The use of mineral interfaces in sand-sized volcanic rock fragments to infer mechanical durability

The use of mineral interfaces, in sand-sized rock fragments, to infer the influence exerted by mechanical durability on the generation of siliciclastic sediments, has been determined for plutoniclastic sand. Conversely, for volcaniclastic sand, it has received much less attention, and, to our knowledge, this is the first attempt to make use of the volcaniclastic interfacial modal mineralogy of epiclastic sandy fragments, to infer mechanical durability control at a modern beach environment. Volcaniclastic sand was collected along five beaches developed on five islands, of the southern Tyrrhenian Sea(Alicudi, Filicudi, Salina, Panarea and Stromboli) from the Aeolian Archipelago, and one sample was collected near the Stromboli Island volcanic crater. Each sample was sieved and thin sectioned for petrographic analysis. The modal mineralogy of the very coarse, coarse and medium sand fractions was determined by point-counting of the interfacial boundaries discriminating 36 types of interfaces categories, both no-isomineralic and/or no iso-structural(e.g., phenocrystal/glassy groundmass or phenocrystal/microlitic groundmass boundaries) and iso-mineralic interfaces, inside volcanic lithic grains with lathwork and porphyric textures. A total of 47,386 interfacial boundaries have been counted and, the most representative series of interfaces, from the highest to the lowest preservation, can be grouped as: a) ultrastable interfaces, categorized as Pl(Plagioclase)/Glgr(Glassy groundmass) > > Px(Pyroxene)/Glgr > > Ol(Olivine)/Glgr > > Op(Opaque)/Glgr > > Hbl(Hornblende)/Glgr> > Bt(Biotite)/Glgr > > Idd(Iddingsite)/Glgr > > Rt(Rutile)/Glgr;b) stable interfaces, categorized as Pl/Migr(Microlitic groundmass) > > Op/Migr > > Px/Migr > > Ol/Migr;c) moderately stable interfaces, categorized as Op/Px > > Op/Hbl > > Px/P > > Ol/Pl> > Bt/Op;and d) unstable interfaces, categorized as Pl/Pl > > Px/Px > > Ol/Ol > >Op/Op > > Hbl/Hbl > > Bt/Bt. Grains, eroded from the volcanic bedrock, if affected solely by abrasion, developed a rounded and smoothed form, with prevailing no-isostructural interfaces such as Plagioclase/Glassy groundmass,Pyroxene/Glassy groundmass and Olivine/Glassy groundmass interfaces. Grains that during transport suffered fracturing and percussion have a sharp and angular form: these combined transport mechanisms produce mainly volcanic sandy grains with iso-structural interfaces, such as Pl/Pl, Px/Px, Hbl/Hbl, and, to a lesser extent, Bt/Op and Bt/Glgr interfaces.

Superhydrophobic Light Alloy Materials with Corrosion-Resistant Surfaces

Metals and their alloys are irreplaceable engineered materials showing great importance in our society.Light alloy materials(i.e.,Mg,Al,Ti,and their alloys)have tremendous application potential in the aerospace,automotive industries,and biomedical fields for they are lighter and have excellent mechanical properties.The corrosion of light alloys is ubiquitous and greatly restricts their utilization.Inspired by the natural anti-water systems,many new designs and conceptions have recently emerged to create artificial superhydrophobic surfaces with great potential for corrosion resistant of light alloy.This review firstly introduces the concept of superhydrophobicity and strategies of producing superhydrophobic surfaces to inhibit the corrosion of light alloys.In addition,we elaborate the durability of superhydrophobic light alloy materials for commercial and industrial applications,and present their anticorrosion mechanism in the corrosive media.

Durable Design of Superhydrophobic Coatings with TiO_(2)Particles and Al_(2)O_(3)Whiskers for the Enhanced Anti-icing Performance

Superhydrophobic coatings with high non-wetting properties are widely applied in anti-icing applications.However,the micro-nanostructures on the surfaces of superhydrophobic coatings are fragile under external forces,resulting in reduced durability.Therefore,mechanical strength and durability play a crucial role in the utilization of superhydrophobic materials.In this study,we employed a two-step spraying method to fabricate superhydrophobic FEVE-based coatings with exceptional mechanical durability,utilizing fluorinated TiO_(2)nanoparticles and fluorinated Al_(2)O_(3)microwhiskers as the fillers.The composite coating exhibited commendable non-wetting properties,displaying a contact angle of 164.84°and a sliding angle of 4.3°.On this basis,the stability of coatings was significantly improved due to the interlocking effect of Al_(2)O_(3)whiskers.After 500 tape peeling cycles,500 sandpaper abrasion tests,and 50 kg falling sand impact tests,the coatings retained superhydrophobicity,exhibiting excellent durability and application capability.Notably,the ice adhesion strength on the coatings was measured at only 65.4 kPa,while the icing delay time reached 271.8 s at-15℃.In addition,throughout 500 freezing/melting cycles,statistical analysis revealed that the superhydrophobic coatings exhibited a freezing initiation temperature as low as-17.25℃.

