Formation mechanisms of water inrush and mud burst in a migmatite tunnel：a case study in China

This paper presents a case study of water inrush and mud burst occurring in a migmatite tunnel to study its formation mechanisms. The geological investigation and mineralogical analysis showed that water inrush and mud burst in the migmatite was closely related to the component of the host rock. High content of soluble minerals,e.g.,calcite and dolomite,would make the migmatite rock prone to be fragmentized,isintegrated and eventually form different sorts of connected or semi-connected veins. The field exploration revealed most cavities in the magmatite tunnel were eroded by groundwater and formed large interconnected networks. The two faults and the dike in the magmatite tunnel became the preferred paths and provided great convenience for plenty of precipitation and mud slurry. Due to high water pressure and blast disturbance,the cavities can soon connect each other as well as all sorts of veins,forming a complex ground channel for water inrush and mud burst. To estimate the potential occurrenceof water inrush and mud burst,the water bursting coefficient was employed. The results showed the water bursting coefficient of the magmatite tunnel was much bigger than the threshold values and it can be used to explain the accident of water inrush and mud burst occurring in the magmatite tunnel.

Structural mechanism and construction method of mud and water inrush in Xiangyun tunnel of Guangtong-Dali railway

Mud and water inrush in tunnel is a common problem in the construction process. Nowadays, the research and classification on this are mostly focused on karst situations. According to the characteristics of the surrounding rock and damage forms of the tunnel in the studied area, the author analyzed the geological and structural characteristics of mud and water inrush in tunnel and obtained their construction type. Meanwhile, the advanced water detection under the complex geological conditions was studied by using induced polarization method, transient electromagnetic method and three-dimensional seismic method, it can be concluded that the water-rich fracture zone exists within the detection range with a risk of large mud and water inrush disaster. The concrete construction treatment measures are put forward:①cement-water glass binary slurry is selected as the material for ground and hole grouting, its advantage is that the gel time can be controlled, and it has certain grout ability in the strata with large permeability coeffcient, which is conducive to excavate construction immediately after grouting.②applying the mature retrograde grouting construction can reduce grouting time and improve the excavation efficiency.

Study on Mechanism of Water Inrush of Karst Tunnels

Water inrush,which is one of the challenging issues and hot topics in the tunneling industry,is very easy to occur during the construction of karst tunnels.The mechanism of water inrush of karst tunnels is discussed and analyzed in the paper:the water inrush of karst tunnels is generally divided into three steps,i.e.,the forming of the hazard source,the forming of the water inrush passage and the failure of the anti-inrush rock mass.The failure of the anti-inrush rock mass of karst tunnels are classified into 5 types,i.e.,the integral tensile-shear failure,the hydraulic fracturing,the infiltration induced sliding of the filling medium,the loss of key blocks and the comprehensive water inrush mode.The failure mechanism is studied on basis of typical cases and by means of numerical simulation or theoretical analysis.Conclusion is drawn that most of the water inrushes in actual tunneling are comprehensive water inrushes,which are the comprehensive results of the interrelation and interaction of various water inrush types,and that different types of water inrushes have related continuity and progressive evolution relationships under certain conditions.

Prevention and treatment technologies of railway tunnel water inrush and mud gushing in China

Water inrush and mud gushing are one of the biggest hazards in tunnel construction. Unfavorable geological sections can be observed in almost all railway tunnels under construction or to be constructed, and vary in extent. Furthermore, due to the different heights of mountains and the lengths of tunnels, the locations of the unfavorable geological sections cannot be fully determined before construction, which increases the risk of water inrush and mud gushing. Based on numerous cases of water inrush and mud gushing in railway tunnels, the paper tries to classify water inrush and mud gushing in railway tunnels in view of the conditions of the surrounding rocks and meteorological factors associated with tunnel excavation. In addition, the causes of water inrush and mud gushing in combination of macroand micromechanisms are summarized, and site-specifc treatment method is put forward. The treatment methods include choosing a method of advance geological forecast according to risk degrees of different sections in the tunnel, determining the items of predictions, and choosing the appropriate methods, i.e. draining-oriented method, blocking-oriented method or draining-and-blocking method. The treatment technologies of railway water inrush and mud gushing are also summarized, including energy relief and pressure relief technology, advance grouting technology, and advance jet grouting technology associated with their key technical features and applicable conditions. The results in terms of treatment methods can provide reference to the prevention and treatment of tunnel water inrush and mud gushing.

