-processed meat and bone meal and phytase effects on broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis:Part 1.Performance,intestinal lesions and pH,bacterial counts and apparent ileal digestibility

This feeding study investigated the hypothesis that over-processing of meat and bone meal(MBM)would impair the performance,gut health and ileal digestibility of nutrients in birds challenged with necrotic enteritis(NE).The effect of phytase(500 vs.5,000 FTU/kg)was also examined using manufacturers recommended matrix values for 500 FTU for both levels.Ross 308 male broilers(n=768)were assigned to 8 diets,with 6 replicate pens per diet and 16 birds per replicate pen using a randomized design with a factorial arrangement of treatments.Factors were NE challenge(no or yes),MBM(as received or overprocessed),and phytase level(500 or 5,000 FTU/kg).Half of the birds were challenged with 5,000 oocysts of field strains of Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria brunetti,and 2,500 oocysts of Eimeria maxima on d 9 and 10^8 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on d 14 and 15 post-hatch.Challenge×MBM interactions were detected for weight gain(WG),feed conversion ratio(FCR)and feed intake(FI)at d 14,21 and 28,showing that challenged birds fed over-processed MBM had decreased WG(P<0.05)and FI(P<0.05)at d 14,increased FCR(P<0.05)at d 21 and decreased WG(P<0.05)and FI(P>0.05)at d 28.Birds fed low phytase had increased livability(P<0.05)at d 42.The challenge increased the prevalence and severity of NE induced lesions in the jejunum(P<0.05)and ileum(P<0.05).The birds fed over-processed MBM had decreased pH in the jejunum(P<0.05)and ileum(P<0.05)at d 16.High phytase increased apparent ileal digestibility(AID)of Ca(P<0.05)and P(P<0.05),and over-processed MBM increased AID of carbon(C;P<0.05)and Ca(P<0.05)at d 29.The challenge increased the caecal counts of Lactobacillus spp.(P<0.05)and C.perfringens(P<0.05)at d 16.The results indicated that supplementation of diets with high phytase reduces the negative impact on performance from over-processed MBM during NE as a result of increased nutrient digestibility.

Over-processed meat and bone meal and phytase effects on broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis: Part 2. Inositol phosphate esters hydrolysis, intestinal permeability, hematology,jejunal gene expression and intestinal morphology

This study investigated the hypothesis that feeding broilers over-processed meat and bone meal(MBM)would impair gut health in the absence of phytase and in turn,affect inositol phosphate(inositol xphosphate,IPx:IP3,IP4,IP5 and IP6)ester hydrolysis,intestinal permeability,hematology,jejunal gene expression and intestinal morphology during necrotic enteritis(NE).Ross 308 male broilers(n=768)were assigned to one of 8 dietary treatments in a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement,with 6 replicate pens per diet and 16 birds per pen in a completely randomized design.Factors were:NE challenge(no or yes),phytase level(500 or 5,000 FTU/kg)and MBM processing(as-received or over-processed).For the NE challenge,half of the birds were challenged with field strains of Eimeria spp.on d 9 and 108 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on d 14 and 15.A 3-way challenge,phytase and MBM processing interaction was detected for IP5(P<0.05)and IP6(P<0.05)levels in the ileum.Birds fed low phytase had increased IP5 and IP6 in unchallenged birds only when diets contained over-processed MBM.Challenge with NE increased intestinal permeability as measured by serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran(FITC-d;P<0.001),increased white blood cells(WBC;P<0.001),decreased mean corpuscular volume(MCV;P<0.001)and mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH;P<0.05),and decreased crypt-tovilli ratio(P<0.05).The over-processed MBM reduced the villi-to-crypt ratio(P<0.05).A 3-way challenge x phytase x MBM processing interaction was detected for mucin 2(MUC-2)expression(P<0.05)where only in unchallenged birds fed over-processed MBM did high phytase reduce MUC-2 expression.A lower expression of aminopeptidase N(APN;P<0.001)and vitamin D receptor(VDR;P<0.001)were recorded in NE challenged birds.In conclusion,NE has a negative impact on the gut and hematology of broilers,but its effect on phytate hydrolysis is minimal.

Over-processed meat and bone meal and phytase effects on broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis:Part 3.Bone mineralization and litter quality

