Molecular regulation mechanism of oocyte maturation in beef cattle

Bovine oocytes are one of the indispensable cells in cattle reproduction and have become a research hot spot in cattle reproduction in recent years.The maturation process of oocytes is mainly regulated by enzymes,hormones,cytokines,and other molecules.The factors affecting cattle oocyte maturation have been previously studied to clarify the molecular mechanisms of cattle oocyte maturation.In this review article,phospholipid protein-3-kinase/protein kinase B,mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase,Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription,epidermal growth factor receptor/extracellular signal-regulated kinase,and other signaling pathways related to oocyte maturation are discussed.In addition,the molecular mechanisms of some coding genes(JY-1,FGF-10,CDC20,etc.)and non-coding genes(miRNA,lncRNA,and circRNA)regulating oocyte maturation have been reviewed to provide new ideas for high reproductive performance molecular breeding of high-quality cattle.

Molecular Mechanism of Rice Necrotic Lesion for Optimized Yield and Disease Resistance

How to balance rice resistance and yield is an important issue in rice breeding.Plants with mutated necrotic lesion genes often have persistent broad-spectrum resistance,but this broad-spectrum resistance usually comes at the expense of yield.Currently,many necrotic lesion mutants in rice have been identified,and these genes are involved in disease resistance pathways.This review provides a detailed introduction to the characteristics,classification,and molecular mechanisms of necrotic lesion formation.Additionally,we review the molecular regulatory pathways of genes involved in rice disease resistance.Concurrently,we summarize the relationship between resistance and yield in rice using newly developed gene editing methods.We discuss a rational and precise breeding strategy to better utilize molecular design technology for breeding disease-resistant and high-yield rice varieties.

Regulation of vegetation pattern on the hydrodynamic processes of erosion on hillslope in Loess Plateau,China

As vegetation are closely related to soil erosion,hydrodynamic parameter changes under various vegetation pattern conditions can be used as an important basis for the research of the soil erosion mechanism.Through upstream water inflow experiments conducted on a loess hillslope,how the vegetation pattern influences the hydrodynamic processes of sediment transport was analyzed.The results show that the placement of a grass strip on the lower upslope can effectively reduce runoff erosion by 69%,relying on the efficiency of regulated hydrodynamic process.The effective location of grass strip for hillslope alleviating erosion is on the lower part of the upslope,mainly due to the grass strip measure used to regulate the hydrodynamic system.As a result,the underlying surface runoff resistance is increased by 5 times,runoff shear stress is decreased by more than 90%,and runoff power decreased by over 92%.The measure greatly separates the scouring energy of surface runoff that acts on the slope soil.Therefore,the use of grass strips effectively decreases the energy of runoff flowing along the slope,eliminating soil erosion to a great extent and thereby achieving a better regulation of hydrodynamic processe.

Study on the Whole Process Simulation and Regulation Mechanism of Urban Green Ecological Rainwater Drainage System

In view of the frequent waterlogging caused by rapid urbanization and the public’s dissatisfaction with the drainage system,the article based on the concept of the green ecological drainage system,constructed the urban green ecological drainage comprehensive simulation research system,and quickly evaluated pipe network operation and surface water of an industrial park under typical rainfall conditions.The results showed that the drainage capacity of the designed green ecological rainwater drainage system reached 100%,and there was no ponding phenomenon,which indicated that the green ecological rainwater drainage system could effectively solve the practical problems of urban drainage.The green ecological rainwater comprehensive simulation research system had good adaptability.The research results provided the scientific theoretical basis and reference significance for planning,designing,constructing,operating,and managing urban rainwater system scientifically and systematically.

Response Mechanism of Plants to Drought Stress

Drought stress is an important factor affecting plant growth and development.It will provide a theoretical basis for cultivating new stress-resistant varieties and improving water utilization rate of plants by studying the regulation mechanism of osmotic adjustment and water transportation under drought stress,and understanding the physiological and biochemical characteristics and stress resistance mechanism.

