The laser powder bed fusion(LPBF) process can integrally form geometrically complex and high-performance metallic parts that have attracted much interest,especially in the molds industry.The appearance of the LPBF mak...The laser powder bed fusion(LPBF) process can integrally form geometrically complex and high-performance metallic parts that have attracted much interest,especially in the molds industry.The appearance of the LPBF makes it possible to design and produce complex conformal cooling channel systems in molds.Thus,LPBF-processed tool steels have attracted more and more attention.The complex thermal history in the LPBF process makes the microstructural characteristics and properties different from those of conventional manufactured tool steels.This paper provides an overview of LPBF-processed tool steels by describing the physical phenomena,the microstructural characteristics,and the mechanical/thermal properties,including tensile properties,wear resistance,and thermal properties.The microstructural characteristics are presented through a multiscale perspective,ranging from densification,meso-structure,microstructure,substructure in grains,to nanoprecipitates.Finally,a summary of tool steels and their challenges and outlooks are introduced.展开更多
Magnesium alloys,a novel functional material for the fabrication of fracturing tools,are being paid more and more attentions recently due to their relatively high mechanical properties and fast dissolubility ability a...Magnesium alloys,a novel functional material for the fabrication of fracturing tools,are being paid more and more attentions recently due to their relatively high mechanical properties and fast dissolubility ability after fracturing.In this study,the novel extruded Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.3Zr-xNi alloys will be reported and their microstructure,mechanical and corrosion behaviors will be also studied.The results show that Ni contents influence phase precipitation behaviors.With adding 0.2 wt%Ni,a large amount of Zr_(7)Ni_(10)phases will be precipitated insidesα-Mg matrix,directly leading to degradation of strength and large corrosion rate.With further increasing Ni contents,the precipitation phases can be changed from Mg_(5)RE to 18R-LPSO structure,resulting in higher mechanical properties and faster corrosion rate.Moreover,adding Ni element also change the texture orientation by influencing the precipitation behavior of the alloys.The alloys invented in this paper have attained the highest compressive and tensile properties among all the reported dissoluble magnesium alloys.This work is beneficial in understanding the role of Ni in the magnesium alloys and provides more materials alternatives for the fabrication of dissoluble fracturing tools.展开更多
This study investigates the effect of tool rotational speed(TRS)on particle distribution in nugget zone(NZ)through quantitative approach and its consequences on the mechanical property of friction stir welded joints o...This study investigates the effect of tool rotational speed(TRS)on particle distribution in nugget zone(NZ)through quantitative approach and its consequences on the mechanical property of friction stir welded joints of AA6092/17.5 SiCp-T6 composite.6 mm thick plates are welded at a constant tool tilt angle of 2°and tool traverse speed of 1 mm/s by varying the TRS at 1000 rpm,1500 rpm and 2000 rpm with a taper pin profiled tool.Microstructure analysis shows large quantity of uniformly shaped smaller size SiC particle with lower average particle area which are homogeneously distributed in the NZ.The fragmentation of bigger size particles has been observed because of abrading action of the hard tool and resulting shearing effect and severe stress generation due to the rotation of tool.The particles occupy maximum area in the matrix compared to that of the base material(BM)due to the redistribution of broken particles as an effect of TRS.The migration of particles towards the TMAZ-NZ transition zone has been also encountered at higher TRS(2000 rpm).The microhardness analysis depicts variation in average hardness from top to bottom of the NZ,minimum for 1500 rpm and maximum for 2000 rpm.The impact strength at 1000 rpm and 1500 rpm remains close to that of BM(21.6 J)while 2000 rpm shows the accountable reduction.The maximum joint efficiency has been achieved at 1500 rpm(84%)and minimum at 1000 rpm(68%)under tensile loading.Fractographic analysis shows mixed mode of failure for BM,1000 rpm and 1500 rpm,whereas 2000 rpm shows the brittle mode of failure.展开更多
