Failure behavior and strength model of blocky rock mass with and without rockbolts

To better understand the failure behaviours and strength of bolt-reinforced blocky rocks,large scale extensive laboratory experiments are carried out on blocky rock-like specimens with and without rockbolt reinforcement.The results show that both shear failure and tensile failure along joint surfaces are observed but the shear failure is a main controlling factor for the peak strength of the rock mass with and without rockbolts.The rockbolts are necked and shear deformation simultaneously happens in bolt reinforced rock specimens.As the joint dip angle increases,the joint shear failure becomes more dominant.The number of rockbolts has a significant impact on the peak strain and uniaxial compressive strength(UCS),but little influence on the deformation modulus of the rock mass.Using the Winkler beam model to represent the rockbolt behaviours,an analytical model for the prediction of the strength of boltreinforced blocky rocks is proposed.Good agreement between the UCS values predicted by proposed model and obtained from experiments suggest an encouraging performance of the proposed model.In addition,the performance of the proposed model is further assessed using published results in the literature,indicating the proposed model can be used effectively in the prediction of UCS of bolt-reinforced blocky rocks.

Advances in statistical mechanics of rock masses and its engineering applications

To efficiently link the continuum mechanics for rocks with the structural statistics of rock masses,a theoretical and methodological system called the statistical mechanics of rock masses(SMRM)was developed in the past three decades.In SMRM,equivalent continuum models of stressestrain relationship,strength and failure probability for jointed rock masses were established,which were based on the geometric probability models characterising the rock mass structure.This follows the statistical physics,the continuum mechanics,the fracture mechanics and the weakest link hypothesis.A general constitutive model and complete stressestrain models under compressive and shear conditions were also developed as the derivatives of the SMRM theory.An SMRM calculation system was then developed to provide fast and precise solutions for parameter estimations of rock masses,such as full-direction rock quality designation(RQD),elastic modulus,Coulomb compressive strength,rock mass quality rating,and Poisson’s ratio and shear strength.The constitutive equations involved in SMRM were integrated into a FLAC3D based numerical module to apply for engineering rock masses.It is also capable of analysing the complete deformation of rock masses and active reinforcement of engineering rock masses.Examples of engineering applications of SMRM were presented,including a rock mass at QBT hydropower station in northwestern China,a dam slope of Zongo II hydropower station in D.R.Congo,an open-pit mine in Dexing,China,an underground powerhouse of Jinping I hydropower station in southwestern China,and a typical circular tunnel in Lanzhou-Chongqing railway,China.These applications verified the reliability of the SMRM and demonstrated its applicability to broad engineering issues associated with jointed rock masses.

Predicting the excavation damaged zone within brittle surrounding rock masses of deep underground caverns using a comprehensive approach integrating in situ measurements and numerical analysis

Excavation Damaged Zone(EDZ)scope is important for optimizing excavation and support schemes in deep underground caverns.However,accurately predicting the full EDZ scope within the surrounding rock masses of deep underground caverns during excavation remains a pressing problem.This study presents a comprehensive EDZ scope prediction approach(CESPA)for the brittle surrounding rock masses of deep underground caverns by coupling numerical simulation with quantitative analysis of borehole wall images and ultrasonic test results.First,the changes in both P-velocity(V_(p))and joint distribution of the surrounding rock masses before and after excavation damage are captured using ultrasonic tests and borehole digital cameras.Second,the quality Q-parameters of the surrounding rock mass before and after excavation damage are preliminarily rated with the rock mass descriptions provided by borehole wall images,and the rock mass V_(p)-parameter values are determined according to the V_(p)-borehole depth curves.Third,the Q-parameter ratings are further finely adjusted by updating the related Q-values to be similar with the Q-values estimated by V_(p)-parameter values.Fourth,the initial and residual mechanical parameters for the rock mass deterioration model(RDM)are estimated by the adjusted Q-parameter ratings based on the modified Q-based relations,and the elastic modulus deterioration index(EDI)threshold to describe the EDZ boundary is determined with the V_(p)-parameter values.Finally,EDZ scope is predicted using the elastoplastic numerical simulation with RDM and EDI based on the mechanical parameter estimates and EDI threshold.Analyses of applications in Sub-lab D1 in Jinping II project show that CESPA can provide a reliable and operable solution for predicting full EDZ scopes within the brittle surrounding rock masses of deep underground caverns.

