Instability mechanism and control technology of soft rock roadway affected by mining and high confined water

Based on deformation and failure characteristics of the second belt conveyor roadway at level II of Zhuxianzhuang coal mine, laboratory experiments, numerical calculation and field test were adopted to analyze the composition and microstructure of mudstone, the law of mudstone hydration and its strength weakening induced by water, the characteristics of surrounding rock deformation and failure under the action of confined water. Results showed that montmorillonite clay minerals accounted for as much as 76% of mudstone, with a large number of pores existing in the microstructure. Besides, as the molecular structure of montmorillonite changed, mudstone microstructure damage occurred with the macroscopic manifestation of its theological instability. Weakening degree of confined water on residual strength of mudstone was almost 50%. The instability mechanism of soft rock roadway caused by high confined water is that surrounding rock circulates the process of ＂fracture-seepage-mud ding-closed＂ twice, which weakens its strength and leads to roadway instability. A combined support technology, namely the, ＂high-toughness sealing layer ＋ hollow grouting cables ＋ full-length anchoring bolts with deep borehole＂ was proposed. Based on field observation, the soft rock roadway was controlled effectively, which also verified the effectiveness of new control technology for surrounding rock.

Mechanism of rock deformation and failure and monitoring analysis in water-rich soft rock roadway of western China

Aiming to get the strata behavior and stability rules of surrounding rock of the main return airway of Yushujing Coal Mine, convergence deformation of two sides and force of U-shaped steel yieldable support and bolt were monitored, and deformation of surrounding rock and mechanical characteristics of support structure were timely obtained to guide the informa- tion construction and optimize supporting parameters in water-rich soft rock roadway. The field monitoring results indicate the following. （1） Convergence displacement of rock surface increases with time continuity and shows surrounding rock＇s intense theological behavior. The original support scheme cannot control the large deformation and strongly theological behavior; （2） Without backfilling, the U-shaped steel support begins to bear load after erecting for 4-7 days and increases rapidly in the first 30 days. The U-shaped steel support at the right shoulder and top of roadway bears a larger force and the left side and shoulder bears a smaller force; （3） The stress of bolt increasing over time and at the right shoulder of roadway has larger growth and value. The mechanism of rock deformation and the failure and strata behavior in water-rich soft rock roadway are revealed based on the results of the measured relaxation zone of surrounding rock, measured stresses, and the rock mechanics tests.

Deformation and failure of stratified weak roof strata of longwall roadway

A comprehensive underground monitoring was conducted in a coal mine. The purpose of this research was to clarify the deformation and failure behavior of stratified weak roof strata of longwall roadway in adverse ground conditions. The field investigation incorporating a range of geotechnical instrumentation was conducted over a period of time ever since the formation of opening the site was buried into the goaf of a retreating longwall panel. The roof layer deformation and failure characteristics associated with the three stages of heading development, after development and before extraction, as well as after longwall extraction were identified on the basis of field investigation and analytical study, the results clearly demonstrated that how the roof deformation and failure progress were strongly related to these three stages of the mining activities mentioned.

Analysis of soft rock roadway deformation mechanism in Zhangshuanglou Mine

On basis of ground stress surveying and analysis of physical nature and mechanics character of rock, the deformation mechanism of west main roadway in Zhangshuanglou Mine is studied. It is put forward that engineering mechanics nature, infiltration of water and concentrated stress on pillar are the main factors to affect stability of the west main roadway. The overall thinking used to restore the roadway is raised.