In this investigation,the effect of friction stir welding(FSW)parameters such as tool material rotational speed,and welding speed on the mechanical properties of tensile strength,hardness and impact energy of magnesiu...In this investigation,the effect of friction stir welding(FSW)parameters such as tool material rotational speed,and welding speed on the mechanical properties of tensile strength,hardness and impact energy of magnesium alloy AZ31B was studied.The experiments were carried out as per Taguchi parametric design concepts and an L9 orthogonal array was used to study the influence of various combinations of process parameters.Statistical optimization technique,ANOVA,was used to determine the optimum levels and to find the significance of each process parameter.The results indicate that rotational speed(RS)and traverse speed(TS)are the most significant factors,followed by tool material(TM),in deciding the mechanical properties of friction stir processed magnesium alloy.In addition,mathematical models were developed to establish relationship between different process variables and mechanical properties.展开更多
Particle removal mechanism was presented during machining particle SiC/Al composites with diamond grinding tool. The relevant removal modes and their mechanisms were discussed considering the impact and squeezing effe...Particle removal mechanism was presented during machining particle SiC/Al composites with diamond grinding tool. The relevant removal modes and their mechanisms were discussed considering the impact and squeezing effect of diamond grit on the SiC particle. The experimental results show that the aluminum matrix has larger plastic deformation, so the aluminum mixed with the surplus SiC particles is cut from the surface. The SiC particles can be removed in multiple ways, such as broken/fractured, micro cracks, shearing and pulled out, etc. More particles removed by shearing, and less particles removed by fractured during material removal progress can produce a better machined surface.展开更多
Isothermal fatigue (IF) tests were performed on H13 tool steel subjected to three different mechanical strain amplitudes at a constant temperature to determine the effects of mechanical strain amplitude on the microst...Isothermal fatigue (IF) tests were performed on H13 tool steel subjected to three different mechanical strain amplitudes at a constant temperature to determine the effects of mechanical strain amplitude on the microstructure of the steel samples. The samples' extent of damage after IF tests was compared by observation of their cracks and calculation of their damage parameters. Optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to observe the microstructure of the samples. Cracks were observed to initiate at the surface because the strains and stresses there were the largest during thermal cycling. Mechanical strain accelerated the damage and softening of the steel. A larger mechanical strain caused greater deformation of the steel, which made the precipitated carbides easier to gather and grow along the deformation direction, possibly resulting in softening of the material or the initiation of cracks.展开更多
The research of rare earth elements (RE), added into cemented carbide tools, is one of the recent developments of new types of tool materials in China. Systematic experiments about RE carbides YG8R. (K30), YT14R (P20)...The research of rare earth elements (RE), added into cemented carbide tools, is one of the recent developments of new types of tool materials in China. Systematic experiments about RE carbides YG8R. (K30), YT14R (P20) and, YW1R (M10) were made to study on the cutting performance in comparison with non-RE carbides YG8, YT14 and YW1. The cutting experiments were as follows: tool life, cutting force, tool-chip friction coefficient and interrupted machining. The action of RE on the carbide materials and the cutting mechanism of the RE carbide tools in the cutting process were verified with the aid of SEM and energy spectrum analysis. Experimental results show that the RE carbide tools have a good overall performance.展开更多
Adhesion of cutting tool and chip often occurs when machining stainless steels with cemented carbide tools. Wear mechanism of cemented carbide tool in high speed milling of stainless steel 0Cr13Ni4 Mo was studied in t...Adhesion of cutting tool and chip often occurs when machining stainless steels with cemented carbide tools. Wear mechanism of cemented carbide tool in high speed milling of stainless steel 0Cr13Ni4 Mo was studied in this work. Machining tests on high speed milling of 0Cr13Ni4 Mo with a cemented carbide tool are conducted. The cutting force and cutting temperature are measured. The wear pattern is recorded and analyzed by high?speed camera, scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersive X?ray spectroscopy(EDS). It is found that adhesive wear was the dominant wear pattern causing tool failure. The process and microcosmic mechanism of the tool’s adhesive wear are analyzed and discussed based on the experimental results. It is shown that adhesive wear of the tool occurs due to the wear of coating, the a nity of elements Fe and Co, and the grinding of workpiece materials to the tool material. The process of adhesive wear includes both microcosmic elements di usion and macroscopic cyclic process of adhe?sion, tearing and fracture.展开更多