An Anisotropic Geomechanical Model for Jointed Rock Masses at Taishan Nuclear Power Station, Southern China

An anisotropic geomechanical model for jointed rock mass is presented. Simultaneously with deriving the orthotropic anisotropy elastic parameters along the positive axis, the equivalent compliance matrix for the deflection axis orthotropic anisotropy was derived through a three- dimensional coordinate transformation. In addition, Singh＇s analysis of the stress concentration effects of intermittent joints was adopted, based on two groups of intermittent joints and a set of cross- cutting joints in the jointed rock mass. The stress concentration effects caused by intermittent joints and the coupling effect of cross-cutting joints along the deflection-axis are also considered. The proposed anisotropic mechanics parameters method is applied to determine the deformation parameters of jointed granite at the Taishan Nuclear Power Station. Combined with the deterministic mechanical parameters of rock blocks and joints, the deformation parameters and their variability in jointed rock masses are estimated quantitatively. The computed results show that jointed granite at the Taishan Nuclear Power Station exhibits typical anisotropic mechanical characteristics; the elastic moduli in the two horizontal directions were similar, but the elastic modulus in the vertical direction was much greater. Jointed rock elastic moduli in the two horizontal and vertical directions were respectively about 24% and 37% of the core of rock, showing weakly orthotropic anisotropy; the ratio of elastic moduli in the vertical and horizontal directions was 1.53, clearly indicating the transversely isotropic rock mass mechanical characteristics. The method can be popularized to solve other rock mechanics problems in nuclear power engineering.

Deformation analysis of transversely isotropic coal-rock mass with porous and cracks

Coal-rock as a typical sedimentary rock has obvious stratification,namely it has transversely isotropic feature.Meanwhile,deformation leads to coal-rock mass having the characteristics of different porous and crack structures as well as local anisotropy.Equivalent axial and circumferential strain' formulas of the pure coal-rock mass specimen with a single crack were derived through the establishment of equivalent mechanical model of standard cylindrical coal-rock specimen,and have been widely used to a variety of media combined different structures containing multiple cracks.The complete stress strain curve of a real coal-rock specimen was obtained by the CTC test.Additionally,according to the comparison with the theoretical value,the theoretical mechanical model could well explain the deformation characteristics of coal-rock mass and verify its validity.Further,following features were analyzed:strain normalized coefficient and elastic modulus(Poisson's ratio) in vertical and parallel direction to the stratification,stratification angle,porosity,pore radius,normal and tangential stiffness of crack,and the relationship of different crack width with different tangential stiffness of crack.Through the analysis above,it substantiate this claim that the theoretical model with better reliability reflects the transversely isotropic nature of the coal-rock and the local anisotropy caused by the porous and cracks.

A new elastoplastic model for bolt-grouted fractured rock

Complexities in mechanical behaviours of rock masses mainly stem from inherent discontinuities,which calls for advanced bolt-grouting techniques for stability enhancement.Understanding the mechanical properties of bolt-grouted fractured rock mass(BGFR)and developing accurate prediction methods are crucial to optimize the BGFR support strategies.This paper establishes a new elastoplastic(E-P)model based on the orthotropic and the Mohr-Coulomb(M-C)plastic-yielding criteria.The elastic parameters of the model were derived through a meso-mechanical analysis of composite materials mechanics(CMM).Laboratory BGFR specimens were prepared and uniaxial compression test and variable-angle shear test considering different bolt arrangements were carried out to obtain the mechanical parameters of the specimens.Results showed that the anisotropy of BGFR mainly depends on the relative volume content of each component material in a certain direction.Moreover,the mechanical parameters deduced from the theory of composite materials which consider the short fibre effect are shown to be in good agreement with those determined by laboratory experiments,and the variation rules maintained good consistency.Last,a case study of a real tunnel project is provided to highlight the effectiveness,validity and robustness of the developed E-P model in prediction of stresses and deformations.