Comparison of large deformation failure control method in a deep gob-side roadway: A theoretical analysis and field investigation

Under the dual influence of the mining disturbance of the previous working face and the advanced mining of the working face,the roadway is prone to large deformation,failure,and rockburst.Roadway stabilization has always significantly influenced deep mining safety.In this article we used the research background of the large deformation failure roadway of Fa-er Coal Mine in Guizhou Province of China to propose two control methods:bolt-cable-mesh+concrete blocks+directional energy-gathering blasting(BCM-CBDE method)and 1st Generation-Negative Poisson’s Ratio(1G NPR)cable+directional energy-gathering blasting+dynamic pressure stage support(πgirder+single hydraulic prop+retractable U steel)(NPR-DEDP method).Meantime,we compared the validity of the large deformation failure control method in a deep gob-side roadway based on theoretical analysis,numerical simulations,and field experiments.The results show that directional energy-gathering blasting can weaken the pressure acting on the concrete blocks.However,the vertical stress of the surrounding rock of the roadway is still concentrated in the entity coal side and the concrete blocks,showing a’bimodal’distribution.BCM-CBDE method cannot effectively control the stability of the roadway.NPR-DEDP method removed the concrete blocks.It shows using the 1G NPR cable with periodic slipping-sticking characteristics can adapt to repeated mining disturbances.The peak value of the vertical stress of the roadway is reduced and transferred to the deep part of the surrounding rock mass,which promotes the collapse of the gangue in the goaf and fills the goaf.The pressure of the roadway roof is reduced,and the gob-side roadway is fundamentally protected.Meantime,the dynamic pressure stage support method withπgirder+single hydraulic prop+retractable U steel as the core effectively protects the roadway from dynamic pressure impact when the main roof is periodically broken.After the on-site implementation of NPR-DEDP method,the deformation of the roadway is reduced by more than 45%,and the deformation rate is reduced by more than 50%.

Failure mechanism and control technology of deep soft-rock roadways:Numerical simulation and field study

Large deformations such as roof subsidence,floor heave,and two-sided deformations occur frequently in deep soft-rock roadways.The deformation becomes more severe under the combined effect of high in-situ and mining-induced stresses,which detrimentally affect the safe mining of coal.Based on the geological conditions and roadway failure characteristics of the Nanyaotou coal mine in Shanxi province,China,we used comprehensive numerical simulations and field observations to study roadway deformation and failure.The deformation mechanism of deep soft-rock roadways under dynamic pressures is described,and the corresponding control measures are proposed.The deformation and fracture development characteristics of roadways surrounding rocks were explored with a primary support scheme,and its effects were evaluated.The radius of the plastic zone and the displacement deformation of the roadway were studied by using theoretical analysis,and a combined-support design of‘‘anchor bolt+anchor cable+shotcrete+deep and shallow borehole grouting+inverted arch”was proposed to limit deformations and relieve the stress in the surrounding rocks.Numerical simulations and field monitoring showed that the combined support scheme can effectively mitigate the large deformations of ventilation roadways and provide guidance for the stable control of deep soft-rock roadways.

深部采矿岩石力学进展

随着煤炭开采日益向深部发展,深部采矿引发的围岩大变形破坏和强冲击动力灾害日益严峻。在深部高地应力、高地温、高渗透压、强采动、强流变及多场耦合的复杂地质力学环境下,深部采场的应力场特征、煤岩体破碎性质、岩层移动及能量的积聚释放规律等均发生了显著变化。针对深部采矿中的岩石力学问题,论述了笔者及团队在深部采煤方法、深部巷道破坏机理与围岩控制、深井热害与地热利用三大方向取得的进展,主要包括:(1)提出了平衡开采理论和实现平衡开采的110/N00工法,进行了千米深井现场工程应用;(2)构建了深部“非均压建井”模式,研发了实现深井稳定提升的SAP系统,形成了可大幅简化井巷工程量和提高矿井采出率的建井方法;(3)研发了多套适用于研究深部岩体在水、高温、高压、结构效应及多场耦合作用下发生宏观破坏的实验系统和可进行微观层面演算的超算系统,揭示了深部软岩大变形破坏机理及多尺度力学特性;(4)研制了深部岩体冲击型和应变型岩爆实验系统,阐述了深部岩体冲击能量沿开挖临空面瞬间释放的非线性动力学行为;(5)提出了深部巷道开挖补偿支护理论,进一步发展了具有高恒阻、高延伸率、强吸能和耐冲击超常力学特性的NPR支护材料和技术;(6)研发了模拟深部高温、高湿和高压环境下的岩体热力学实验系统,提出了热害治理和热能资源化利用方法,建立了深部热害治理与热能综合利用系统(HEMS)。相关研究成果已在深部开采领域得以应用,可为深部采矿面临的复杂岩石力学问题提供借鉴。

