Development,sand control mechanism and hydrocarbon accumulation of beach-bar sandstone in a saline lake basin:A case from the Neogene of southwestern Qaidam Basin,NW China

Based on the data of field outcrops,drilling cores,casting thin sections,well logging interpretation,oil/gas shows during drilling,and oil/gas testing results,and combined with modern salt-lake sediments in the Qinghai Lake,the Neogene saline lake beach-bars in southwestern Qaidam Basin are studied from the perspective of sedimentary characteristics,development patterns,sand control factors,and hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics.Beach-bar sand bodies are widely developed in the Neogene saline lake basin,and they are lithologically fine sandstone and siltstone,with wavy bedding,low-angle cross bedding,and lenticular-vein bedding.In view of spatial-temporal distribution,the beach-bar sand bodies are stacked in multiple stages vertically,migratory laterally,and extensive and continuous in NW-SE trending pattern in the plane.The stacking area of the Neogene beach-bar sandstone is predicted to be 3000 km^(2).The water salinity affects the sedimentation rate and offshore distance of beach-bar sandstone,and the debris input from the source area affects the scale and enrichment of beach-bar sandstone.The ancient landform controls the morphology and stacking style of beach-bar sandstone,and the northwest monsoon driving effect controls the long-axis extension direction of beach-bar sandstone.The beach-bars have a reservoir-forming feature of“one reservoir in one sand body”,with thick beach-bar sand bodies controlling the effective reservoir distribution and oil-source faults controlling the oil/gas migration and accumulation direction.Three favorable exploration target zones in Zhahaquan,Yingdong-eastern Wunan and Huatugou areas are proposed based on the analysis of reservoir-forming elements.

Damage by wind-blown sand and its control measures along the Taklimakan Desert Highway in China

Desertification is one of the most serious environmental problems in the world,especially in the arid desert regions.Combating desertification,therefore,is an urgent task on a regional or even global scale.The Taklimakan Desert in China is the second largest mobile desert in the world and has been called the''Dead Sea''due to few organisms can exist in such a harsh environment.The Taklimakan Desert Highway,the longest desert highway(a total length of 446 km)across the mobile desert in the world,was built in the 1990s within the Taklimakan Desert.It has an important strategic significance regarding oil and gas resources exploration and plays a vital role in the socio-economic development of southern Xinjiang,China.However,wind-blow sand seriously damages the smoothness of the desert highway and,in this case,mechanical sand control system(including sand barrier fences and straw checkerboards)was used early in the life of the desert highway to protect the road.Unfortunately,more than 70%of the sand barrier fences and straw checkerboards have lost their functions,and the desert highway has often been buried and frequently blocked since 1999.To solve this problem,a long artificial shelterbelt with the length of 437 km was built along the desert highway since 2000.However,some potential problems still exist for the sustainable development of the desert highway,such as water shortage,strong sandstorms,extreme environmental characteristics and large maintenance costs.The study aims to provide an overview of the damages caused by wind-blown sand and the effects of sand control measures along the Taklimakan Desert Highway.Ultimately,we provide some suggestions for the biological sand control system to ensure the sustainable development of the Taklimakan Desert Highway,such as screening drought-resistant species to reduce the irrigation requirement and ensure the sound development of groundwater,screening halophytes to restore vegetation in the case of soil salinization,and planting cash crops,such as Cistanche,Wolfberry,Apocynum and other cash crops to decrease the high cost of maintenance on highways and shelterbelts.

疏松砂岩稠油油藏防砂介质的原油-地层砂协同复合堵塞机制与规律

针对稠油出砂井防砂介质堵塞问题,使用稠油与水混合液携带地层砂,开展单向驱替流动、热采交变吞吐流动两种模式下的挡砂堵塞驱替模拟试验,揭示不同条件下割缝、绕丝、复合滤网和砾石层等多类型防砂介质的稠油-地层砂协同堵塞机制与规律,根据堵塞机制和定量关系,构建稠油-地层砂对防砂介质堵塞程度和动态产能预测模型。结果表明:高黏度稠油对防砂层多孔介质具有明显堵塞作用,渗透率损伤可高达70%;稠油防砂井中,存在稠油和地层砂对防砂介质的协同堵塞机制,稠油以束缚油的形式占据介质空间,加剧内部分选桥架堵塞,最终造成90%以上渗透率损害,但同时挡砂效果得到提升;热采蒸汽交变吞吐生产方式对稠油-地层砂的协同堵塞具有明显的解除堵塞效应;但随着交替轮次的增加,解堵和渗透率恢复幅度逐渐下降;对于稠油油藏防砂,建议挡砂精度相比常规油藏防砂精度放宽1~2个等级。

鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区山西组山2段浅水曲流河三角洲沉积模拟实验研究

【目的】勘探实践表明,鄂尔多斯盆地东南部延安气田主力产气层山西组山2段砂体呈狭长条带状分布,与北部各大气田上古生界砂体大面积连片分布存在显著差异,厘清山西组山2段砂体成因机理对理解该区砂体分布规律具有重要意义。【方法】以盆地东南部山西组山2段为地质原型,利用水槽沉积模拟实验探讨其砂体形成演化过程及控制因素。【结果与结论】平缓坡度与低水流强度是山2段分流河道呈低弯度曲流态的重要因素,水平面的变幅速率是控制山2段砂体纵向延伸的关键因素,砂体的大小及长宽比受岸线及流量变化控制,砂体整体的延伸距离及长宽比分别与水退的幅度和速率成正比。山西组沉积期,在水平面大幅度下降、岸线向湖区长距离迁移背景下,曲流河三角洲前缘砂体延伸较远距离;砂体叠置样式具有“垂向叠置”、“垂向切割”和“侧向迁移”的特征。该认识对山西组砂体分布预测和寻找优质储层具有重要的指导意义。

枯竭油气藏储气库出砂机理及防砂研究进展

枯竭油气藏储气库出砂会导致储层损害、井下管柱磨蚀及地面辅助设备故障等危害,严重影响储气库安全运行和有效储气能力。本文从油气藏开发阶段与储气库运行阶段出砂的异同出发,调研分析了现有枯竭油气藏储气库出砂机理、临界出砂生产压差预测以及防砂工程措施,对储气库出砂研究进展进行分析总结,指出了现有研究的不足以及未来攻关的方向。

机械沙障与治沙植物不同配置防风固沙效益研究

机械沙障与植物治沙对治理荒漠化土地、固定活化沙丘、降低荒漠化危害具有重要作用。为了解机械沙障与治沙植物不同配置防风固沙效益,以吐鲁番市高昌区荒漠化土地为研究对象,在研究区内设置4种不同的治理模式,通过试验分析不同治理模式的植物保存率、防风效能、地表粗糙度、风速廓线、输沙量和地表蚀积深度等防风固沙效益指标,对比不同配置模式活化沙丘的治理效果。结果表明:(1)机械沙障对治沙植物的生长起到了良好的保护作用,植物存活率大于80%;草方格沙障在初期对植物的保护作用大于高立式沙障,梭梭初期的生长情况弱于同等沙障保护下的柽柳。(2)4种治理模式均具有良好的防风效益,草方格沙障在0.4 m以下的防风效能优于高立式沙障,在0.4 m以上,高立式沙障的防风效能更好,同等保护条件下的柽柳防风效能优于梭梭;草方格沙障的地表粗糙度大于高立式沙障,柽柳的防风效能优于梭梭。(3)草方格沙障在0.4 m以下的阻沙效益优于高立式沙障,但总体阻沙效益弱于高立式沙障,在相同沙障中,柽柳的阻沙效益优于梭梭;4种治理模式对地表均具有良好的固定作用,草方格沙障优于高立式沙障,沙面形态更加平稳,柽柳对土壤的固定作用优于梭梭。草方格沙障+柽柳的治理模式防风固沙效益最佳。

机制砂在佛山三水三桥下部结构工程中的应用

文中以佛山三水三桥项目为例,对机制砂在桥梁下部结构工程中的应用进行分析。实践表明,相比普通河砂,机制砂施工的混凝土在光洁度方面稍弱,但立柱、墩身、盖梁的外观质量总体良好。三水三桥工程项目采用机制砂代替河砂生产各强度等级混凝土约1万m3,材料费用节省约67万元。

Effects of coarse and fine aggregates on long-term mechanical properties of sea sand recycled aggregate concrete

