Discussion and Research on Orthopedic Biomechanics Testing Technology

With the continuous development of today's science and technology,orthopedic research has also achieved continuous updates in materials and machinery.In this case,the mechanics testing technology of orthopedics also needs to be further updated and developed,so that it can effectively meet the requirement for today's orthopedic mechanical testing.Based on this,this article analyzes several advanced orthopedic mechanics testing techniques.It is hoped that this analysis can provide a reference for the good application and development of orthopedic mechanics testing technology.

基于全局响应面算法的Q235B钢的Johnson-Cook模型参数最优

This study investigates the mechanical properties of Q235B steel through quasi-static tests at both room temperature and elevated temperature.The initial values of the Johnson-Cook model parameters are determined using a fitting method.The global response surface algorithm is employed to optimize and calibrate the Johnson-Cook model parameters for Q235B steel under both room temperature and elevated temperature conditions.A simulation model is established at room temperature,and the simulated mechanical performance curves for displacement and stress are monitored.Multiple optimization algorithms are applied to optimize and calibrate the model parameters at room temperature.The global response surface algorithm is identified as the most suitable algorithm for this optimization problem.Sensitivity analysis is conducted to explore the impact of model parameters on the objective function.The analysis indicates that the optimized material model better fits the experimental values,aligning more closely with the actual test results of material strain mechanisms over a wide temperature range.

Thermal Performance Analysis of Plaster Reinforced with Raffia Vinifera Particles for Use as Insulating Materials in Building

The present study focuses on the formulation of new composite consisting of plaster and raffia vinifera particle (RVP) with the purpose to reducing energy consumption. The aim of this study is to test this new compound as an insulating eco-material in building in a tropical climate. The composites samples were developed by mixing plaster with raffia vinifera particles (RVP) using three different sizes (1.6 mm, 2.5 mm and 4 mm). The effects of four different RVP incorporations rates (i.e., 0wt%, 5wt%;10wt%;15wt%) on physical, thermal, mechanicals properties of the composites were investigated. In addition, the use of the raffia vinifera particles and plaster based composite material as building envelopes thermal insulation material is studied by the habitable cell thermal behavior instrumentation. The results indicate that the incorporation of raffia vinifera particle leads to improve the new composite physical, mechanical and thermal properties. And the parametric analysis reveals that the sampling rate and the size of raffia vinifera particles are the most decisive factor to impact these properties, and to decreases in the thermal conductivity which leads to an improvement to the thermal resistance and energy savings. The best improvement of plaster composite was obtained at the raffia vinifera particles size between 2.5 and 4.0 mm loading of 5wt% (C95P5R) with a good ratio of thermo-physical-mechanical properties. Additionally, the habitable cell experimental thermal behavior, with the new raffia vinifera particles and plaster-based composite as thermal insulating material for building walls, gives an average damping of 4°C and 5.8°C in the insulated house interior environment respectively for cold and hot cases compared to the outside environment and the uninsulated house interior environment. The current study highlights that this mixture gives the new composite thermal insulation properties applicable in the eco-construction of habitats in tropical environments.

Elastic modulus of claystone evaluated by nano-/micro-indentation tests and meso-compression tests

Toarcian claystone such as that of the Callovo-Oxfordian is a qualified multiphase material. The claystone samples tested in this study are composed of four main mineral phases: silicates(clay minerals, quartz,feldspars, micas)(z86%), sulphides(pyrite)(z3%), carbonates(calcite, dolomite)(z10%) and organic kerogen(z1%). Three sets of measurements of the modulus of deformability were compared as determined in(i) nanoindentation tests with a constant indentation depth of 2 mm,(ii) micro-indentation tests with a constant indentation depth of 20 mm, and(iii) meso-compression tests with a constant displacement of 200 mm. These three experimental methods have already been validated in earlier studies. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the influence of the scaling effect on the modulus of deformability of the material. Different frequency distributions of the modulus of deformability were obtained at the different sample scales:(i) in nano-indentation tests, the distribution was spread between 15 GPa and 90 GPa and contained one peak at34 GPa and another at 51 GPa;(ii) in the micro-indentation tests, the distribution was spread between 25 GPa and 60 GPa and displayed peaks at 26 GPa and 37 GPa; and(iii) in the meso-compression tests, a narrow frequency distribution was obtained, ranging from 25 GPa to 50 GPa and with a maximum at around 35 GPa.