Highly robust zinc metal anode directed by organic–inorganic synergistic interfaces for wearable aqueous zinc battery

Flexible aqueous zinc batteries(FAZBs)with high safety and environmental friendliness are promising smart power sources for smart wearable electronics.However,the bare zinc anode usually suffers from damnable dendrite growth and rampant side reaction on the surface,greatly impeding practical applications in FAZBs.Herein,a composite polymer interface layer is artificially self‐assembled on the surface of the zinc anode by graft‐modified fluorinated monomer(polyacrylic acid‐2‐(Trifluoromethyl)propenoic acid,PAA‐TFPA),on which an organic–inorganic hybrid(PAA‐Zn/ZnF2)solid electrolyte interface(SEI)with excellent ionic conductivity is formed by interacting with Zn2+.Both the pouch cell and fiber zinc anode exhibit excellent plating/stripping reversibility after protecting by this organic–inorganic SEI,which can be stably cycled more than 3000 h in symmetric Zn||Zn cells or 550 h in fiber Zn||Zn cells.Additionally,this interface layer preserves zinc anode with excellent mechanical durability under various mechanical deformation(stably working for another 1200 h after bending 100 h).The corresponding PAA‐Zn/ZnF2@Zn||MnO2 full cell displays an ultra‐long life span(79%capacity retention after 3000 cycles)and mechanical robustness(85%of the initial capacity for another 3000 cycles after bending 100 times).More importantly,the as‐assembled cells can easily power smart wearable devices to monitor the user's health condition.

Green Synthesis of Mechanical Robust Superhydrophobic CNT@PU Coatings with High Flexibility for Extensive Applications

Superhydrophobic coatings with high flexibility and mechanical durability can well address many practical application problems.To this end,we proposed and fabricated a kind of bio-based superhydrophobic(multi-walled carbon nanotubes)CNT@PU(polyurethane)coatings.It was demonstrated that the CNT@PU coatings with 64%soft segment content possessed the preferable bonding strength(5B)with metal substrates.The multi-walled carbon nanotubes,as additive materials,were used to construct the microscopic structures of the coating surfaces,which made polyurethane surface superhydrophobic(water contact angle being 156.9°,and water sliding angle being 4.3°).Furthermore,the high bonding strength between CNT and coating matrix led to robust mechanical durability of supertiydrophobic CNT@PU coatings,and the coatings remained superhydrophobicity after 10 cycles of abrasion under 100 g load pressure.Also,the superhydrophobic coatings could well resist 5 cycles of tape-peeling action,and presented outstanding flexibility.The supernydrophobic CNT@PU coatings with high flexibility and mechanical durability could be applied to various substrates suggesting their big potential in future real-world application.

Mechanically durable,super-repellent 3D printed microcell/nanoparticle surfaces

Three-dimensional(3D)printed re-entrant micropillars have demonstrated high static contact angles for an unprecedented variety of liquids,but have yet to achieve this with low contact angle hysteresis and excellent abrasion resistance.We report on the demonstration of 3D printed microcell/nanoparticle structures that exhibit high static contact angle,low contact angle hysteresis,and high mechanical durability.Micropillars and microcells both exhibit high static contact angles with water and ethylene glycol(EG),but suffer from high contact angle hysteresis,indicative of rose petal wetting.Our modeling results indicate that micropillars are able to achieve higher static contact angle and breakthrough pressure simultaneously compared with microcells.However,simulations also indicate that micropillars have higher maximum equivalent stress at their bases,so that they are more prone to mechanical failure.We address contact angle hysteresis and mechanical durability issues by the creation of 3D printed microcell/nanoparticle arrays that demonstrate super-repellency and retain their super-repellency after 100 cycles of mechanical abrasion with a Scotch-Brite abrasive pad under a pressure of 1.2 kPa.The use of interconnected microcell structures as opposed to micropillars addresses mechanical durability issues.Low contact angle hysteresis is realized by coating 3D printed structures with low surface energy nanoparticles,which lowers the solid–liquid contact area fraction.Our results demonstrate new 3D printed structures with mechanical durability and super-repellency through the use of microcell structures integrated with fluorinated nanoparticles.