Typical effects of coarse and fine aggregates on the long-term properties of sea sand recycled aggregate concrete(SSRAC)are analyzed by a series of axial compression tests.Two different types of fine(coarse)aggregates are considered:sea sand and river sand(natural and recycled coarse aggregates).Variations in SSRAC properties at different ages are investigated.A novel test system is developed via axial compression experiments and the digital image correlation method to obtain the deformation field and crack development of concrete.Supportive results show that the compressive strength of SSRAC increase with decreasing recycled coarse aggregate replacement percentage and increasing sea sand chloride ion content.The elastic modulus of SSRAC increases with age.However,the Poisson’s ratio reduces after 2 years.Typical axial stress-strain curves of SSRAC vary with age.Generally,the effect of coarse aggregates on the axial deformation of SSRAC is clear;however,the deformation differences between coarse aggregate and cement mortar reduce by adopting sea sand.The aggregate type changes the crack characteristics and propagation of SSRAC.Finally,an analytical expression is suggested to construct the long-term stress-strain curve of SSRAC.

Fault-sand combination modes and hydrocarbon accumulation in Binhai fault nose of Qikou Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, East China

Based on seismic and logging data,taking the downthrow fault nose of Binhai fault in Qikou Sag as the object of study,we analyzed fault characteristics,sand body distribution,fault-sand combinations and hydrocarbon accumulation to reveal the hydrocarbon enrichment law in the fault-rich area of fault depression lake basin.The results show that the Binhai Cenozoic fault nose is characterized by east-west zoning,the main part of the western fault segment is simple in structure,whereas the broom-shaped faults in the eastern segment are complex in structure,including several groups of faults.The difference of fault evolution controls the spatial distribution of sand bodies.The sand bodies are in continuous large pieces in the downthrow fault trough belt along the Gangdong Fault in the middle segment of the fault nose,forming consequent fault-sand combination;whereas the fault activity period of the eastern part of the fault nose was later,and the sand bodies controlled by paleogeomorphology are distributed in multi-phase north-south finger-shaped pattern,forming vertical fault-sand combination pattern matching with the fault.The configuration between faults and sand bodies,and oil sources and caprocks determine the vertical conductivity,plane distribution and vertical distribution of oil and gas.Two oil and gas accumulation modes,i.e.single main fault hydrocarbon supply-fault sand consequent matching-oil accumulation in multi-layers stereoscopically and fault system transportation-fault sand vertical matching-oil accumulation in banded overlapping layers occur in the middle and eastern segments of the fault nose respectively,and they control the difference of oil and gas distribution and enrichment degree in the Binhai fault nose.

防砂管金属丝编织过滤网堵塞-冲蚀破坏微观损伤机理研究

为了探明防砂管金属丝编织过滤网在防砂生产过程中的破坏机理,采用全尺寸防砂筛管冲蚀模拟装置,实验研究了一定含砂浓度条件下生产压差对筛网堵塞-冲蚀破坏的影响规律和微观损伤机制。结果表明:生产压差越大筛网防砂失效的时间越短,防砂失效时的筛网质量损失百分比临界值为0.45%,超过该临界值后挡砂失效;筛网多数过流孔被砂粒堵塞,导致含砂流体过流速度分布不均,造成筛网局部冲蚀破坏,形成破坏“热点”;SEM/EDS微观分析发现,编织网金属丝迎流外表面并未发生明显冲蚀损伤,而金属丝泄流面冲蚀损伤严重,认为堵塞滞留在编织网孔处的砂粒在流体压差的作用下会以较高的动能和一定的角度弹射撞击到编织网泄流面邻近金属丝隆起阻挡高速砂粒流动的区域、造成金属丝磨损、切削损伤,建议通过控制生产压差来降低编织网泄流侧的冲蚀程度,通过改变编织孔网三维结构来改善筛网的抗冲蚀破坏能力。本文研究结果对防砂筛管冲蚀破坏原因分析和长效防砂筛管设计有一定指导意义。