The soybean PLATZ transcription factor GmPLATZ17 suppresses drought tolerance by interfering with stress-associated gene regulation of GmDREB5

Plant AT-rich sequence and zinc binding(PLATZ)transcription factors are a class of plant specific zincdependent DNA-binding proteins that function in abiotic stress response and plant development.In this study,31 GmPLATZ genes were identified in soybean.GmPLATZ17 was down-regulated by drought and exogenous abscisic acid.Transgenic Arabidopsis and soybean hairy roots overexpressing GmPLATZ17 showed drought sensitivity and inhibition of stress-associated gene transcription.In contrast,suppressed expression of GmPLATZ17 led to increased drought tolerance in transgenic soybean hairy roots.The GmPLATZ17 protein was verified to interact physically with the GmDREB5 transcription factor,and overexpression of GmDREB5 increased drought tolerance in soybean hairy roots.Interaction of GmPLATZ17 with GmDREB5 was shown to interfere with the DRE-binding activity of GmDREB5,suppressing downstream stress-associated gene expression.These results show that GmPLATZ17 inhibits drought tolerance by interacting with GmDREB5.This study sheds light on PLATZ transcription factors and the function of GmPLATZ17 in regulating drought sensitivity.

Mechanism of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in regulating asthmatic attack

BACKGROUND: It has been confirmed that c-fos expression increased markedly in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) during asthmatic attack in rats, and PVN has extensive physiological functions, involving in the regulation of respiratory system, etc. OBJECTIVE: To observe the alteration of electroencephalogram (EEG) and power spectra in PVN during the asthmatic attack, and the alteration of lung function and diaphragmatic muscle discharge after bilateral PVN lesion in asthmatic rats. DESIGN: A randomized control study. SETTING: Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southeast University. MATERIALS: Forty-eight male adult SD rats of 260-300 g were used. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups(n =8): control group, asthma group, electrolytic lesion of PVN group, KA-induced lesion of PVN group, sham electrolytic lesion of PVN group and sham kainic acid (KA)-induced lesion of PVN group. KA, chicken ovalbumin and aluminum hydroxide were purchased from American Sigma Company. Bordetella pertussis vaccine (Institute of Biological Products of Shanghai); stereotaxic apparatus (Jiangwan Ⅱ, China); lesion-producing device (YC-2 programmable stimulato, Chengdu Instrument Company); MD2000 signal processing system (Nanjing Medical School); data acquisition system (RM6240B, Chengdu Instrument Company). METHODs: The experiments were carried out in the Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southeast University from January to August in 2006. ① Rats except for control group were sensitized with an intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg chicken ovalbumin and 100 mg aluminum hydroxide and Bordetella pertussis vaccine containing 5×109 heat-killed in 1 mL of sterile saline. From the fifteenth to seventeenth days rats received three times aerosolized ovalbumin challenge. In rats of the control group and asthma group three steel electrodes were placed into the left PVN (AP -1.8 mm, LR 0.4 mm, OH -7.9 mm), parietal cortex and subcutaneous tissue in lower limb. Lung function tests were carried out simultaneously. Small holes were drilled in the skull to introduce a concentric bipolar electrode in the direction of the PVN in order to perform electrolytic lesion. The electrodes were connected to a lesion-producing device and a current of 1.0 -1.5 mA was passed over a period of 10-15 s on each side of the PVN. The rats received 0.5 μg/0.5 μL of KA in phosphate buffer (0.1 mol/L, pH 7.4), and the speed of infusion was 0.1 μL per minute in order to perform KA-induced lesion of PVN. ② Three days after operation of lesion, lung function tests were carried out. All the electrode and transducer were connected with data acquisition system. This technique yielded airway resistance (Raw), dynamic compliance (Cdyn), the expiratory time (Te)/the inspiratory time (Ti), minute ventilation volume (MVV), EMGdi frequency and EMGdi integral. ③The differences of the measurement data were compared using the t test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① The alteration of EEG and power spectrum of PVN during asthmatic attack in sensitized rats; ② The effects of electrolytic lesion or KA-induced lesion of PVN on lung function in asthmatic rats. RESULTS: All the 48 rats were involved in the analysis of results. ① Alteration of EEG and power spectrum: Five minutes after injection of ovalbumin into caudal vena, the breathing rate of the rat was obviously speeded up and the total power spectrum was increased [(18 476.71±2 140.94), (13 838.75±2 983.26) mV2, P < 0.01], the percentage of the δ power and θ power decreased significantly (P < 0.01), while the percentage of α power and β1 power were enhanced (P < 0.05, 0.01). Ten minutes after injection, the EEG power spectrum of PVN further shifted rightward, the total power gradually increased (P < 0.01) which suggesting that the intensive hypersynchrony activities of PVN neurons. The percentage of δ power was decreased significantly (P < 0.01), but the α, β1 and β2 were increased (P < 0.01). Twenty-five minutes later, the breathing movements became steady, and the EEG power spectrum of PVN returned to the control level step by step. ② The alteration of lung function was detected during asthmatic attack after electrolytic lesion or KA-induced lesions of PVN respectively. It was found that EMGdi frequency, Te/Ti and RL were all decreased (P < 0.01), EMGdi integral, MVV and Cdyn were all enhanced (P < 0.01), while there were no significant changes in the sham surgery group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The excitability of PVN is increased during the asthmatic attack. PVN plays a key role in the regulation of asthma. Both electrolytic and KA lesions of PVN can significantly relieve the asthmatic symptoms of rats, and improve their lung function.