A Method for Evaluating the Maximum Bending Degree of Flexural Toppling Rock Masses Based on the Rock Tensile Strain-Softening Model

Flexural toppling occurs when a series of layered rock masses bend towards their free face.It is important to evaluate the maximum bending degree and the requirement of supports of flexural toppling rock mass to prevent rock mass cracking and even failure leading to a landslide.Based on the rock tensile strain-softening model,this study proposes a method for calculating the maximum curvature(C_(ppmax))of flexural toppling rock masses.By applying this method to calculate Cppmax of 9 types of rock masses with different hardness and rock layer thickness,some conclusions are drawn:(1)the internal key factors affecting C_(ppmax)are E^(⋆)(E^(⋆)=E_(ss)/E_(0),where E_(0)and E_(ss)are the mean deformation moduli of the rock before and after reaching its peak tensile strength,respectively),the strainεt corresponding to the tensile strength of rock,and the thickness(h)of rock layers;(2)hard rock layers are more likely to develop into block toppling than soft rock layers;and(3)thin rock layers are more likely to remain in flexural toppling state than thick rock layers.In addition,it is found that C_(ppmax)for flexural toppling rock masses composed of bedded rocks such as gneiss is related to the tensile direction.

Development of an improved three-dimensional rough discrete fracture network model:Method and application

Structure plane is one of the important factors affecting the stability and failure mode of rock mass engineering.Rock mass structure characterization is the basic work of rock mechanics research and the important content of numerical simulation.A new 3-dimensional rough discrete fracture network(RDFN3D)model and its modeling method based on the Weierstrass-Mandelbrot(W-M)function were presented in this paper.The RDFN3D model,which improves and unifies the modelling methods for the complex structural planes,has been realized.The influence of fractal dimension,amplitude,and surface precision on the modeling parameters of RDFN3D was discussed.The reasonable W-M parameters suitable for the roughness coefficient of JRC were proposed,and the relationship between the mathematical model and the joint characterization was established.The RDFN3D together with the smooth 3-dimensional discrete fracture network(DFN3D)models were successfully exported to the drawing exchange format,which will provide a wide application in numerous numerical simulation codes including both the continuous and discontinuous methods.The numerical models were discussed using the COMSOL Multiphysics code and the 3-dimensional particle flow code,respectively.The reliability of the RDFN3D model was preliminarily discussed and analyzed.The roughness and spatial connectivity of the fracture networks have a dominant effect on the fluid flow patterns.The research results can provide a new geological model and analysis model for numerical simulation and engineering analysis of jointed rock mass.

混合式岩体力学全英文课程的探索与应用

随着“一带一路”建设的推进,地质工程专业人才的培养面临着新的机遇和挑战。这对地质工程专业的基础课程建设提出了更高的要求,需要更加注重英文教学和专业知识的结合。该文总结了当前地质工程专业基础课程岩体力学全英文课程建设中存在的问题,结合BOPPPS模型的培养方式和特点,提出了混合式岩体力学全英文课程教学模式,并进行了实践验证。这种混合式全英文课程教学模式,可以有效提高学生的英语水平和专业知识水平,为地质工程专业人才的培养做出了贡献。同时,这种教学模式也具有一定的推广和借鉴价值,可以为其他专业的全英文课程教学提供参考和借鉴。

湖北省三峡库区砂泥岩互层岩体劣化特征与劣化机理分析

受水位周期性变动影响,三峡库区地质环境产生复杂变化,尤其是对碎屑岩岸坡砂泥岩互层岩体劣化的影响显著。本文通过对湖北省三峡库区碎屑岩岸坡砂泥岩互层岩体进行现场调查,结合现场测试与室内试验成果,对比分析碎屑岩砂泥岩互层岩体两种结构单元的劣化差异,结合岸坡互层岩体的劣化现状,分析砂泥岩互层结构的岸坡岩体劣化变形过程,揭示砂泥岩互层岩体的劣化机理及其对岸坡致灾发展的影响,为后期合理进行岸坡岩体劣化评价及防治提供理论支撑。

岩体劣化下锚索预应力补偿机制数值研究

为揭示岩体劣化作用下锚索预应力补偿机制,本文基于Abaqus数值模拟,开展了锚索预应力在岩体劣化作用下损失及补偿数值模拟实验,并在验证模型可靠的基础上,分析了不同劣化率下锚索预应力损失和预应力补偿机制,研究结果可为预应力锚索锚固的边坡灾害防治提供相关依据。

Mechanism of progressive failure of a slope with a steep joint under the action of freezing and thawing:model test