Analysis on the Characteristics and Laws of Tunnel Hydraulic Inrush in Karst Area

As highways are extended to deep mountains,high altitudes,and special geological conditions,tunnel construction becomes more and more challenging,especially the construction of tunnels in karst areas.Due to the particularity of the regional geological structure,karst is well developed in the southwest of our country,especially at areas where the problem of tunnel water inrush in karst areas is more prominent.To further ensure the safe construction and operation of tunnels,the characteristics of tunnels in karst areas is analyzed in this article.

Catastrophe theory-based risk evaluation model for water and mud inrush and its application in karst tunnels

This paper presents a risk evaluation model of water and mud inrush for tunnel excavation in karst areas.The factors affecting the probabilities of water and mud inrush in karst tunnels are investigated to define the dangerousness of this geological disaster.The losses that are caused by water and mud inrush are taken into consideration to account for its harmfulness.Then a risk evaluation model based on the dangerousness-harmfulness evaluation indicator system is constructed,which is more convincing in comparison with the traditional methods.The catastrophe theory is used to evaluate the risk level of water and mud inrush and it has great advantage in handling problems involving discontinuous catastrophe processes.To validate the proposed approach,the Qiyueshan tunnel of Yichang-Wanzhou Railway is taken as an example in which four target segments are evaluated using the risk evaluation model.Finally,the evaluation results are compared with the excavation data,which shows that the risk levels predicted by the proposed approach are in good agreements with that observed in engineering.In conclusion,the catastrophe theory-based risk evaluation model is an efficient and effective approach for water and mud inrush in karst tunnels.

A state‑of‑the‑art review on rock seepage mechanism of water inrush disaster in coal mines

Water inrush is one of the most dangerous disasters in coal mining.Due to the large-scale mining and complicated hydrogeological conditions,thousands of deaths and huge economic losses have been caused by water inrush disasters in China.There are two main factors determining the occurrence of water inrush:water source and water-conducting pathway.Research on the formation mechanism of the water-conducting pathway is the main direction to prevent and control the water inrush,and the seepage mechanism of rock mass during the formation of the water-conducting pathway is the key for the research on the water inrush mechanism.This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of seepage mechanisms during water inrush from three aspects,i.e.,mechanisms of stress-seepage coupling,fow regime transformation and rock erosion.Through numerical methods and experimental analysis,the evolution law of stress and seepage felds in the process of water inrush is fully studied;the fuid movement characteristics under diferent fow regimes are clearly summarized;the law of particle initiation and migration in the process of water inrush is explored,and the efect of rock erosion on hydraulic and mechanical properties of the rock media is also studied.Finally,some limitations of current research are analyzed,and the suggestions for future research on water inrush are proposed in this review.

Treatment Design and Construction Strategy for Tunnel Mud and Water Inrush Disaster

With the rapid development of the transportation industry in China,the number and scale of tunnel construction are increasing.Tunneling through fault zones and other complex geological environments is becoming more and more common.In the construction of highway tunnels,due to the special geographical environment and complex geological conditions,mud and water inrush often occur in the tunnel.Water inrush disasters pose a major risk to the construction of highway tunnels and affect the normal construction of highway tunnels.This paper combines the engineering background of the tunnel mud and water inrush accidents,carries out evaluation on the accident treatment measures and the treatment efficiency,and summarizes the main concerns in the construction process and the technical guidelines for dealing with the tunnel mud and water inrush.

Mechanical model of water inrush from coal seam floor based on triaxial seepage experiments

In order to study the mechanism of confined water inrush from coal seam floor,the main influences on permeability in the process of triaxial seepage experiments were analyzed with methods such as laboratory experiments,theoretical analysis and mechanical model calculation.The crack extension rule and the ultimate destruction form of the rock specimens were obtained.The mechanism of water inrush was explained reasonably from mechanical point of view.The practical criterion of water inrush was put forward.The results show that the rock permeability "mutation" phenomenon reflects the differences of stress state and cracks extension rate when the rock internal crack begins to extend in large-scale.The rock ultimate destruction form is related to the rock lithology and the angle between crack and principal stress.The necessary condition of floor water inrush is that the mining pressure leads to the extension and transfixion of the crack.The sufficient condition of floor water inrush is that the confined water’s expansionary stress in normal direction and shear stress in tangential direction must be larger than the internal stress in the crack.With the two conditions satisfied at the same time,the floor water inrush accident will occur.