Mechanical properties of silicon nanobeams with an undercut evaluated by combining the dynamic resonance test and finite element analysis

Mechanical properties of silicon nanobeams are of prime importance in nanoelectromechanical system applications. A numerical experimental method of determining resonant frequencies and Young＇s modulus of nanobeams by combining finite element analysis and frequency response tests based on an electrostatic excitation and visual detection by using a laser Doppler vibrometer is presented in this paper. Silicon nanobeam test structures are fabricated from silicon-oninsulator wafers by using a standard lithography and anisotropic wet etching release process, which inevitably generates the undercut of the nanobeam clamping. In conjunction with three-dimensional finite element numerical simulations incorporating the geometric undercut, dynamic resonance tests reveal that the undercut significantly reduces resonant frequencies of nanobeams due to the fact that it effectively increases the nanobeam length by a correct value △L, which is a key parameter that is correlated with deviations in the resonant frequencies predicted from the ideal Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and experimentally measured data. By using a least-square fit expression including △L, we finally extract Young＇s modulus from the measured resonance frequency versus effective length dependency and find that Young＇s modulus of a silicon nanobeam with 200-nm thickness is close to that of bulk silicon. This result supports that the finite size effect due to the surface effect does not play a role in the mechanical elastic behaviour of silicon nanobeams with thickness larger than 200 nm.

Research on the mechanical property test of a new high-strength metal bolt

In order to study how to improve the overall performance of the operational metal bolt, based on the production process of an ordinary metal bolt used in understructure engineering, this paper focused on the existing problems of ordinary metal bolts identified by some survey and analysis. The results show that the structure of operational metal bolts is so unrea- sonable that the bolt tail is easily fractured by low load capacity. Furthermore, a new type of strong big-end metal bolt and its heat treatment and roughing processing technology were introduced. Through bolt tensile and metallographic tests, the property of the new big-end bolt was analyzed. The new findings indicate that after a special processing, the overall strength and plasticity of the bolt is greatly improved, and the grain of the bolt tail structure is refined, which would help build up favorable working conditions for bolt tails.

Chang'e 3 Lander Completed Mechanical Test

Aground firing test of the Chang'e 3 lander was conducted recently to check the mechanical performance of the spacecraft. The test was vital before the propulsion system test of the Chang'e 3 lander and was also a very important precondition to verify whether the propulsion system design could meet the requirements for in-orbit operation.

Testing Bell’s Theorem with Circular Polarization

Bell tests with entangled light have been performed many times in many ways using linear polarizers, but the same tests have never been done with a circular polarizer. Until recently there has never been a true circular polarization beamsplitter—an optical component that separates light directly into left and right handed polarizations. Using a true circular polarization beamsplitter based on birefringent gratings, entangled light has been analyzed with unexpected results.

Mechanical properties of silicon nanobeams with an undercut evaluated by combining the dynamic resonance test and finite element analysis

Mechanical properties of silicon nanobeams are of prime importance in nanoelectromechanical system applications.A numerical experimental method of determining resonant frequencies and Young’s modulus of nanobeams by combining finite element analysis and frequency response tests based on an electrostatic excitation and visual detection by using a laser Doppler vibrometer is presented in this paper.Silicon nanobeam test structures are fabricated from silicon-oninsulator wafers by using a standard lithography and anisotropic wet etching release process,which inevitably generates the undercut of the nanobeam clamping.In conjunction with three-dimensional finite element numerical simulations incorporating the geometric undercut,dynamic resonance tests reveal that the undercut significantly reduces resonant frequencies of nanobeams due to the fact that it effectively increases the nanobeam length by a correct value △L,which is a key parameter that is correlated with deviations in the resonant frequencies predicted from the ideal Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and experimentally measured data.By using a least-square fit expression including △L,we finally extract Young’s modulus from the measured resonance frequency versus effective length dependency and find that Young’s modulus of a silicon nanobeam with 200-nm thickness is close to that of bulk silicon.This result supports that the finite size effect due to the surface effect does not play a role in the mechanical elastic behaviour of silicon nanobeams with thickness larger than 200 nm.

Twin-twin geometric structure effect on the twinning behavior of an Mg-4Y-3Nd-2Sm-0.5Zr alloy traced by quasi-in-situ EBSD

We studied the microstructure evolution of Mg-4Y-3Nd-2Sm-0.5Zr alloy by quasi-in-situ electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)along with several strains under compression tests,which provided direct evidence for the influence of different twin-twin geometric structure on the twinning behavior.The results showed that the mechanical properties of the alloy were higher than traditional magnesium alloys(the maximum compressive strength reaches 402.5 MPa)due to the strengthening effect of Sm and Nd elements addition on solution strengthening,precipitation strengthening,and grain refinement.Combined with the quasi-in-situ EBSD technique,two different twin-twin geometric structures,‘parallel structure’and‘cross structure’,were observed directly in the alloy.In the later stage of deformation,for‘parallel structure’,residual stress and a large number of dislocations mainly existed in the twin boundary and tip position.For the‘cross structure’,there was a lot of dislocation density in the interior of twins after fusion.The twin growth rate of‘parallel structure’was much faster than that of‘cross structure’because the stress of twins was mainly concentrated on the tip of twin.When the movement for the tip of twin was blocked,the growth rate of twin would be obviously decreased.Moreover,the‘cross structure’was easy to produce closed space.Due to the constraints of surrounding twins,the confined space was easy to stress concentration,thus inhibiting the growth of twins.At the same time,the‘cross structure’of twins needed a more external force to continue to deform,which also served as a strengthening structure.