The characteristics and generation mechanism of(Ti,Nb,V)(C,N) precipitates larger than 2 μm in Nb-containing H13 bar steel were studied. The results show that two types of(Ti,Nb,V)(C,N) phases exist—a Ti-V-r...The characteristics and generation mechanism of(Ti,Nb,V)(C,N) precipitates larger than 2 μm in Nb-containing H13 bar steel were studied. The results show that two types of(Ti,Nb,V)(C,N) phases exist—a Ti-V-rich one and an Nb-rich one—in the form of single or complex precipitates. The sizes of the single Ti-V-rich(Ti,Nb,V)(C,N) precipitates are mostly within 5 to 10 μm, whereas the sizes of the single Nb-rich precipitates are mostly 2–5 μm. The complex precipitates are larger and contain an inner Ti-V-rich layer and an outer Nb-rich layer. The compositional distribution of(Ti,Nb,V)(C,N) is concentrated. The average composition of the single Ti-V-rich phase is(Ti_(0.511)V_(0.356)Nb_(0.133))(CxNy), whereas that for the single Nb-rich phase is(Ti_(0.061)V_(0.263)Nb_(0.676))(C_xN_y). The calculation results based on the Scheil–Gulliver model in the Thermo-Calc software combining with the thermal stability experiments show that the large phases precipitate during the solidification process. With the development of solidification, the Ti-V-rich phase precipitates first and becomes homogeneous during the subsequent temperature reduction and heat treatment processes. The Nb-rich phase appears later.展开更多
Okadaic acid: Okadaic acid (OKA), a polyether (C38 fatty acid) toxin, is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein phosphatase, PP1 and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). It is mainly extracted from a black spong...Okadaic acid: Okadaic acid (OKA), a polyether (C38 fatty acid) toxin, is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein phosphatase, PP1 and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). It is mainly extracted from a black sponge Hallichondria okadaii and has been suggested to play a potent probe for studying the various molecular, cellular, biochemical and mechanism of neurotoxicity. It is known as a selective and potent in- hibitor of serine/threonine phosphatases 1 and 2A induces hyperphosphorylation of tau in vitro and in vivo. It has been reported that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex multi- factorial neurodegenerative disorder and hyperphosphor- ylated tau protein is a major pathological hallmark of AD. The reduced activity of phosphatases like, PP2A has been implicated in the brain of AD patients. OKA also induced inhibition of protein phosphatases cause neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) like pathological changes and tau hyperphos- phorylation seen in AD pathology. Our and others reports inferred that OKA induces neurodegeneration along with tau hyperphosphorylation, GSK3β activation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity which are char- acteristic of AD pathology (Figure 1).展开更多
Brittle materials are widely used for producing important components in the industry of optics,optoelectronics,and semiconductors.Ultraprecision machining of brittle materials with high surface quality and surface int...Brittle materials are widely used for producing important components in the industry of optics,optoelectronics,and semiconductors.Ultraprecision machining of brittle materials with high surface quality and surface integrity helps improve the functional performance and lifespan of the components.According to their hardness,brittle materials can be roughly divided into hard-brittle and soft-brittle.Although there have been some literature reviews for ultraprecision machining of hard-brittle materials,up to date,very few review papers are available that focus on the processing of soft-brittle materials.Due to the‘soft’and‘brittle’properties,this group of materials has unique machining characteristics.This paper presents a comprehensive overview of recent advances in ultraprecision machining of soft-brittle materials.Critical aspects of machining mechanisms,such as chip formation,surface topography,and subsurface damage for different machining methods,including diamond turning,micro end milling,ultraprecision grinding,and micro/nano burnishing,are compared in terms of tool-workpiece interaction.The effects of tool geometries on the machining characteristics of soft-brittle materials are systematically analyzed,and dominating factors are sorted out.Problems and challenges in the engineering applications are identified,and solutions/guidelines for future R&D are provided.展开更多
Tool wear and wear mechanism during the turning of a wear-resisting aluminum bronze have been studied. Tool wear samples were prepared by using M2 high-speed steel and YW1 cemented carbide tools to turn a novel high s...Tool wear and wear mechanism during the turning of a wear-resisting aluminum bronze have been studied. Tool wear samples were prepared by using M2 high-speed steel and YW1 cemented carbide tools to turn a novel high strength, wear resisting aluminum bronze without coolant and lubricant. Adhesion of workpiece materials was found on tool’s surface. Under the turning condition used in this study major wear mechanisms for turning aluminum bronze using M2 high-speed steel tool are diffusion wear, adhesive wear and plastic deformation and shear on the crater. Partial melting of high-speed steel on the rake plays a role in the tool wear also. Major wear mechanisms for turning aluminum bronze using YW1 cemented carbide tool are diffusion wear, attrition wear and sliding wear. To control the machining temperature is essential to reduce tool wear.展开更多