Controllable blood–brain barrier(BBB)regulation based on gigahertz acoustic streaming

The blood–brain barrier(BBB)is a structural and functional barrier necessary for brain homeostasis,and it plays an important role in the realization of neural function and in protecting the brain from damage by circulating toxins and pathogens.However,the extremely dense BBB also severely limits the transport of molecules across it,which is a great hindrance to the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system(CNS)diseases.This paper reports a new method for controllable opening of the BBB,based on the gigahertz acoustic streaming(AS)generated by a bulk acoustic wave resonant device.By adjusting the input power and working distance of the device,AS with tunable flow rate can be generated to disrupt tight junction proteins(TJs)between endothelial cells.The results obtained with this method show that the gigahertz AS promotes the penetration of dextran molecules with different molecular weights across the BBB.This work provides a new platform for studying the mechanical regulation of BBB by fluid shear forces and a new method for improving the efficiency of drug delivery.

Acetylation as a mechanism that regulates axonal regeneration

The capacity for adult axons to regenerate after injury is diminished compared with developing axons.In the case of central nervous system（CNS）axons,injury causes a total failure to regenerate.This failure is due to both the intrinsic developmental decrease in growth capacity and the extrinsic inhibitory environment formed because of the injury.

The regulation mechanism and heat transfer enhancement of composite mixed paraffin and copper foam phase change materials

Phase change materials(PCMs)have remarkable energy storage capacity and promising applications in the field of thermal control of electronic products.The problem of thermal property improvement and heat transfer of PCMs in metal-foam heatsinks is an important task for thermal management of electronic components.Mixed paraffin samples were prepared by mixing appropriate proportions of paraffin(mass)at various temperatures.Differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed that the maximum enthalpy of 206.3 J/g is obtained by mixing 20%of 17°C liquid paraffin and 80%of 29℃ solid paraffin.Heating and cooling cycling tests revealed that mixed paraffin exhibits excellent thermal stability and that the regulation method marginally affects thermal stability.Moreover,composites were prepared by embedding PCM into a copper foam by melt impregnation.The thermal conductivity of the composites increased to 4.35 W/(m K),corresponding to 20 times its original value.In addition,density functional theory and experimental results were in good agreement,indicating that the regulation method is practical and effective.