Geometrical textures of faults，evolution of physical field and instability characteristics

The spatial and temproal evolution of strain. fault displacement and acoustic emissions during deformation of fault systems with different geometrical textures are studied experimentally under biaxial compresison, and the characteristics of typical instability events are analysed. The results show that fault systems with different geometrical textures have different evolutional images of physical field during deformation. Based on the characteristics of physical field and the deformation mechanism, various types of instability - two types of stick-slip, fracturing type and mixed type instability can be recognized. Different types of instability differ clearly in their precursors, and the instability type is closely related with the geometrical texture and the deformation stage of the fault system. Therefore, it is very significant for earthquake prediction and precursor analysis to investigatethe geometrical textures of natural active faults.

Model of coupled gas flow and deformation process in heterogeneous coal seams and its application

The heterogeneity of coal was studied by mechanical tests. Probability plots of experimental data show that the mechanical parameters of heterogeneous coal follow a Weibull distribution. Based on elasto-plastic mechanics and gas dynamics, the model of coupled gas flow＇ and deformation process of heterogeneous coal was presented and the effects of heterogeneity of coal on gas flow and failure of coal wcrc investigated. Major findings include： The effect of the heterogeneity of coal on gas flow and mechanical thilure of coal can be considered by the model in this paper. Failure of coal has a great effect on gas flow.

A Review on Friction Stir Welding of Steels

Friction Stir Welding(FSW)is the most promising solid-state metals joining method introduced in this era.Compared to the conventional fusion welding methods,this FSW can produce joints with higher mechanical and metallurgi-cal properties.Formerly,FSW was adopted for low melting metals like aluminum alloys.In recent years it has made significant progress in friction stir welding of steels since unfavourable phase transformations occurred in welds due to the melting of the parent and filler metals in fusion welding can be eliminated.The main advantage of FSW over traditional fusion welding is the reduction in the heat-affected zone(HAZ),and the joints exhibit excellent mechanical and corrosion resistance properties.This article reviews the progress in the relevant issues such as the FSW tool mate-rials and tool profiles for joining steels,microstructure and mechanical properties of steels joints,special problems in joining dissimilar steels.Moreover,in-situ heating sources was used to overcome the main limitations in FSW of hard metals and their alloys,i.e.,tool damages and insufficient heat generation.Different in-situ heating sources like laser,induction heat,gas tungsten arc welding assisted FSW for various types of steels are introduced in this review.On the basis of the up-to-date status,some problems that need further investigation are put forward.

Non-contact tensile viscoelastic characterization of microscale biological materials

Many structures and materials in nature and physiology have important ＂meso-scale＂ structures at the micron lengthscale whose tensile responses have proven difficult to characterize mechanically. Although techniques such as atomic force microscopy and micro- and nano-identation are mature for compression and indentation testing at the nano-scale, and standard uniaxial and shear rheometry techniques exist for the macroscale, few techniques are applicable for tensile-testing at the micrometre-scale, leaving a gap in our understanding of hierarchical biomaterials. Here, we present a novel magnetic mechanical testing （MMT） system that enables viscoelastic tensile testing at this critical length scale. The MMT system applies non-contact loading, avoiding gripping and surface interaction effects. We demonstrate application of the MMT system to the first analyses of the pure tensile responses of several native and engineered tissue systems at the mesoscale, showing the broad potential of the system for exploring micro- and meso-scale analysis of structured and hierarchical biological systems.

Study on the Effect of Surface Modification on the Mechanical and Thermal Behaviour of Flax,Sisal and Glass Fiber

Natural fiber-reinforced hybrid composites can be a better replacement for plastic composites since these plastic composites pose a serious threat to the environment.The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of surface modification of the natural fibers on the mechanical,thermal,hygrothermal,and water absorption behaviors of flax,sisal,and glass fiber-reinforced epoxy hybrid composites.The mechanical properties of alkaline treated sisal and flax fibers were found to increase considerably.Tensile,flexural and impact strength of glass/flax-fiber-reinforced hybrid samples improved by 58%,36%,and 51%,respectively,after surface alkaline treatment.In addition,the hygrothermal analysis and water absorption capacity are studied and also the Interfacial bonding properties were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopic images.The thermal analysis using thermogravimetric analyzer reveals that the decomposition temperature for hybrid fiber reinforced composites are between 306 and 312℃.In conclusion,surface treatment improves the performance of natural fiber in hybrid fiber-reinforced composites,particularly flax fiber.