基金financial supports provided by the China Scholarship Council(Nos.202206 290061 and 202206290062)。
文摘The laser powder bed fusion(LPBF) process can integrally form geometrically complex and high-performance metallic parts that have attracted much interest,especially in the molds industry.The appearance of the LPBF makes it possible to design and produce complex conformal cooling channel systems in molds.Thus,LPBF-processed tool steels have attracted more and more attention.The complex thermal history in the LPBF process makes the microstructural characteristics and properties different from those of conventional manufactured tool steels.This paper provides an overview of LPBF-processed tool steels by describing the physical phenomena,the microstructural characteristics,and the mechanical/thermal properties,including tensile properties,wear resistance,and thermal properties.The microstructural characteristics are presented through a multiscale perspective,ranging from densification,meso-structure,microstructure,substructure in grains,to nanoprecipitates.Finally,a summary of tool steels and their challenges and outlooks are introduced.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51671017,51971020)the Major State Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFB0300801)+4 种基金Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(No.2202033)Beijing Laboratory of Metallic Materials and Processing for Modern Transportationthe fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing in NWPU(No.SKLSP201835)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.FRF-IC-19–010,FRF-IC-19–015)the Opening Research Fund of State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials(2018-Z04)。
文摘Magnesium alloys,a novel functional material for the fabrication of fracturing tools,are being paid more and more attentions recently due to their relatively high mechanical properties and fast dissolubility ability after fracturing.In this study,the novel extruded Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.3Zr-xNi alloys will be reported and their microstructure,mechanical and corrosion behaviors will be also studied.The results show that Ni contents influence phase precipitation behaviors.With adding 0.2 wt%Ni,a large amount of Zr_(7)Ni_(10)phases will be precipitated insidesα-Mg matrix,directly leading to degradation of strength and large corrosion rate.With further increasing Ni contents,the precipitation phases can be changed from Mg_(5)RE to 18R-LPSO structure,resulting in higher mechanical properties and faster corrosion rate.Moreover,adding Ni element also change the texture orientation by influencing the precipitation behavior of the alloys.The alloys invented in this paper have attained the highest compressive and tensile properties among all the reported dissoluble magnesium alloys.This work is beneficial in understanding the role of Ni in the magnesium alloys and provides more materials alternatives for the fabrication of dissoluble fracturing tools.
基金Ministry of Human Resource,Government of India for providing necessary funding through scholarship to carry out the research activities。
文摘This study investigates the effect of tool rotational speed(TRS)on particle distribution in nugget zone(NZ)through quantitative approach and its consequences on the mechanical property of friction stir welded joints of AA6092/17.5 SiCp-T6 composite.6 mm thick plates are welded at a constant tool tilt angle of 2°and tool traverse speed of 1 mm/s by varying the TRS at 1000 rpm,1500 rpm and 2000 rpm with a taper pin profiled tool.Microstructure analysis shows large quantity of uniformly shaped smaller size SiC particle with lower average particle area which are homogeneously distributed in the NZ.The fragmentation of bigger size particles has been observed because of abrading action of the hard tool and resulting shearing effect and severe stress generation due to the rotation of tool.The particles occupy maximum area in the matrix compared to that of the base material(BM)due to the redistribution of broken particles as an effect of TRS.The migration of particles towards the TMAZ-NZ transition zone has been also encountered at higher TRS(2000 rpm).The microhardness analysis depicts variation in average hardness from top to bottom of the NZ,minimum for 1500 rpm and maximum for 2000 rpm.The impact strength at 1000 rpm and 1500 rpm remains close to that of BM(21.6 J)while 2000 rpm shows the accountable reduction.The maximum joint efficiency has been achieved at 1500 rpm(84%)and minimum at 1000 rpm(68%)under tensile loading.Fractographic analysis shows mixed mode of failure for BM,1000 rpm and 1500 rpm,whereas 2000 rpm shows the brittle mode of failure.
