Influences of lithology on in-situ stress field in low permeability reservoirs in Bonan Oilfield, Bohai Bay Basin, China

The differences of rock mechanical properties were analyzed based on triaxial compression test in low permeability reservoirs of the Bonan Oilfield. Through the analysis of reservoir mechanics, the influence mechanisms of different mechanical properties of rocks on reservoir in-situ stress were studied. By means of stress ellipse and finite element simulation, the influence rules of different mechanical properties of rocks on in-situ stress field were discussed. For the low permeability reservoirs of the Bonan Oilfield, the coarser rock has a larger Young’s modulus value and a lower Poisson’s ratio. The rock mechanical parameters and stress-strain relationship of sandstone facies and mudstone facies are different. Different rocks have different mechanical properties, which cause extra stress at the lithological contact interface, and the existence of extra stress affects the reservoir in-situ stress. Without considering the influence of structural features on the in-situ stress field, the reservoir in-situ stress is controlled by the magnitude of extra stress and the angle between lithological contact surface and boundary stress.

Method of moderate water injection and its application in ultra-low permeability oil reservoirs of Yanchang Oilfield, NW China

To explore the method of improving development effect and solving the problem of water breakthrough and water out for ultralow permeability fractured reservoirs, an indoor evaluation method of dynamic imbibition for fracture-matrix system was established taking the Chang 8 reservoir in southern Yanchang Oilfield as a research target. Key factors for the imbibition effect were obtained, an imbibition's rate expression was obtained, a model considering the double effects of imbibition-displacement was built and optimal injection and production parameters for the research area were obtained as well. The results show that an optimum displacement rate that maximizes the oil displacement efficiency exists in the water displacing oil process, and the optimal displacing rate becomes smaller as the permeability decreases. The imbibition displacement efficiency increases as the reservoir quality index and water wettability index of rock become bigger. But the larger the initial water saturation or oil-water viscosity ratio is, the smaller the imbibition displacement efficiency is. The optimal injection-production ratio for the Chang 8 reservoir of southern Yanchang Oilfield is 0.95, and the predicted recovery is 17.2% when the water cut is 95%, it is 2.9% higher than the recovery of conventional injection-production ratio 1.2. By using the moderate water injection technique based on the double effects of imbibition-displacement mechanism, the water injection development effect for the ultra-low permeability fractured reservoirs can be improved significantly.

Development of Superhydrophobic Nano-SiO_(2)and Its Field Application in Low-permeability,High-temperature,and High-salinity Oil Reservoirs

In this study,to meet the stringent requirements on the hydrophobicity of nano-SiO_(2)particles for use in depressurization and enhanced injection operations in high-temperature and high-salinity oil reservoirs,secondary chemical grafting modification of nano-SiO_(2)is performed using a silane coupling agent to prepare superhydrophobic nano-SiO_(2) particles.Using these superhydrophobic nano-SiO_(2)particles as the core agent,and liquid paraffin or diesel as the dispersion medium,a uniform dispersion of nano-SiO_(2)particles is achieved under high-speed stirring,and a chemically enhanced water injection system with colloidal stability that can be maintained for more than 60 d is successfully developed.Using this system,a field test of depressurization and enhanced injection is carried out on six wells in an oilfield,and the daily oil production level is increased by 11 t.The cumulative increased water injection is 58784 m^(3),the effective rate of the measures was 100%,and the average validity period is 661 d.

Simultaneous hydraulic fracturing of ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoirs in China: Mechanism and its field test

Based on the impact of the stress perturbation effect created by simultaneous propagation of multiple fractures in the process of simultaneous hydraulic fracturing, a thorough research on the mechanism and adaptation of simultaneous fracturing of double horizontal wells in ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoirs was conducted by taking two adjacent horizontal wells(well Yangping-1 and well Yangping-2 located in Longdong area of China Changqing Oilfield) as field test wells. And simultaneous fracturing optimal design of two adjacent horizontal wells was finished and employed in field test. Micro-seismic monitoring analysis of fracture propagation during the stimulation treatment shows that hydraulic fractures present a pattern of complicated network expansion, and the well test data after fracturing show that the daily production of well Yangping-1 and well Yangping-2 reach105.8 t/d and 87.6 t/d, which are approximately 9.4 times and 7.8 times the daily production of a fractured vertical well in the same area, respectively. Field test reflects that simultaneous hydraulic fracturing of two adjacent horizontal wells can enlarge the expansion area of hydraulic fractures to obtain a lager drainage area and realize the full stimulation of ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoirs in China Changqing oilfield. Therefore, simultaneous fracturing of two adjacent horizontal wells provides a good opportunity in stimulation techniques for the efficient development of ultra-low permeability reservoirs in China Changqing oilfield,and it has great popularization value and can provide a new avenue for the application of stimulation techniques in ultra-low permeability reservoirs in China.

An Integrated Method of Data Mining and Flow Unit Identification for Typical Low Permeability Reservoir Prediction

With the development of oilfield exploration and mining, the research on continental oil and gas reservoirs has been gradually refined, and the exploration target of offshore reservoir has also entered the hot studystage of small sand bodies, small fault blocks, complex structures, low permeability and various heterogeneous geological bodies. Thus, the marine oil and gas development will inevitably enter thecomplicated reservoir stage;meanwhile the corresponding assessment technologies, engineering measures andexploration method should be designed delicately. Studying on hydraulic flow unit of low permeability reservoir of offshore oilfield has practical significance for connectivity degree and remaining oil distribution. An integrated method which contains the data mining and flow unit identification part was used on the flow unit prediction of low permeability reservoir;the predicted results?were compared with mature commercial system results for verifying its application. This strategy is successfully applied to increase the accuracy by choosing the outstanding prediction result. Excellent computing system could provide more accurate geological information for reservoir characterization.