The effect of strontium on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-6Al-0.3Mn-0.3Ti-1Sn

In this work,the microstructural and mechanical properties of the certain magnesium-based alloys were investigated.The alloys were produced under a controlled atmosphere by a squeeze-casting process and characterized by optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),an energy-dispersive spectrometer(EDS)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis.The results indicated that the addition of strontium element modified the structure and refined the grain size.The hardness and yield strength of the alloys increased continuously with increasing strontium content,while the elongation was gradually decreased.Also,the tensile strength value of the based alloy was increased by adding Sr up to 1 wt.%.After more addition of Sr,the tensile strength starts to diminish.

Influence of SBS modifiers on viscoelastic mechanical behavior of modified asphalt

In order to verify the influence of different block proportions S/B on the effect of SBS modified asphalt,the dynamic mechanical performance test and static loading test were performed on the samples composed of different kinds of SBS with base asphalt. It is found that different S/B values fix on different modified effects and different viscoelastic mechanical behaviors,due to biphasic separate fabric of polybutadiene and polystyrene in SBS. In low-speed running pavement,the modified asphalt with lower S/B value shows better pavement performance,while in high-speed running pavement,the modified asphalt with higher S/B value shows better pavement performance. As far as SBS modified asphalt itself is concerned,mixing proportion impacts on resisting displacement and block proportion S/B ratio impacts on strain recovery capacity. In the case that the conditions are the same,SBS modified asphalt with different S/B values can be used for different travelling speed pavement construction demands to get an intelligent use.

Fast determination of meso-level mechanical parameters of PFC models

To solve the problems of blindness and inefficiency existing in the determination of meso-level mechanical parameters of particle flow code (PFC) models, we firstly designed and numerically carried out orthogonal tests on rock samples to investigate the correlations between macro-and meso-level mechanical parameters of rock-like bonded granular materials. Then based on the artificial intelligent technology, the intelligent prediction systems for nine meso-level mechanical parameters of PFC models were obtained by creating, training and testing the prediction models with the set of data got from the orthogonal tests. Lastly the prediction systems were used to predict the meso-level mechanical parameters of one kind of sandy mudstone, and according to the predicted results the macroscopic properties of the rock were obtained by numerical tests. The maximum relative error between the numerical test results and real rock properties is 3.28% which satisfies the precision requirement in engineering. It shows that this paper provides a fast and accurate method for the determination of meso-level mechanical parameters of PFC models.

A Statistical Theory of the Damage of Materials

A statistical theory of disperse damage of materials gained under loading is proposed. It is based on the idea of distribution of potential damage spots within a specimen similar to the distribution of the strength values found by testing a set of identical specimens. A relation between damage risk and the probability of damage of a single specimen is assumed. It conforms to the relation between risk and probability of strength distribution of a set of identical specimens, according to Weibull’s statistical theory of material strength. The damage risk just like the damage probability are assumed to be functions of loading and time. Damage is modeled regarding two mechanisms—thermo-fluctuation damage based on the kinetic theory of material strength, and damage depending on a parameter called loading degree (percentage), which depends on load and time. The first mechanism adopts two relations regarding energy barrier reduction due to loading. Equations of damage advance under short-term loading (with a constant rate of load increase) and under long-term (constant) loading are derived. Theoretical relations of damage development are compared with experimental evidence gained via specific tests on short glass fibre reinforced polyoximethylene. The damage itself consists of the accumulation of additional internal surfaces within the entire material volume as measured by small angle scattering X-ray refractometry. It is shown that the mechanism of damage as a function of loading degree where time participates implicitly, gains advantage over the kinetic mechanism where time is explicitly present. The cumulative functions derived for damage accumulation can be used to assess not only damage, but also for statistical analysis of the strength and other quantities.

A Palladium Based Alloy for Prosthetic Dentistry: Structure and Properties

Using the results of physical and chemical researches and mechanical tests of the Pd-Au-Cu-Sn system alloys, a new palladium-based alloy has been chosen and studied in detail. It has a higher plasticity and a lower hardness than the Palladent alloy, widely used in prosthetic dentistry: its hardness is lower than 300 MPa, and its specific elongation is 10%~14 %. At the same time, such important practical characteristics of the alloys as the strength of adhesion to ceramics and thermal expansion coefficient are almost similar.