The stability of slope rock masses is influenced by freeze-thaw cycles in cold region,and the mechanism of stability deterioration is not clear.In order to understand the damage and progressive failure characteristics of rock masses under the action of freezing and thawing,a model test was conducted on slope with steep joint in this study.The temperature,frost heaving pressure and deformation of slope rock mass were monitored in real-time during the test and the progressive failure mode was studied.The experimental results show that the temperature variations of cracking and the rock mass of a slope are different.There are obvious latent heat stages in the temperature-change plot in the crack,but not in the slope rock masses.The frost heaving effect in the fracture is closely related to the constraint conditions,which change with the deformation of the fracture.The frost heaving pressure fluctuates periodically during freezing and continues to decrease during thawing.The surface deformation of the rock mass increases during freezing,and the deformation is restored when it thaws.Freeze-thaw cycling results in residual deformation of the rock mass which cannot be fully restored.Analysis shows that the rock mass at the free side of the steep-dip joint rotates slightly under the frost heaving effect,causing fracture propagation.The fracture propagation pattern is a circular arc at the beginning,then extends to the possible sliding direction of the rock mass.Frost heaving force and fracture water pressure are the key factors for the failure of the slope,which can cause the crack to penetrate the rock mass,and a landslide ensues when the overall anti-sliding resistance of the rock mass is overcome.

Study on engineering-hydrogeological problems of hydroelectric project

Engineering-hydrogeological problems arise from the interaction between engineering activities and geological environment, in which rock-soil mass and groundwater are especially important constituents. However, up-to-date research on them is relatively dispersive and simple due to their complexity and lack of comprehensive and systematic study methods. Starting from geological analysis of mechanism to geological model based on geological regularities, the paper predicts the tendency of geological evolvement and puts forward proper measures to solve problems. In this paper, elevated water-sensitive structure in rock-soil mass, which mainly causes engineering hydrogeological problems, and problems in hydropower is discussed based on unique construction in Chinese Western hydropower projects. Engineering hydrogeological problems are reservoir induced earthquakes leakage from reservoir bottom in karst, stability of high slope at reservoir banks, sliding of dam foundation and dam abutment, and confined water at key positions which are introduced and determined by using water-sensitive factors(or structure) according to special hydrogeological conditions.

含消落带劣化岩体的危岩边坡动力累积损伤机制研究

对消落带劣化岩体及水库诱发地震共同影响下三峡库区某典型危岩边坡的稳定性进行了研究,设计并开展了几何相似比为1:100的振动台模型试验,探讨了含消落带劣化岩体的危岩边坡动力累积损伤—失稳破坏演化全过程及其动力响应规律。研究表明:含消落带劣化岩体的危岩边坡动力累积损伤—失稳破坏全过程可归结为坡体内部损伤累积—裂隙发育—次级节理与深大裂隙贯通—失稳倾倒,同时伴随消落带岩体表层松动—掉落—破坏及内部出现渗流网—形成渗流通道—形成“凹腔”的复合破坏模式;随着地震动的持续,危岩体内部动力响应规律具有典型的“趋高”及“趋表”效应,危岩边坡表面累积位移不断增加,消落带处孔隙水压力整体增加,危岩边坡内部水平向及竖直向土压力在全阶段中整体均呈先增大后减小的规律;危岩边坡自振频率及阻尼比在全阶段整体呈减小和增加的趋势;在小震结束前阶段及强震阶段,危岩边坡损伤度曲线分别呈“S”型分布和指数型分布。

Stress wave propagation and incompatible deformation mechanisms in rock discontinuity interfaces in deep-buried tunnels

Complex weak structural planes and fault zones induce significant heterogeneity,discontinuity,and nonlinear characteristics of a rock mass.When an earthquake occurs,these characteristics lead to extremely complex seismic wave propagation and vibrational behaviors and thus pose a huge threat to the safety and stability of deep buried tunnels.To investigate the wave propagation in a rock mass with different structural planes and fault zones,this study first introduced the theory of elastic wave propagation and elastodynamic principles and used the Zoeppritz equation to describe wave field decomposition and develop a seismic wave response model accordingly.Then,a physical wave propagation model was constructed to investigate seismic waves passing through a fault,and dynamic damage was analyzed by using shaking table tests.Finally,stress wave attenuation and dynamic incompatible deformation mechanisms in a rock mass with fault zones were explored.The results indicate that under the action of weak structural planes,stress waves appear as a complex wave field decomposition phenomenon.When a stress wave spreads to a weak structural plane,its scattering may transform into a tensile wave,generating tensile stress and destabilizing the rock mass;wave dynamic energy is absorbed by a low-strength rock through wave scattering,which significantly weakens the seismic load.Wave propagation accelerates the initiation and expansion of internal defects in the rock mass and leads to a dynamic incompatible deformation.This is one of the main causes for large deformation and even instability within rock masses.These findings provide an important reference and guide with respect to stability analysis of rock mass with weak structural planes and fault zones.