This study was conducted to determine the effect of necrotic enteritis(NE),phytase level and meat and bone meal(MBM)processing on bone mineralization of broilers and litter quality.Ross 308 male broiler chicks(n=768)were allotted to 48 pens with 16 birds each.There were 8 dietary treatments in a 2×2×2 factorial arrangement.Factors were NE challenge(no or yes),phytase level(500 or 5,000 FTU/kg),and MBM(as-received or over-processed).Half of the birds were challenged with field strains of Eimeria spp.at d 9 and 108 CFU per mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on d 14 and 15.The middle toe,tibia and femur of 2 birds per pen were excised at d 16 and 29 for determination of ash,breaking strength(BS)and bone mineralization.At d 42,all were assessed for hock burns and litter was scored and assessed for dry matter(DM).At d 16,challenged birds had lower toe ash(P<0.01),femur ash(P<0.001),tibia ash(P<0.001)and tibial BS(P<0.001)than unchallenged birds.At d 16,challenged birds fed high phytase and over-processed MBM had higher toe Mn than those fed low phytase and as-received MBM.At d 29 unchallenged birds fed high phytase and as-received MBM had a higher toe Mn than those fed over-processed MBM.At d 16,a phytase×MBM interaction was detected for femur Zn concentration(P<0.05),where a higher level of Zn was observed in the high phytase group fed over-processed MBM.At d 16,tibial Ca(P<0.05)and P(P<0.05)were lower in the chal-lenged whereas the femur K(P<0.001),Mn(P<0.01)and Na(P<0.001)were higher in the chal-lenged at d 16.At d 42,challenged birds had higher litter DM(P=0.058)and fewer hock burns than those unchallenged(P<0.05).In conclusion,NE impaired bone traits but high phytase and over-processed MBM increased bone mineral contents.Cases of hock burns may be lower under NE in-cidences due to lower livability of birds reducing litter wetness.

Thermochemical pretreatment of meat and bone meal and its effect on methane production

Since the solubilization of meat and bone meal(MBM)is a prerequisite in many MBM disposal approaches,enhancement of the solubilization by means of thermochemical pretreatment was investigated in this study at two temperatures(55℃and 131℃)and six sodium hydroxide(NaOH)concentrations(0,1.25,2.5,5,10 and 20 g/L).The MBM volatile solid(VS)reduction ratio was up to 66%and 70%at 55℃and 131℃,respectively.At the same temperature,the VS reduction ratio increased with the increase in the dosage of NaOH.The study on the methane(CH4)production potential of pretreated MBM shows that the addition of NaOH at 55℃did not cause the inhibition of the succeeding CH4 production process.However,CH4 production was inhibited by the addition of NaOH at 131℃.The CH4 production potential was in the range of 389 to 503 mL CH4/g VS MBM and 464 to 555 mL CH4/g VS MBM at 55℃and 131℃,respectively.

The influence of meat-and-bone meal and exogenous phytase on growth performance, bone mineralisation and digestibility coefficients of protein(N),amino acids and starch in broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to examine the influence of meat-and-bone meal(MBM) and phytase inclusion on growth performance, bone mineralisation and apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients in broiler chickens offered wheat-based diets. The feeding study comprised 7 dietary treatments: positive control(PC, 9.0% Ca and 4.5% available phosphorous [AvP] in starter, 7.0% Ca and 3.5% AvP in finisher); negative control(NC, 7.2% Ca and 3.0% AvP in starter, 5.2% Ca and 2.0% AvP in finisher) diets incorporating a 3 × 2 factorial array of 3 MBM inclusions(0, 60, 120 g/kg) and 2 levels of phytase supplementation(0 and 1,000 FYT/kg). Each treatment was allocated to 6 replicated pens with 30 birds per pen in an environmentally-controlled deep litter facility. A total of 1,260 one-day-old male Ross 308 chicks were offered starter diets from 1 to 14 days post-hatch and finisher diets from 15 to 36 days posthatch. There were significant(P < 0.05) interactions between MBM inclusions and phytase supplementation on weight gain and feed intake in starter diets. Phytase significantly increased weight gain in diets without MBM and did not influence weight gain in diets with 60 and 120 g/kg MBM. Collectively,increasing MBM inclusion significantly reduced weight gain in starter diets(P < 0.0001). There were dietary interactions(P < 0.01) on toe ash where phytase significantly improved toe ash in diet without MBM and did not influence toe ash in the other two groups of negative control diets. There were no dietary treatment interactions on apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of starch and protein except that diets without MBM had significantly(P < 0.01) lower ileal starch digestibility and diets with 120 g/kg MBM had significantly(P < 0.0001) lower ileal protein digestibility. No dietary influence on ileal fat digestibility was observed. There were dietary interactions on ileal digestibilities of isoleucine, valine and glycine. Phytase significantly increased glycine digestibility in diets with 60 and 120 g/kg MBM but not in diets without MBM, Including 120 g/kg MBM significantly(P < 0.01) depressed apparent digestibility coefficients of 13 ex 16 amino acids in the distal ileum. This study demonstrated the negative impacts of MBM on amino acid digestibility and growth performance. Also, responses to phytase were more pronounced in diets without MBM, which may have been due to their relatively lower available P and higher phytate concentrations in comparison to diets containing MBM.