文摘In this investigation,the effect of friction stir welding(FSW)parameters such as tool material rotational speed,and welding speed on the mechanical properties of tensile strength,hardness and impact energy of magnesium alloy AZ31B was studied.The experiments were carried out as per Taguchi parametric design concepts and an L9 orthogonal array was used to study the influence of various combinations of process parameters.Statistical optimization technique,ANOVA,was used to determine the optimum levels and to find the significance of each process parameter.The results indicate that rotational speed(RS)and traverse speed(TS)are the most significant factors,followed by tool material(TM),in deciding the mechanical properties of friction stir processed magnesium alloy.In addition,mathematical models were developed to establish relationship between different process variables and mechanical properties.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51505434)the Key Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province(172102210547)the Program for Innovative Research Team in Science and Technology in University of Henan Province(18IRTSTHN015)
文摘Particle removal mechanism was presented during machining particle SiC/Al composites with diamond grinding tool. The relevant removal modes and their mechanisms were discussed considering the impact and squeezing effect of diamond grit on the SiC particle. The experimental results show that the aluminum matrix has larger plastic deformation, so the aluminum mixed with the surplus SiC particles is cut from the surface. The SiC particles can be removed in multiple ways, such as broken/fractured, micro cracks, shearing and pulled out, etc. More particles removed by shearing, and less particles removed by fractured during material removal progress can produce a better machined surface.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2016YFB0300400 and 2016YFB0300402)
文摘Isothermal fatigue (IF) tests were performed on H13 tool steel subjected to three different mechanical strain amplitudes at a constant temperature to determine the effects of mechanical strain amplitude on the microstructure of the steel samples. The samples' extent of damage after IF tests was compared by observation of their cracks and calculation of their damage parameters. Optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to observe the microstructure of the samples. Cracks were observed to initiate at the surface because the strains and stresses there were the largest during thermal cycling. Mechanical strain accelerated the damage and softening of the steel. A larger mechanical strain caused greater deformation of the steel, which made the precipitated carbides easier to gather and grow along the deformation direction, possibly resulting in softening of the material or the initiation of cracks.
文摘The research of rare earth elements (RE), added into cemented carbide tools, is one of the recent developments of new types of tool materials in China. Systematic experiments about RE carbides YG8R. (K30), YT14R (P20) and, YW1R (M10) were made to study on the cutting performance in comparison with non-RE carbides YG8, YT14 and YW1. The cutting experiments were as follows: tool life, cutting force, tool-chip friction coefficient and interrupted machining. The action of RE on the carbide materials and the cutting mechanism of the RE carbide tools in the cutting process were verified with the aid of SEM and energy spectrum analysis. Experimental results show that the RE carbide tools have a good overall performance.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51375099)Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.18ZR1441000)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘Adhesion of cutting tool and chip often occurs when machining stainless steels with cemented carbide tools. Wear mechanism of cemented carbide tool in high speed milling of stainless steel 0Cr13Ni4 Mo was studied in this work. Machining tests on high speed milling of 0Cr13Ni4 Mo with a cemented carbide tool are conducted. The cutting force and cutting temperature are measured. The wear pattern is recorded and analyzed by high?speed camera, scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersive X?ray spectroscopy(EDS). It is found that adhesive wear was the dominant wear pattern causing tool failure. The process and microcosmic mechanism of the tool’s adhesive wear are analyzed and discussed based on the experimental results. It is shown that adhesive wear of the tool occurs due to the wear of coating, the a nity of elements Fe and Co, and the grinding of workpiece materials to the tool material. The process of adhesive wear includes both microcosmic elements di usion and macroscopic cyclic process of adhe?sion, tearing and fracture.