厚煤层柔模混凝土墙沿空巷道支护技术研究

柔模混凝土墙沿空留巷技术作为无煤柱开采的一种,现已被应用于我国神东矿区多个煤矿。为解决在留巷复用过程中沿空巷道围岩结构稳定性差、变形剧烈、支护难度大的难题,以大柳塔煤矿52605柔模混凝土墙沿空留巷工作面为工程背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测相结合的研究方法,研究了柔模混凝土墙沿空巷道的围岩变形特征,建立柔模混凝土墙沿空巷道围岩结构力学模型,得到从巷道掘进阶段至巷道复用阶段沿空巷道全生命使用周期的应力演化规律,并根据巷道不同的使用阶段提出了对应的支护方案。研究结果表明:上覆岩层作用力直接作用在直接顶与混凝土墙岩层接触位置,有利于侧向支承压力传递,巷道围岩变形较大;二次采动超前支承压力导致留巷段前方顶板发生塑性破坏,塑性破坏与底板塑性区联通,将加剧煤壁侧的破坏;现场工程实践表明对沿空巷道进行合理分时分区支护,可改善应力环境,有效控制围岩变形。

开挖面失稳导致地下结构变形破坏的离心模拟

城市密集地下工程结构群下进行地下空间开发遭遇复杂地质环境时,可能会导致隧道开挖面失稳从而对既有结构的安全造成巨大威胁。开展了三个离心模型试验,模拟均质粉土地基和有黏土夹层的粉土地基中多层既有地下结构,研发了模拟隧道开挖面失稳的试验技术,再现了施工扰动引发的土体破坏模式和既有结构变形破坏机理。试验表明,控制开挖面位移(0.48H,H为开挖面高度)或者开挖面附近存在黏土夹层时,其附近形成的土拱有效地控制破坏区域,显著降低既有隧道的变形和应变,最终竖向变形为0.3~0.35 m,最大拉应变为850微应变;如果开挖面位移增大至0.86H,均质粉土地基出现整体失稳,既有隧道的最终竖向变形0.48 m,最大拉应变达到1900微应变。

多煤层重复采动回采巷道失稳机理与控制技术

戊9-10-22290工作面为平煤六矿三水平二采区的孤岛工作面,风巷外段在采掘服务期间将会受到上覆戊8及下伏五矿己组回采影响,采掘时空关系异常复杂。目的为探讨多煤层重复采动回采巷道失稳机理与控制技术,方法基于采掘工作面应力时-空演化关系,提出平煤六矿戊9-10-22290工作面风巷外段全生命周期内的围岩控制方法,并进行现场工程应用。结果结果表明:上覆近距离煤层开采后,巷道顶板出现拉剪破坏;本煤层和下伏煤层回采过程中,巷道将逐段受到超前支承压力作用;根据巷道围岩所处的扰动时-空过程和高应力环境,提出“高预应力高强锚杆+锚索+深孔爆破卸压”的抗压-让压-卸压相结合的综合围岩控制技术。现场工业性试验表明,巷道服务期间两帮最大变形量为347 mm,顶板下沉和底板鼓起均在可控范围内,能够满足矿井安全生产需求,取得较好的技术和经济效益,结论研究结果可为类似条件下的回采巷道围岩控制提供参考。