进口肉骨粉中牛成分检测研究

根据 18S核糖体基因保守序列设计引物 ,对牛骨粉、鱼粉、牛肉、羊肉、猪肉、鸡肉、鸭肉、鱼肉的DNA样品进行PCR扩增 ,均得到 13 7bp的扩增片段 ;根据牛线粒体的特异基因片段设计引物 ,对上述材料DNA样品进行PCR扩增 ,结果只在牛肉和牛骨粉中出现 2 71bp的扩增。本实验建立了从进口肉骨粉中检测牛成分的PCR方法 ,检测灵敏度达到牛成分含量为 0 .1% (W/W )的水平。用建立起来的方法对进口肉骨粉、鱼粉和饲料添加剂进行了检测 ,结果在 5批肉骨粉中检测出含有可能导致疯牛病的牛成分。

用大豆分离蛋白和肉骨粉代替鱼粉对虹鳟生产性能和非特异性免疫指标的影响

研究了饲料中用大豆分离蛋白和肉骨粉代替鱼粉对虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss生长和免疫指标的影响。试验共分3个处理组（G1、G2和G3组），饲料中添加鱼粉的质量分数分别为30％、20％和10％，剩余部分由大豆分离蛋白和肉骨粉代替。每组设3个重复，每个重复放鱼80尾，虹鳟的体重为：G1组（33．57±3．23）g、G2组（33．59±2．98）g、G3组（33．60±2．89）g。试验期间，水温为12．5-16．5℃，溶解氧为7．8-10mg／L，每天饲喂2次，试验共进行8周。结果表明：试验结束时，虹鳟的终体重、体长、肥满度、特定生长率、饵料系数和日增重各处理组间的差异均不显著（P〉0．05）；与G1组相比，G2和G3组鱼血浆和肝脏中碱性磷酸酶（AKP）的活性显著升高（P〈0．05），G3组鱼肝脏中溶菌酶的活性显著降低（P〈0．05）．G2、G3组鱼脾中超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）和肾脏中过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性显著降低（P〈0．05）。试验还表明，饲料中用1：1的大豆分离蛋白和肉骨粉代替10％-20％鱼粉．不会影响虹鳟的生产性能。

鱼粉中肉骨粉含量的近红外反射光谱分析

收集了112个鱼粉和34个肉骨粉样品，在鱼粉中掺入不同比例（5％～60％）的肉骨粉，制备了163个样本。应用偏最小二乘（PLS）定标方法，在8678．10～4250．34cm。波数范围内，采用变量标准化（SNV）、7点平滑和一阶导数对光谱进行预处理，建立了鱼粉中肉骨粉含量的NIRS定量分析模型。定标集真值与NIRS定标模型预测值之间的决定系数R^2和标准差RMSEC分别为0．9529和3．22，相对分析误差RPD为4．798。验证集真值与NIRS预测值之间的决定系数r^2及标准差RMSEP分别为0．9668和2．68，相对分析误差RPD为5．484。结果表明．利用NIRS分析技术可准确地检测鱼粉中肉骨粉含量．

肉骨粉中牛羊源成分含量的近红外漫反射光谱分析

为了切断疯牛病的传播途径保证饲料安全,开展非反刍动物肉骨粉中反刍动物成分含量的检测方法研究十分必要.本文探讨了利用近红外漫反射光谱(NIRS)分析技术快速检测非反刍动物(猪鸡)肉骨粉中反刍动物(牛羊)成分含量的可行性.收集了不同地区不同种类的肉骨粉样本,在猪和鸡肉骨粉中分别掺入0～48%的牛或羊肉骨粉,制备了200个样本.针对含牛羊源的猪肉骨粉、含牛羊源的鸡肉骨粉和含牛羊源的猪鸡肉骨粉三类样本,以掺入的牛羊源成分的质量比例作为真值,分别采用改进的偏最小二乘回归(MPLS)、偏最小二乘回归(PLS)和主成分回归(PCR)三种不同建模方法建立了NIRS定标模型.用独立的验证集对模型进行了验证,最优模型验证集的决定系数(R2)均大于0.90,相对分析误差(RPD)均大于3.0.结果表明,利用NIRS分析技术可以快速检测出猪鸡肉骨粉中牛羊源成分的含量.

近红外反射光谱分析技术快速检测复合化学肥料中肉骨粉含量的研究

肉骨粉是产生牛海绵状脑病(BSE)的主要原因,根治BSE很有必要研究饲料和肥料中的肉骨粉的检出方法.本文探讨了利用近红外反射光谱(NIRS)分析技术快速检测复合化学肥料中肉骨粉含量的可行性.对混合有肉骨粉的4种复合肥料样品和这些所有样品,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS),获得5个校正模型的决定系数(R2)分别为0.9989、0.9957、0.9977、0.9969和0.9955,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为3.82%、4.07%、3.92%、3.99%和5.13%;检验集的真值和模型预测值的决定系数(r2)分别为0.9951、0.9981、0.9960、0.9943和0.9884,RSD分别为6.74%、2.58%、3.55%、6.17%和7.44%.结果表明,利用NIRS分析技术可以成功检测出复合肥料中肉骨粉的含量.