咸化湖盆滩坝砂岩发育特征、控砂机制及油气成藏特征——以柴达木盆地西南地区新近系为例

基于柴达木盆地西南地区野外露头、钻井岩心、铸体薄片、测井解释、钻井油气显示及试油气成果等资料分析,结合青海湖现代盐湖沉积,对柴西南地区新近系咸化湖相滩坝沉积特征、发育规律、控砂因素及油气成藏特征等开展研究。结果表明:新近系咸化湖盆广泛发育滩坝砂体,岩性为细砂岩、粉砂岩,发育波状层理、低角度交错层理、透镜状-脉状层理等;滩坝砂体具有纵向上多期叠置、侧向上迁移、平面上呈北西—南东向广覆式连片的时空分布特征,预测新近系滩坝砂岩叠合面积达3000 km^(2);水体盐度影响滩坝砂岩的沉积速率与滩坝的离岸距离,物源区碎屑输入量影响滩坝砂岩的规模与富集,古地貌控制着滩坝砂体的形态及叠加样式,西北季风驱动效应控制滩坝砂岩的长轴延伸方向;滩坝具有“一砂一藏”的成藏特征,厚层滩坝砂体控制有效储集层分布,油源断裂控制油气运聚主要方向。通过成藏要素分析,提出扎哈泉南、英东—乌南东和花土沟东等3个有利勘探目标区。

疏松砂岩储层过筛管新型防砂管柱结构研究及应用

渤海油田储层地质特性以疏松砂岩为主,随着开采时间的增加,油气井会出现垢堵、砂堵、产量下降等问题。目前在对其疏松砂岩储层进行压裂增产改造后,需重新对疏松砂岩储层作防砂处理,由于受到小筛管机械防砂自身特性的限制,最终的防砂工程通常会出现防砂效果稳定性差、有效期短等问题。文章通过防砂筛管性能对比优选、管柱结构设计、数值仿真可靠性分析和地面实验,成功研制了一套适用于海上油田的新型双向膨胀悬挂预充填筛管的防砂管柱,为射孔压裂后的筛管建立挡砂屏障。经过现场试验,该型管柱具有悬挂牢靠、密封效果好、防砂性能稳定等优点。新型防砂管柱结构不仅能够提升海上过筛管射孔压裂增产措施的效果,而且对筛管破损井治理具有很好的指导借鉴意义。

陆丰南地区坡折带发育规律及差异控砂机制研究

陆相断陷湖盆坡折带类型多样且发育广泛,对层序的发育和砂体的分布起重要的控制作用,进而影响岩性-地层圈闭的发育。为明确陆丰南地区坡折带分布规律及对砂体的控制作用,本研究通过大量地震资料和钻井资料的分析,恢复和解剖陆丰南地区古近系的古地貌和复杂断裂体系,在陆丰南地区共识别了4大类6种坡折带,并指明了分布规律,进一步总结了陆丰南地区不同类型坡折带的差异控砂机制及其控制下的砂体特征和分布规律,指出断阶坡折和沉积坡折规模大、砂体类型多、物性好、储盖配置条件好,是最有利的两类坡折带。这两类坡折带在陆丰地区发育广泛,其控制下的有利砂体发育区带勘探潜力大,为后续系统性评价地层-岩性圈闭提供理论依据。

机械防砂筛管挡砂介质堵塞机制及堵塞规律试验

针对防砂井由于机械筛管及砾石层等挡砂介质被堵塞而造成低产或停产的情况,开展防砂井挡砂介质堵塞机制研究,提出非充填带的桥架充填堵塞机制和挡砂介质内部桥架堵塞机制。利用机械筛管微观驱替堵塞模拟试验装置对机械筛管多层滤网挡砂层的堵塞过程、堵塞机制及影响规律进行系统的试验模拟,研究影响挡砂筛网堵塞程度的主要因素及其影响规律。结果表明:生产时间、出砂速度、粉细砂含量、泥质含量、原油黏度等是影响挡砂介质堵塞过程及堵塞程度的主要因素;试验结果揭示了挡砂介质堵塞程度与影响因素之间的定性和定量规律;试验数据可以通过拟合用于建立挡砂介质堵塞渗透率比与上述参数之间的定量经验关系模型,进一步预测特定地质与生产条件下防砂井挡砂介质堵塞程度随生产时间的变化规律。