硬岩顶板切顶留巷围岩变形分区补强控制研究

【目的】森达源煤矿传统的宽煤柱开采方式导致采掘接续紧张,并引发严重的围岩变形问题。切顶留巷技术可优化巷道支护条件,提高采煤效率,促进煤矿高效安全生产。【方法】以1号煤层的10101工作面为研究对象,运用FLAC 3D数值模拟软件,深入探究了切顶高度、切顶角度、注浆加固深度对巷道掘进、预裂切顶和切顶留巷过程中煤帮内部、采空区及顶板应力变形特性的影响。确定出最佳切顶留巷方案。在此基础上,进一步模拟分析工作面前后不同区域的围岩受力变形情况。提出回采工作面前方0~30 m内为超前补强区,采取“高预应力锚索+单体配合铰接顶梁”的联合支护。后方0~100 m内为滞后补强区,采用“工字钢+单体支柱”联合支护,同时对矸石帮实施注浆加固。通过工程应用验证了区分补强控制变形措施的有效性。【结果】结果显示:最佳切顶留巷方案为切顶高度6 m,切顶角度15°,矸石帮注浆深度1 m。此方案下,10101工作面的巷道顶底板的最终变形量为155 mm,两帮的为84 mm,均符合矿井使用要求,验证了切顶留巷技术具有良好效果。【结论】结果表明:切顶留巷技术能有效解决传统宽煤柱开采方式中存在的围岩变形问题。然而,该技术的实施受切顶高度、切顶角度和矸石帮注浆深度等因素的影响较大,需结合数值模拟和现场状况进行具体确定。总体上,切顶留巷技术和分区补强控制措施对围岩变形的控制效果显著,为类似条件下的煤矿开采提供了宝贵的经验借鉴,因而具有广阔的应用前景。

裂隙优势流入渗诱发堆积层滑坡浅层破坏机理研究

土体裂隙为雨水提供了入渗通道,沿此通道形成的优势流主导着降雨入渗过程,导致滑坡稳定性逐步恶化,促使变形持续发展。以徐洼滑坡为例,结合地质勘察、现场宏观巡查以及监测数据等,在分析徐洼滑坡变形特征的基础上,阐明裂隙对滑坡浅层破坏的影响,利用数值模拟,分析不同深度裂隙引起的优势流入渗过程,在此基础上,通过无限边坡模型,计算优势流作用下浅层滑坡的稳定性演化特征,最终厘清优势流入渗诱发浅层破坏机理。研究表明:(1)裂隙提高了坡体的透水性,坡体变形与裂隙发育相互促进,而引起浅层破坏的往往是滑坡变形产生地表拉张裂隙的持续演化;(2)裂隙改变了雨水的入渗过程,一部分沿坡体表面向下垂直入渗,一部分沿裂隙入渗至裂隙末端向四周扩散,随着裂隙发育,降雨入渗由优势流主导;(3)滑坡变形与裂隙发育的关系密切,无裂隙时,坡体仅表层处于不稳定状态,表现为表层侵蚀破坏,随着裂隙演化,裂隙影响深度内坡体处于不稳定状态,表现为滑动破坏,裂隙末端的暂饱和区为最危险滑面。

坚硬顶板切顶卸压技术对巷道围岩变形规律影响

针对特厚煤层坚硬顶板、宽煤柱条件下临空巷道面临的高围岩应力、大变形等问题,以老石旦煤矿16403综放工作面为工程研究背景,从宽煤柱顶板侧向破断结构角度对临空巷道大变形的影响因素进行了理论分析,采用数值模拟方法研究了对16402运输巷实施不同切顶卸压方案时,临近采空区的16403回风巷侧向顶板采动应力传递规律,并在现场施工水力压裂钻孔进行切顶卸压,实现临空巷道围岩变形控制。研究结果表明:“低位坚硬岩层悬臂梁+高位坚硬岩层砌体梁”破断结构是特厚煤层宽煤柱临空巷道大变形的主要原因,可采用切顶卸压技术破坏宽煤柱顶板侧向破断结构来控制临空巷道围岩大变形;切顶角变化可使关键块B长度发生改变,切顶角越大,则关键块B长度越小,临空侧顶板载荷向煤柱传递的程度越弱,临空巷道围岩承受的采动应力越小,切顶角为100°时临空巷道围岩垂直应力与变形量最小;在16402运输巷以切顶角100°施工水力压裂钻孔后,16403回风巷顶底板变形量较未实施切顶卸压的16402回风巷减小86.5%,两帮变形量减小87.1%,临空巷道围岩稳定性得到极大提高。