文摘The characteristics and generation mechanism of(Ti,Nb,V)(C,N) precipitates larger than 2 μm in Nb-containing H13 bar steel were studied. The results show that two types of(Ti,Nb,V)(C,N) phases exist—a Ti-V-rich one and an Nb-rich one—in the form of single or complex precipitates. The sizes of the single Ti-V-rich(Ti,Nb,V)(C,N) precipitates are mostly within 5 to 10 μm, whereas the sizes of the single Nb-rich precipitates are mostly 2–5 μm. The complex precipitates are larger and contain an inner Ti-V-rich layer and an outer Nb-rich layer. The compositional distribution of(Ti,Nb,V)(C,N) is concentrated. The average composition of the single Ti-V-rich phase is(Ti_(0.511)V_(0.356)Nb_(0.133))(CxNy), whereas that for the single Nb-rich phase is(Ti_(0.061)V_(0.263)Nb_(0.676))(C_xN_y). The calculation results based on the Scheil–Gulliver model in the Thermo-Calc software combining with the thermal stability experiments show that the large phases precipitate during the solidification process. With the development of solidification, the Ti-V-rich phase precipitates first and becomes homogeneous during the subsequent temperature reduction and heat treatment processes. The Nb-rich phase appears later.
基金supported in part by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR),IndiaNational Institute of Health,USA
文摘Okadaic acid: Okadaic acid (OKA), a polyether (C38 fatty acid) toxin, is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein phosphatase, PP1 and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). It is mainly extracted from a black sponge Hallichondria okadaii and has been suggested to play a potent probe for studying the various molecular, cellular, biochemical and mechanism of neurotoxicity. It is known as a selective and potent in- hibitor of serine/threonine phosphatases 1 and 2A induces hyperphosphorylation of tau in vitro and in vivo. It has been reported that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex multi- factorial neurodegenerative disorder and hyperphosphor- ylated tau protein is a major pathological hallmark of AD. The reduced activity of phosphatases like, PP2A has been implicated in the brain of AD patients. OKA also induced inhibition of protein phosphatases cause neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) like pathological changes and tau hyperphos- phorylation seen in AD pathology. Our and others reports inferred that OKA induces neurodegeneration along with tau hyperphosphorylation, GSK3β activation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity which are char- acteristic of AD pathology (Figure 1).
文摘Brittle materials are widely used for producing important components in the industry of optics,optoelectronics,and semiconductors.Ultraprecision machining of brittle materials with high surface quality and surface integrity helps improve the functional performance and lifespan of the components.According to their hardness,brittle materials can be roughly divided into hard-brittle and soft-brittle.Although there have been some literature reviews for ultraprecision machining of hard-brittle materials,up to date,very few review papers are available that focus on the processing of soft-brittle materials.Due to the‘soft’and‘brittle’properties,this group of materials has unique machining characteristics.This paper presents a comprehensive overview of recent advances in ultraprecision machining of soft-brittle materials.Critical aspects of machining mechanisms,such as chip formation,surface topography,and subsurface damage for different machining methods,including diamond turning,micro end milling,ultraprecision grinding,and micro/nano burnishing,are compared in terms of tool-workpiece interaction.The effects of tool geometries on the machining characteristics of soft-brittle materials are systematically analyzed,and dominating factors are sorted out.Problems and challenges in the engineering applications are identified,and solutions/guidelines for future R&D are provided.
文摘Tool wear and wear mechanism during the turning of a wear-resisting aluminum bronze have been studied. Tool wear samples were prepared by using M2 high-speed steel and YW1 cemented carbide tools to turn a novel high strength, wear resisting aluminum bronze without coolant and lubricant. Adhesion of workpiece materials was found on tool’s surface. Under the turning condition used in this study major wear mechanisms for turning aluminum bronze using M2 high-speed steel tool are diffusion wear, adhesive wear and plastic deformation and shear on the crater. Partial melting of high-speed steel on the rake plays a role in the tool wear also. Major wear mechanisms for turning aluminum bronze using YW1 cemented carbide tool are diffusion wear, attrition wear and sliding wear. To control the machining temperature is essential to reduce tool wear.