Study on the morphological regulation mechanism of hollow silica microsphere prepared via emulsion droplet template

The morphology regulation of hollow silica microspheres is significant for their properties and applications. In this paper, hollow silica microspheres were formed through the hydrolysis and condensation reaction of tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS) at the interface of the emulsion droplet templates composed of liquid paraffin and TEOS, followed by dissolving paraffin with ethanol. The effects of various factors including the emulsifier structure and content, TEOS content, catalyst type, and the ethanol content in the continuous water phase on the particle size, shell thickness and morphology of the prepared hollow silica microspheres were studied in detail. The results show that the diffusion and contact of TEOS and water molecules as well as the hydrolysis condensation reaction of TEOS at the oil-water interface are two critical processes for the synthesis and morphological regulation of hollow silica microspheres. Cationic emulsifier with a hydrophobic chain of appropriate length is the prerequisite for the successful synthesis of hollow silica microspheres. The ethanol content in water phase is the dominant factor to determine the average diameter of hollow microspheres, which can vary from 96 nm to 660 nm with the increase of the volume ratio of alcohol-water from 0 to 0.7. The silica wall thickness varies with the content and the hydrophobic chain length of the emulsifier, TEOS content, and the activity of the catalyst. The component of the soft template will affect the morphology of the silica wall. When the liquid paraffin is replaced by cyclohexane, hollow microspheres with fibrous mesoporous silica wall are fabricated. This work not only enriches the basic theory of interfacial polymerization in the emulsion system, but also provides ideas and methods for expanding the morphology and application of hollow silica microspheres.

Effective regulation mechanisms of Fe-Ni(oxy)hydroxide:Ni-rich heteroatomic bonding(Ni–O–Fe–O–Ni)is essential

Although Fe-Ni combination performs well in transition metal-based oxygen evolution reaction(OER)electrocatalysts,there are lack of clear and general regulations mechanism to fully play the synergistic catalytic effect.Here,we made the utmost of the interaction of Fe–Ni heteroatomic pair to obtain a highly active Fe-Ni(oxy)hydroxide catalytic layer on iron foam(IF)and nickel foam(NF)by in-situ electrochemical deposition and rapid surface reconstruction,which only required 327 and 351 mV overpotential to provide a large current of 1,000 mA·cm^(−2),respectively.The results confirm that the moderate Ni-rich heteroatomic bonding(Ni–O–Fe–O–Ni)formed by adjusting the Ni/Fe ratio on the catalyst surface is important to offer predominant OER performance.Fe is a key component that enhances OER activity of Ni(O)OH,but Fe-rich structural surface formed by Fe–O–Ni–O–Fe bonding is not ideal.Finally,the remarkable oxygen evolution performance of the prepared Ni2Fe(O)OH/IF and FeNi2(O)OH/NF can be chalked up to the optimized electronic structure of Fe–Ni heteroatomic bonding,the efficient gas spillover,the fast electron transport,and nanosheet clusters morphology.In summary,our work suggests a comprehensive regulation mechanism for the construction of efficient Fe-Ni(oxy)hydroxide catalytic layer on inexpensive,stable,and self-supporting metallic material surface.

An insight review of autophagy biology and neurodegenerative diseases:machinery,mechanisms and regulation

Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic system in which cytoplasmic proteins or organelles are translocated into lysosomes for degradation.Three different types of autophagy have been identified as macroautophagy,microautophagy,and chaperone-mediated autophagy(CMA).In macroautophagy,double-membraned phagophore develops autophagosome vesicles,which subsequently fuse with lysosomes to

Cryo-EM structures of the mammalian endo-lysosomal TRPML1 channel elucidate the combined regulation mechanism

TRPML1 channel is a non-selective group-2 transient receptor potential （TRP） channel with Ca2＋ permeability. Located mainly in late endosome and lysosome of all mammalian cell types, TRPML1 is indispensable in the processes of endocytosis, membrane trafficking, and lysosome biogenesis. Mutations of TRPML1 cause a severe lysosomal storage disorder called mucolipidosis type IV （MLIV）. In the present study, we determined the cryo-electron microscopy （cryo-EM） structures of Mus musculus TRPML1 （mTRPMLI） in lipid nanodiscs and Amphipols. Two distinct states of mTRPML1 in Amphipols are added to the closed state, on which could represent two different confirmations upon activation and regulation. The polycystin-mucolipin domain （PMD） may sense the luminal/extracellular stimuli and undergo a ＂move upward＂ motion during endocytosis, thus triggering the overall conformational change in TRPMLI. Based on the structural comparisons, we propose TRPML1 is regulated by pH, Ca2＋, and phosphoinosi- tides in a combined manner so as to accommodate the dynamic endocytosis process.