陕西省煤矿典型水灾隐患特征及治理技术

陕西省煤炭资源丰富,2022年煤炭产量达7.46亿t,是我国主要产煤省份之一。由于全省煤矿区地质及水文地质条件差异明显,煤矿水灾类型多样,随着近年煤炭开采强度的增大,水灾事故时有发生,防治水形势较为严峻。以煤炭赋存条件为基础,系统总结区域水文地质结构特征,界定典型水灾类型及各类水灾影响区域分布,论述典型水灾的形成机理及特征,并提出了相应的防控技术。研究表明:(1)陕西省主要煤炭产区分为陕北、黄陇、渭北三大区,陕北侏罗纪煤田主要有顶板松散沙层水灾隐患、厚层砂岩水灾隐患、溃水溃沙灾害,局部区域分布有烧变岩对煤矿造成水灾隐患;黄陇煤田主要受顶板巨厚砂岩水灾隐患、离层溃水隐患、泥砂溃涌灾害隐患威胁;陕北石炭—二叠纪煤田和渭北煤田,主要受到煤层底板奥陶系灰岩水灾隐患威胁。(2)陕北侏罗系煤田顶板水灾隐患主要为顶板含水层受开采导水裂隙带扰动形成,导水裂隙波及砂岩含水层或松散沙层可形成持续大流量涌水,部分区域充水强度较大,在短时间水量较大超过排水系统能力时造成顶板水灾,在薄基岩区域垮落带直接导通松散沙层时可转变为溃水溃沙灾害,导水裂隙带影响到烧变岩富水区域时可形成瞬时水量大且持续的烧变岩水灾;黄陇煤田顶板巨厚砂岩含水层受采动导水裂隙带波及形成高强度持续涌水并可能形成顶板水灾,当含水层下部隔水层厚度较大时,可能形成离层溃水灾害,当近煤层顶板岩层松软遇水易崩解时可转变为泥砂溃涌灾害;陕北石炭—二叠纪煤田和渭北煤田,煤层开采底板扰动破坏带或断层等构造导通奥陶系灰岩含水层时,会引发极为严重的底板突水灾害,该类灾害具突发性强、瞬时水量大的特征。(3)各区域的顶板水灾隐患治理技术主要包括钻孔疏泄、注浆治理、开采参数控制等,底板水灾隐患治理技术主要包括区域注浆加固及封堵等;烧变岩水灾隐患主要采取帷幕注浆与钻孔探放有机结合的防治技术。

隧道突涌水灾害缩尺物理模型试验研究综述

随着我国经济的快速发展,隧道工程建设越来越多地面临着大埋深、高地应力、高地温、高渗透压力等复杂地质环境,运用物理模型试验开展复杂环境下隧道突涌水灾变机理与安全防控研究已成为岩石力学的热点问题。结合近年来国内外针对隧道突涌水灾变缩尺物理模型试验开展的研究工作,重点对该类物理模型的流固耦合相似理论、相似材料研制、渗透压加载方法等内容进行了系统梳理,并对下一步的可能发展方向进行展望。参考部分文献和突水典型案例后,总结了流固耦合相似准则和高地应力下的相似准则、相似材料选用方案及材料配比、试验中的水压加载方案,认为未来关注的重点包括考虑温度场的物理模型试验相似准则的研究和涌水涌泥与突水突泥间渐变过程的研究2个方面。

煤矿“Y”型断层分支底板断裂力学判据及模拟研究

【目的】断层分支作为主断层的一部分普遍存在,不易引起人们重视,但断层分支是引起突水的主要因素之一。【方法】以安徽刘庄煤矿为工程地质背景,在考虑Mohr-Coulomb准则岩体压剪断裂判据基础上,建立断层分支渗流与应力双重影响下的断裂力学灾变模型,分析得出断层分支发生劈裂破坏时的临界水压及断层分支到底板破碎区最小安全距离,研究断层倾角、最小主应力、主断层长度和渗透水压对临界水压及最小安全距离的影响规律和主控影响因素,并模拟分析断层分支在采动影响下塑性区及渗流场的演化特征,开展现场压水试验的验证工作。【结果和结论】结果表明:(1)断层分支倾角越大越易发生突水;最小主应力越大,断层分支裂隙越不容易发生扩展;(2)当主断层倾角为60°且断层分支与主断层夹角为60°时,模拟分析结果显示在工作面推进至断层分支正上方位置时,断层导升通道整体活化贯通;当工作面推过断层分支正上方10 m后,断层分支尖端裂隙与工作面底板破坏带贯通并引起底板突水;(3)通过现场压水试验验证了理论计算的正确性,证实断层分支会造成底板裂隙提前与断层相互贯通,引起工作面出水。研究结果可为煤矿采场底板含此类断层分支时的防水煤柱留设提供一定参考。