Collagen fiber membrane-derived chemically and mechanically durable superhydrophobic membrane for high- performance emulsion separation

Developing high-performance separation membrane with good durability is a highly desired while challenging issue.Herein,we reported the successful fabrication of chemically and mechanically durable superhydrophobic membrane that was prepared by embedding UiO-66 as size-sieving sites within the supramolecular fiber structure of collagen fiber membrane(CFM),followed by the polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)coating.The as-prepared CFM/UiO-66(12)/PDMS membrane featured capillary effect-enhanced separation flux and homogeneous porous channels guaranteed high separation efficiency.When utilized as double-layer separation membranes,this new type of composite membranes separated various surfactant stabilized water-in-oil microemulsions and nanoemulsions,with the separation efficiency high up to 99.993%and the flux as high as 973.3 L m−2 h−1.Compared with commercial polytetrafluoro ethylene(PTFE)membrane,the advantage of the double-layer CFM/UiO-66(12)/PDMS membranes in separation flux was evident,which exhibited one order of magnitude higher than that of commercial PTFE membrane.The CFM/UiO-66(12)/PDMS membrane was acid-alkali tolerant,UV-aging resistant and reusable for emulsion separation.Notably,the CFM/UiO-66(12)/PDMS membrane was mechanically durable against strong mechanical abrasion,which was still capable of separating diverse water-in-oil emulsions after the abrasion with sandpaper and assembled as double-layer separation membranes.We anticipate that the combination of CFM and metal organic frameworks(MOFs)is an effective strategy for fabricating high-performance separation membrane with high mechanical and chemical durability.

Robust Polystyrene/Fluorinated Silica Superhydrophobic Composite Coatings with Rapid Curing at Room Temperature Prepared by One-Step Spraying

Superhydrophobic materials are severely limited in their applications due to their weak mechanical properties and complex preparation process.In this paper,polystyrene/fluorinated silica(PS/SiO_(2))superhydrophobic composite coatings were prepared on the surface of 304 stainless steel using a simple one-step spraying method.The effects of different PS contents on the wettability as well as the wear properties of the samples were investigated.SiO_(2) was encapsulated in polystyrene to form a structure similar to cement encapsulated stones.With the addition of PS,a mound-like structure was formed on the sample surface,and a more optimized micro–nano structure was obtained when the content of PS was 0.6 g.At this time,the sample exhibited excellent wettability with a contact angle of 157.86°and a sliding angle of 0.84°.In addition,the contact angle of 151.09°was achieved after 180 cm of friction under a 100 g load and the composite coating prepared by this method also has excellent chemical stability,water impact resistance,corrosion resistance,and self-cleaning properties.This opens up new possibilities for the development of simple and robust superhydrophobic materials.

Rational design and evaluation of UV curable nano-silver ink applied in highly conductive textile-based electrodes and flexible silver-zinc batteries

The possibility of printing conductive ink on textiles is progressively researched due to its potential benefits in manufacturing functional wearable electronics and improving wearing comfort.However,few studies have reported the effect of conductive ink formulation on electrodes directly screen-printed on flexible substrates,especially printing UV curable conductive ink on common textiles.In this work,a novel UV curable nano-silver ink with short-time curing and low temperature features was developed to manufacture the fully flexible and washable textile-based electrodes by screen printing.The aim of this study was to determine the influence of ink formulation on UV-curing speed,degree of conversion,morphology and electrical properties of printed electrodes.Besides,the application demonstration was highlighted.The curing speed and adhesion of ink was found depending dominantly on the type of prepolymer and the functionality of monomer,and the type of photoinitiator had a decisive effect on the curing speed,degree of double bond conversion and morphology of printed patterns.The nano-silver content is key to guarantee the suitable screen-printability of conductive ink and therefore the uniformity and high conductivity of textile-based electrodes.Optimally,an ink formulation with 60 wt%nano-silver meets the potential application requirements.The electrode with 1.0 mm width showed significantly high electrical conductivity of 2.47×10^(6)S/m,outstanding mechanical durability and satisfactory washability.The high-performance of electrodes screen-printed on different fabrics proved the feasibility and utility of UV curable nano-silver ink.In addition,the application potential of the conductive ink in fabricating electronic textiles(e-textiles)was confirmed by using the textile-based electrodes as the cathodes of silverzinc batteries.We anticipate the developed UV curable conductive ink for screen-printing on textiles can provide a novel design opportunity for flexible and wearable e-textile applications.