高应力软岩巷道围岩协同一体化控制机理及技术研究

针对平煤八矿深部软岩巷道变形大、支护失效严重等技术难题,采用现场调研、理论分析、数值模拟以及工业试验等方法,分析了高应力软岩巷道变形特征和失稳破坏机制,提出巷道围岩协同一体化控制机理,设计了“深浅部锚固注浆+深部锚索补强+卸压槽卸压”的围岩协同一体化控制方案。通过理论计算验证得到支护后协同围岩承载体极限承载合力大于其承载合力;通过FLAC3D模拟显示设计方案能够使内外围岩结构相互协同承载,充分释放巷道周围塑性变形能,均匀分布围岩载荷。巷道重新支护后,围岩应力影响范围转移至巷道深处10 m区域,围岩-支护达到协同一体载荷均匀的承载结构;矿井监测数据表明:巷道修复一年后,最大移近量不足巷道宽的4%,最大下沉量不足巷道高度的5%,巷道变形基本趋于平稳状态。

双向极不等压软岩巷道围岩裂隙分布及变形机制

巷道围岩蝶形塑性区破坏是引起巷道围岩大变形的重要原因,近年来引起了巷道支护工作者的高度重视。掌握蝶形塑性区内围岩变形机制是实现软岩巷道围岩控制的基础。然而,有关于蝶形破坏理论中围岩变形机制的研究却鲜有报道。针对上述问题,以南方某矿一采区南运巷产生的大变形特征为研究对象,在分析巷道所处应力环境及地质条件的基础上,对围岩裂隙分布、巷道变形机制及控制方法进行了系统研究。结果表明:南运巷是典型的极不等压软岩巷道,巷道开挖后,围岩裂隙呈“蝶形”分布;“蝶形裂隙区”集中出现在“蝶形塑性区”范围内,蝶叶部位围岩裂隙以剪切裂隙为主,且蝶叶部位剪切裂隙大多围绕巷道呈“环形”分布,而张拉裂隙则集中出现在巷道围岩自由面附近。蝶形塑性区内围岩应力特征主要有2方面:一为围岩的主应力方向发生了偏转,具体表现为最大主应力围绕巷道呈环形分布,巷道上部最小主应力方向指向巷道中心,巷道下部最小主应力方向背离巷道中心;二为围岩最大/最小主应力比值较大,且主应力比值等值线呈“蝶形”分布。根据塑性区内围岩裂隙分布特点及应力特征,建立了含软弱面围岩力学剪胀模型,认为处于此应力特征下的围岩剪胀作用较强,剪胀作用使围岩向巷道空间内挤压,进而使巷道产生大变形。围岩裂隙分布不规则及原支护方案不合理是导致巷道产生大变形的主要原因。基于上述研究,提出了以“全断面预应力短锚索+关键部位长锚索加强支护+注浆”为核心的差异化支护方案,现场监测表明,新支护方案可有效控制围岩变形,保证巷道在使用期间的稳定性。

矿井破碎巷道围岩变形机理分析及支护技术研究

针对矿井破碎巷道在施工中易受围岩破碎、顶底板压力大等因素的影响,存在巷道围岩易变形,难支护安全生产隐患大的问题,以山西某矿10-208破碎巷道工程概况为例,结合巷道围岩变形机理,设计了具体的巷道围岩控制方案,并进行了应用测试,测试结果表明,通过给巷道进行注浆加固与采用锚杆索进行联合支护后,该巷道围岩变形得到了有效控制,该回采巷道过破碎段过程中顶底板最大累计变形量为49.5mm,巷道两帮最大累计变形量为64.6mm,取得了较好的围岩控制效果,可为类似工况下的矿井破碎巷道围岩的控制提供参考。