岩溶地层地铁车站深基坑渗漏灾害成因分析

[目的]富水岩溶深基坑施工开挖常发生基坑侧壁或底部突涌灾害问题,应针对富水溶洞地层深基坑开挖时的渗流稳定性进行深入研究。[方法]依托佛山地铁3号线中山公园站深基坑开挖工程,对深基坑渗流特性及坑底涌水机理进行深入研究,建立了基坑-土体-溶洞三维数值模型,采用等效渗透系数法对岩溶-地层渗流场进行耦合模拟。[结果及结论]通过仿真模拟分析,获得了不均匀地层中岩溶区富水程度对基坑渗流场及涌水量的影响规律,阐明了基坑底部土体竖向平均水力坡降演变特性,揭示了该地岩溶区基坑底部突涌水机理,研究结果可为富水岩溶地区深基坑工程的设计与施工提供参考。

我国不同类别煤层顶板水害致灾机理与防控路径

我国是世界上成煤和赋存条件最复杂的国家,煤层顶板水文地质条件的多样性和复杂性,采动覆岩裂隙场与渗流场耦合的相互性和时变性以及煤层顶板突水的独特性和危害性,造成顶板水害是我国尤其是西部煤矿区的主要矿井灾害之一。为了更好地认识顶板水害和推广现有技术和探索新技术防控此类矿井灾害,在全面分析近年来我国煤层顶板水害事故规律与顶板充水含水层的赋存条件、突水模式、动力特征、力学行为等基础上,系统划分了顶板水害的类型、特征、主要类别的致灾机理及梳理了现有顶板水害的防治技术,并展望了未来顶板水害防治领域的发展方向。研究发现:①顶板水害主体架构包括巨厚基岩含水层涌(淋)水、薄基岩弱胶结层水-砂耦合溃涌、离层空间蓄水储能突水、天窗补给型突水、围岩烧变增透致突等5种类别,集中分布于秦岭—淮河沿线以北地区,陕、蒙、宁是顶板水害主要聚集地。②采动诱发巨厚基岩含水层下覆岩原生裂隙互馈-贯通发育“Z”型离层空间,导致采场出现大面积涌(淋)水现象;基于复合关键层破断力学条件,阐明了薄基岩弱胶结层水-砂耦合溃涌致灾的动力源;构建了离层失稳突水临界判别准则,将离层突水划分为静载扰动、“动+静”载复合扰动、复合煤层开采重复扰动3种模式;红土隔水层缺失及红土薄弱区采动劣化损伤是产生天窗越流补给的主要根源;围岩烧变增透,孔隙度增大,接受临近水源补水后形成新的含水结构体,在采动诱发下烧变岩水涌入采场发生水害事故。③梳理了当前煤层顶板水害“探-放-治”三位一体的解危防控技术体系,提出了井上下共轭联动、钻-采(掘)高位协同地质勘探系统,以防治水“三区”划分为导向的地质保障工作,“煤-水-生态”多目标齐抓共管的绿色开采和防治水理念,以及数智化、透明化矿山水文地质灾害信息维护系统等未来发展方向。

王家寨隧道第三系半成岩富水段涌水突泥机制及风险评估

为探究隧道穿越第三系半成岩富水段时引发的涌水突泥、冒顶等地质灾害机制,依托云南临清高速公路王家寨隧道,通过室内力学试验和模糊层次分析法,对第三系半成岩力学特性、作用机制及涌水突泥灾害风险进行分析。研究表明:1)王家寨隧道第三系半成岩遇水软化特性明显,随着含水率增加其黏聚力先增后减,内摩擦角不断减小,含水率为18%时黏聚力与内摩擦角分别为12.53 k Pa和7.35°,围岩逐渐失稳。2)软弱的第三系半成岩、高地下水量及隧道开挖扰动为王家寨隧道第三系半成岩富水段发生涌水突泥灾害的主要影响因素。3)王家寨隧道第三系半成岩段可按工程地质条件、水文地质条件划分为A、B、C、D 4段,各段涌水突泥灾害风险由大到小排序为B段=C段>A段>D段,其中评估的A段涌泥量与实际涌泥量较为吻合。

地下隧洞突水突泥演化过程模拟分析方法

在富水、高压、不良地质条件下,如何评估施工过程中的突水突泥破坏风险等级,是地下隧洞施工设计的难题。正确分析地下隧洞开挖应力与渗流耦合互馈作用,是合理模拟地下隧洞施工开挖突水突泥演化过程的关键。首先,根据开挖荷载释放过程中的围岩损伤演化机理,提出了根据不同变形阶段围岩损伤特性计算相应围岩损伤系数的方法,并分析其对渗透系数的影响。然后,根据围岩破坏特性和突水破坏机理,提出了围岩临界突水系数的计算方法,并根据围岩损伤破坏和渗透破坏程度,将突水突泥破坏划分成4个风险等级,为地下隧洞施工开挖突水突泥破坏风险评估提供了依据。最后,根据渗流变化与应力损伤互馈耦合作用原理,提出了变损伤刚度、开挖荷载加权分级以及渗流荷载迭代施加的耦合计算方法,模拟了地下隧洞施工开挖突水突泥演化发展过程。将该方法运用于工程实际,证明了所提理论和分析方法的合理性,为地下隧洞开挖突水突泥演化判别提供了一个可行的分析思路。