Regulation mechanism for the formation and microwave absorbing performance of CNT/CoFe-MOF derived hierarchical composite

The structure design,performance analysis,and process optimization of CNT/MOF-derived hierarchical composite play an important role in the development of high-performance microwave absorbing materi-als.Herein,the preparation,morphology evolution,and electromag-netic wave absorption mechanism of CNT/MOF-derived hierarchical composite were systematically investigated.The regulation mechan-ism was revealed by studying the changes in the morphological characteristics,electromagnetic properties,and microwave absorbing performance of CNT/MOF-derived hierarchical composite under differ-ent process parameters.The results show that the morphological characteristics and interface bonding between CNT and MOF have a great impact on the absorptive capacity.The composite with com-position of 0.28Co/0.26Fe has a maximum absorption of−46 dB at 8.6 GHz and a thickness of 4 mm.In addition,the absorption band with reflection loss values of less than−20 dB can be operated with this thickness between 7.15 and 10.18 GHz,showing excellent absorbing ability and electromagnetic wave bandwidth.The regulation mechan-ism of CNT/MOF-derived hierarchical composite mainly depends on the effect of Lorentz force,the ion disorder of CoO-Fe_(2)O_(3) heterojunc-tion,and the spin polarization mechanism of free electrons.This study further improves the corresponding theoretical basis and new design principles,which provides technical support for the development of high-performance absorbing materials.

The Research on the Decision-making Mechanism of China′s Monetary Policy Regulation

The article adopts the quarterly data of the monetary and macroeconomics variables from 1978～1999, applies the asymmetrical information game analysis, the regression and cointegration error-correction model, to investigate on the decision-making mechanism of money supply and money regulation project. It suggests the regulation process which central bank controls with instruments of the monetary policy and the mode detail of its operation.

Application of Green Roof in Relieving Urban Waterlogging: A Review

Green roof plays a critical role in regulating roof runoff by reducing runoff, delaying runoff generation, reducing runoff peak flow and improving runoff water quality effectively. On the basis of introducing significance and role of green roof, this paper reviewed domestic and international researches on the green roof's control over roof runoff, and analyzed the factors that influence the control of green roof over the runoff, so as to provide a theoretical support and method for the construction of green roofs in urban districts.

A Study on the Molecular Switch of Gene Expression of the Mouse Heart Nuclear DNA Fragments

It is observed by in situ stain that LDH (1 5) ...nNAD + can probably enter the nucleopore and can be bound bound specifically with the genes that encode them. During the in vitro expression, the dilution of heart nuclear DNA fragments could enhance the expression activity of LDH/DNA and the amount of expressed LDH (1 5) is in proportion to the amount of dissociable LDH (1 5) on the LDH/DNA. With the integration of 14C Leu to the proteins, it is also observed that the addition of LDH (1 5) ...nNAD + can suppress the in vitro expression activity of LDH/DNA. AFM observation shows that the regulation sequence at the both ends of active genes may be bound with such active factors as proteins encoded by the genes which probably is the main molecular switch of gene expression and regulation we have been always searching for. Our work shows the prospective application of the combination of AFM and isotope labeling in the research of biological reaction.

Researchers revealed a neural mechanism underlying body temperature regulation

Subject Code:C09 With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,a research group led by Dr.Shen Wei(沈伟)from Shanghai Tech University has deconstructed a neural circuit for body temperature regulation,which was published in PNAS(2017,114:2042—2047).