基于“天—空—地”协同观测的西宁市南川东路滑坡变形特征与稳定性分析

[目的]明确降雨对西宁市浅层滑坡失稳的影响,为该市降雨型浅层滑坡灾害的监测预警防治提供依据。[方法]以青海省西宁市南川东路H7滑坡为例,采用“天—空—地”协同观测技术对滑坡体进行观测调查,基于流固耦合原理和非饱和土强度理论进行水力耦合数值模拟,得出降雨作用下斜坡的孔隙水压力、应力、位移演化及塑性区分布,通过强度折减法计算不同降雨时长下斜坡安全系数。[结果]①南川东路H7滑坡整体形态呈长条状,为“牵引—推移”式滑坡,运动模式表现为坡脚失稳牵引、中部变形滑移及顶部失稳推移。②雨水入渗引发斜坡土体饱和度上升、基质吸力消散、有效应力降低、抗剪强度衰弱,导致斜坡的下滑力增大、抗滑力减小,诱使南川东路滑坡稳定性持续下降。③模拟降雨72 h后,在浅层土体内形成接近贯穿的圆弧形塑性滑动面,斜坡的安全系数从1.17降至1.01,处于“暂时稳定—变形”的欠稳定状态。水平位移在坡脚处最大,为6.89 cm;竖向位移在坡体上部最大,为5.98 cm。[结论]①“天—空—地”协同观测技术可有效支撑滑坡灾害的调查与评估,有限元水力耦合数值模拟对降雨型滑坡稳定性研究适用性强、效果较好。②南川东路H7滑坡在高强度持续降雨下稳定性将进一步降低,威胁道路、建筑及居民安全,需重视潜在滑坡风险。

高陡滑坡失稳机制及防治研究

赫章县七家湾气象站滑坡属于中型推移式滑坡,横宽为200 m,纵长为90 m,主滑向为336°,滑坡平均厚度为10 m,体积为180000 m^(3)。本文结合滑坡区自然环境特征,分析滑坡发育特征和变形特征,明确滑坡失稳机制,然后开展滑坡稳定性评价,提出滑坡防治方案,最终消除地质灾害风险。

Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Maps of a Medium Manganese TRIP Steel

The hot deformation behavior of a medium-Mn steel was studied in terms of hot compression flow curves in the temperature range of 850–1050 ℃ and strain rates of 0.05–10 s-1.The thermo-mechanical analysis was carried out and suggested that the microstructure during deformation was completely austenite which had high tendency for dynamic recrystallization(DRX).The flow behavior was characterized by significant flow softening at deformation temperatures of 950–1050 ℃ and lower strain rates of 0.05–5 s-1, which was attributed to heating during deformation, DRX and flow instability.A step-by-step calculating procedure for constitutive equations is proposed.The verification of the modified equations indicated that the developed constitutive models could accurately describe the flow softening behavior of studied steel.Additionally, according to the processing maps and microstructure analysis, it suggested that hot working of medium Mn steel should be carried out at 1050 ℃, and the strain rate of 0.05–10 s-1 resulted in significantly recrystallized microstructures in the in steel.The flow localization is mainly flow instability mechanism for experimental steel.

浅埋风氧化巷道变形失稳相似模拟研究

为掌握风氧化作用下巷道变形特征和失稳机理,根据工程实测和室内岩石力学实验,确定围岩风氧化程度评价指标体系。通过相似模拟实验确定了不同风氧化程度巷道围岩相似模拟配比;自研相似模拟实验平台,采用数字散斑、声发射测试等手段,分析不同风氧化实验条件下巷道变形特征、宏细观破坏情况。通过实验模拟分析,得出不同类型风氧化顶板变形演化过程及宏观破坏特征。实验结果可为风氧化复杂条件下巷道稳定性研究提供理论和实验基础。