基于层间截流封堵技术的矿井滞后突水治理

结合临汾市某矿突水治理实例,在分析构造、底板扰动破坏、隐伏导水通道基础上,进一步研究了残余有效隔水层在底板水压、两侧煤柱以及采空区中部顶板垮落压实综合作用下二次破坏的形式,确定此次突水是在底板扰动破坏和底板隐伏导水构造基础上,残余有效隔水层受底板水压向上牵引应力和煤柱支撑影响发生二次破坏形成导水通道造成的。并据此提出层间截流封堵治理方案,以110 m水平进尺快速揭露导水通道,注浆15500 t,突水量降低94%,水位抬升14.725 m,成功堵水。可为类似矿井水害治理提供有益借鉴。

基于流-固-损伤全耦合模型的裂隙型岩溶突涌水数值模拟

岩溶地区隧道建设频遇突涌水灾害,裂隙型突涌水勘察与预测难度极大、致灾风险高。为揭示裂隙型岩溶突涌水机理与明确前兆信息,基于流-固-损伤耦合模型对裂隙型岩溶突涌水致灾机理与临界条件展开研究。通过公式推演与多场耦合数值分析得到以下结论:建立了完整的流-固-损伤耦合裂隙型岩溶突涌水致灾机理数学模型,并论证其可行性与合理性;分析了不同溶腔水压工况下,隧道拱顶围岩位移演化规律。结果表明,裂隙型岩溶突涌水与富水溶腔水压高度相关;分析了临界突水条件下围岩特性,提出了缓慢增长段-快速增长段-位移失控段的三阶段裂隙型岩溶突涌水围岩位移演化规律。

大变幅加卸载下特厚煤层底板断层突水机理模拟研究

特厚煤层采场空间大、扰动范围广,强烈大变幅荷载易导致底板断层破裂加剧并诱发水害。数值模拟是揭示特厚煤层底板断层活化与突水机理的重要方法,准确反映大变幅加卸载下岩体破裂与裂隙水耦合特征是其合理性的关键。构建损伤变量与塑性应变、应力之间的相关关系,得到完整岩块的拉、加压卸载损伤演化方程;以平方拉剪应力与Benzeggagh-Kenane为初始、完全断裂准则,建立塑性位移与强度劣化关系,建立加卸载韧性断裂本构关系;基于实验数据建立贯通裂隙加卸载剪切本构关系。以基本方程与状态方程为基础,结合浸没边界方法,形成裂隙岩体水力学模拟理论。由此编制流体动力学-有限离散元CFD-FDEM耦合程序,模拟研究特厚煤层底板断层活化突水过程。结果表明:CFD-FDEM耦合程序可数值实现特厚煤层底板断层从(准)连续体到离散体转化,以及断层带裂隙水运移过程。底板断层采动破坏包络线呈W形,最深位于断层及其上盘(48.6m),最浅位于断层下盘(23m)。特厚煤层采场底板断层及其上盘受到较大超前集中应力,而后在采空区内大幅卸载,导致该位置出现显著二次破坏,并形成主要导水通道。研究成果为特厚煤层工作面底板断层水害防治提供理论支撑。

综放开采下组煤首采面上覆老空水探查及突水危险性评价

为了探究左权五里堠煤业上组煤老空区富水性及其对下组煤首采工作面突水的危险性,以下组煤首采面为研究背景,系统分析了研究区上下2组煤层顶底板岩性组合及水文地质条件;根据物探探测结果,在下组煤首采面巷道先后施工了20个探放上组煤老空水钻孔,发现上组煤老空水存在局部水量大、水压高、富水性分布不均的特点。在此基础上,建立了上下组煤层开采顶底板的工程地质数值模型,采用数值模拟方法对上组煤和上下组煤开采完毕后的应力场及塑性区场变化特征进行了对比分析,得到上组煤层开采后底板破坏深度为11 m,下组煤开采后导水裂隙带高度为112 m,没有波及上组煤底板破坏深度范围,与首采面实测涌水量反映的规律是一致的。根据首采面及附近2个钻孔的资料,采用2种相关经验公式类比计算了下组煤开采导水裂隙带高度,优选了可靠性较高的经验公式。