风沙危害防治的主要工程措施及其机理

对风沙危害防治的主要工程措施及其物理机理进行了深入研究,从理论上得出格状沙障内最大风蚀深度与方格边长之间的解析关系,利用流体力学理论计算了不同草头高度h0所对应的最大间距Lmax,得出格状沙障中心沙粒的起动风速随沙障规格和深宽比h/L的增加而减小,建立了栅栏下风侧风速为来流风速的百分率与栅栏下风向距离的关系,并对不同孔隙度尼纶网栅栏的风沙阻导效应、直立植物及戈壁砾石覆盖防沙措施的粗糙特征、化学工程固沙措施等进行了广泛研究。通过对已有研究成果的综合评述,剖析了风沙工程学面临的主要问题与任务,指出与生态环境治理、资源开发及可持续发展问题紧密结合,是风沙危害防治研究发展的方向,并亟待加强与生态环境恢复—资源高效开发一体化的风沙危害防治措施的理论研究与技术示范。

机械筛管挡砂精度优化实验及设计模型

针对现有机械筛管挡砂精度设计方法考虑因素不全面或通用性较差的问题,进行了机械筛管挡砂精度优化实验,并通过实验结果的拟合建立了挡砂精度设计经验模型。利用机械筛管综合性能测试实验装置,使用35个地层砂样本和9类筛管进行了实验,通过测量不同挡砂精度下的相对过砂量、计算流通性能指标,优化得到不同粒径特征地层砂的合理挡砂精度。对实验结果进行拟合,考虑了综合中值粒径、细质组分粒径的地层砂粒径特征及其均匀性,以及实际生产条件的影响,建立了机械筛管挡砂精度优化设计经验模型。该模型在多个油田实际应用20余井次,防砂效果良好。该模型应用简便,考虑的因素更全面,普遍适用性较强,且通过应用该模型可以省去大量的实验时间。

砾石充填防砂井砾石层堵塞机理实验研究

用不同粒度中值的砾石和地层砂对砾石层的挡砂机理进行了实验研究。结果表明 ,砾石充填防砂效果与砾石尺寸的选择密切相关 ,砾石层渗透率的降低与砾石及地层砂的粒径比、流体粘度、累积产液量等因素有关。对 5种粒度中值比的砾石与地层砂的挡砂结果进行了分析 ,根据其挡砂机理的不同 ,砾石挡砂类型可分为无地层砂侵入型、浅层内部桥塞型、孔隙堵塞与孔隙内部桥塞混合型、砾石层孔隙充填型和地层砂自由通过型。

压裂防砂技术在胜利油田低渗敏感稠油油藏的应用

为进一步提高低渗敏感稠油油藏开发效果,胜利油田引进了压裂防砂技术。利用有限元模拟方法定量分析了压裂防砂技术增产及防砂的内在机理,明确了该技术对低渗敏感稠油油藏具有较强适应性;开展了压裂防砂施工工艺优化,确定最优造缝长度为70 m,优选0.425-0.850 mm陶粒作为支撑剂,合成聚合物压裂液作为施工用液,前置液用量比为35%-45%。2013年压裂防砂技术在胜利油田草13区块现场试验15井次,油井投产初期平均单井日产油5.4 t,与挤压充填防砂井日产油相比,单井增产1.8倍,能够很好地满足现场要求。压裂防砂技术对于低渗敏感稠油油藏具有较强的针对性和适应性,可为该类油藏高效开发提供新的技术支持。

纤维复合防砂技术的机理研究及应用

纤维复合防砂技术是针对疏松砂岩油藏防细粉砂而提出的一项新技术,通过“稳砂”和“挡砂”作用来防砂,无须下入筛管,不会对渗透率造成伤害。从纤维复合防砂机理入手,介绍了特种纤维的制备与表面处理,对特种纤维的耐酸、碱、高矿化度水及其耐高温性能进行了试验,并进行了纤维复合防砂的矿场先期试验。试验结果表明,纤维的耐酸、碱、盐以及耐温性能好,加入纤维后大大提高了树脂涂敷砂的强度,同时改善了人工井壁的渗透性,延长了防砂有效期。

砾石充填井堵塞机理实验研究

用物理实验方法模拟了砾石充填井的渗流过程。在填砂管中沿渗流方向设置阻挡地层砂的砾石防砂网 ,注入带有一定地层砂微粒的流体。通过观测堵塞的位置和各渗流段的粒度组成的变化来研究砾石充填井的堵塞机理。实验结果表明 ,堵塞发生在油砂界面上 ,而油砂界面形成的主要原因是井中砾石充填不紧实。因此 ,为了延迟堵塞出现的时间 ,应尽可能采用高紧实度的充填方法 ,如压裂充填。在消除堵塞时 ,应从消除油砂界面上的入口滤饼来考虑。