基于裂隙网络渗流差异的消落带岩体劣化空间预测方法

三峡水库175 m蓄水以来,水位周期性涨落,使得岸坡岩体强度下降而逐渐劣化,易导致岩质岸坡失稳破坏,因此引起了广泛的关注。岩体劣化与库水位的波动有关,其损伤劣化区域必然与水力调整范围有一定的关系。本文提出了基于裂隙网络模型渗流差异的岩体劣化空间分析方法。利用Beacher模型结合裂隙几何参数分布概型模拟岩体裂隙的空间分布,并基于裂隙截面面积相等,在裂隙网络中简化面状渗流为管道流,构建出裂隙网络渗流空间图。同时利用拓扑关系求解实际工况中岩体裂隙网络渗流空间的水头分布区域,通过不同水位下的渗流差异区域来推测发生岩体劣化的空间,基于理论分析和数值模拟得出存在水力差异的区域和新增的渗流区域两种情况合集即为岩体劣化区域。这一预测方法将对量化三峡库区岩体劣化空间强度及岸坡稳定性有重要的指导意义。

Statistical Principles in Mechanics of Rock Masses

For many years, the authors systematically summed up the previous studies, ex-plored the statistical characters of rock mass structure, and the mechanical characters,and developed the principle system of'Statistic Mechanics of Rock Mass'. This notewill briefly introduce the primary principles of the theory.

不同危岩体分离面稳定性系数仿真分析

为获取更加准确的分离面稳定性系数,设计一种新的滑坡风险区危岩体分离面稳定性系数仿真分析方法。通过无人机采集滑坡风险区危岩体图像,获取更全面、更完整的图像信息。根据采集图像构建滑坡风险区危岩体的有限元力学模型。根据构建模型实施危岩体分离面的网络模拟。将滑坡风险区危岩体分离面分为3种类型:滑塌式危岩体分离面、倾倒式危岩体分离面以及坠落式危岩体分离面,分别实施三者的稳定性系数仿真分析。选择某滑坡风险区实施设计方法的应用测试。在该滑坡风险区中,分别针对滑塌式危岩体、倾倒式危岩体、坠落式危岩体实施分离面稳定性系数仿真分析。通过设计方法能够在多种工况下,实现3种危岩体分离面稳定性系数的准确仿真分析,证明了设计方法的稳定性系数仿真分析性能。

断层对硬梁包水电站主厂房围岩稳定性的影响分析

断层等结构面对地下洞室的稳定性起着控制性作用,研究断层作用下的地下洞室的稳定性对工程的施工安全及支护设计具有重要意义。以硬梁包水电站为例,分析主厂房区域的断层F5对其围岩稳定性的影响,采用Flac3D数值模拟软件,引入考虑开挖卸荷开裂后力学参数等效降低的岩体劣化本构模型,对主厂房全部开挖后,不同断面的岩体劣化特征、卸荷变形量、重分布应力特征进行对比分析。结果表明:厂房洞室开挖完成后,F5断层使围岩变形增大了15%~20%,使局部变形最大可达到100 mm左右,断层影响区域岩体松弛程度相比于无断层区域明显增大。

深部开挖洞室围岩分层断裂破坏机制模型试验研究

根据对深部岩体的地应力特征分析和对洞室围岩受力变形特点的分析,提出深部开挖洞室围岩分层断裂破坏机制:由于深部开挖工程中岩体地应力数值较大,且最大地应力方向可能与洞室轴线平行,从而使洞室围岩在较大的轴向压应力作用下产生较大的朝洞内的膨胀变形,并在围岩内产生较大的径向拉应变。该拉应变的分布特征是在洞壁处较小,在介质内较大,当洞壁介质内的拉应变值达到其极限值时,那里的围岩便发生断裂,这种断裂可以产生一层或多层,决定于轴向压应力数值的大小。上述认识采用洞室模型试验结果作了验证。研究结果不仅对民用深部开挖工程具有重大指导意义,对国防工程中的某些方面,如导弹发射井等也有重要启示作用。