Formation permeability evaluation and productivity prediction based on mobility from pressure measurement while drilling

Based on the measurement mechanism of mobility in pressure measurement while drilling, through analyzing a large number of mobility data, it is found that under the condition of water-based mud drilling, the product of mobility from pressure measurement while drilling and the viscosity of mud filtrate is infinitely close to the water phase permeability under the residual oil in relative permeability experiment. Based on this, a method converting the mobility from pressure measurement while drilling to core permeability is proposed, and the permeability based on Timur formula has been established. Application of this method in Penglai 19-9 oilfield of Bohai Sea shows:(1) Compared with the permeability calculated by the model of adjacent oilfields, the permeability calculated by this model is more consistent with the permeability calculated by core analysis.(2) Based on the new model, the correlation between the calculated mobility of well logging and the actual drilling specific productivity index bas been established. Compared with the relationship established by using the permeability model of an adjacent oilfield, the correlation of the new model is better.(3) Productivity of four directional wells was predicted, and the prediction results are in good agreement with the actual production after drilling.

Electrical responses and classification of complex waterflooded layers in carbonate reservoirs: A case study of Zananor Oilfield, Kazakhstan

Experiments of electrical responses of waterflooded layers were carried out on porous,fractured,porous-fractured and composite cores taken from carbonate reservoirs in the Zananor Oilfield,Kazakhstan to find out the effects of injected water salinity on electrical responses of carbonate reservoirs.On the basis of the experimental results and the mathematical model of calculating oil-water relative permeability of porous reservoirs by resistivity and the relative permeability model of two-phase flow in fractured reservoirs,the classification standards of water-flooded layers suitable for carbonate reservoirs with complex pore structure were established.The results show that the salinity of injected water is the main factor affecting the resistivity of carbonate reservoir.When low salinity water(fresh water)is injected,the relationship curve between resistivity and water saturation is U-shaped.When high salinity water(salt water)is injected,the curve is L-shaped.The classification criteria of water-flooded layers for carbonate reservoirs are as follows:(1)In porous reservoirs,the water cut(fw)is less than or equal to 5%in oil layers,5%–20%in weak water-flooded layers,20%–50%in moderately water-flooded layers,and greater than 50%in strong water-flooded layers.(2)For fractured,porous-fractured and composite reservoirs,the oil layers,weakly water-flooded layers,moderately water-flooded layers,and severely water-flooded layers have a water content of less than or equal to 5%,5%and 10%,10%to 50%,and larger than 50%respectively.

L38区长8油藏表面活性剂驱先导试验开发特征分析

环江油田超低渗油藏储量、产量占比大,一次井网注水开发后水驱矛盾突出。表面活性剂性能评价结果显示,此次表面活性剂驱试验能大幅降低界面张力,具有抗吸附性、小浓度下改变润湿性等效果,两相共渗区范围扩大,驱油效率可提高5.53%。在L38区中部选取4个注采井组开展先导试验,连续注入8个月后水驱矛盾改善,控水增油效果显著,开发指标变好,水驱动态储量增加1.07倍。

适合延长油田低渗透储层分层注水井的有机酸解堵体系

为了解决延长油田低渗透储层分层注水井注入压力升高以及注水量下降的问题,以复合有机酸FH-S为主体酸液,结合黏土稳定剂、缓蚀剂和助排剂等主要处理剂,研制了一套适合延长油田低渗透储层分层注水井的有机酸解堵体系,室内对其基本性能和岩心驱替解堵性能进行了评价。结果表明:有机酸解堵体系具有良好的溶蚀性能、缓蚀性能和较强的铁离子稳定能力,降低表面张力和界面张力的效果也较好,体系与地层水的配伍性较好,不会出现浑浊和沉淀;另外,在天然岩心被注入水污染后挤入2 PV有机酸解堵体系,能够有效解除堵塞污染,岩心驱替压力明显降低,岩心渗透率恢复值可以达到100%以上,解堵效果较好。现场应用结果表明:目标注水区块5口注水井采取有机酸解堵体系施工措施后,注入压力显著降低,日注水量明显增大,并且措施的有效期较长,取得了良好的现场施工效果。

空气泡沫驱技术在M区块的驱油效果及储层影响因素分析

为系统评价空气泡沫驱技术在M区块的驱油效果,选取M区块49个注空气泡沫井组进行递减率和控水效果分析,并利用测井曲线划分各层单砂体,分析储层因素对油井受效性的影响。结果表明,空气泡沫驱具有较好的稳油控水作用,88%的生产井在泡沫驱中受益,含水率稳中有降,稳油效果明显;不受效井受单砂体展布影响较大,主要分布在单砂体边部;即便是连通储层,当储层渗透率低于一定数值时驱油效果不理想;非均质性强的储层转空气泡沫驱后稳油降水效果明显。生产动态资料表明,泡沫驱适用于低渗透储层,但注入井应尽量选在连通性及物性较好的主河道砂体中,尤其是由非均质性引起的含水快速上升的井,驱替效果明显,单砂体边部的井组由于连通性差,渗透率低,驱油效果将大大降低。该研究可为空气泡沫驱技术在低渗透油田的推广提供技术借鉴。

大庆油田X7地区低孔渗储层核磁共振测井可变T_(2)截止值确定方法

T_(2)截止值是计算核磁共振测井束缚水孔隙度、可动流体孔隙度和渗透率的关键参数。在岩心压汞资料与核磁共振测井资料的基础上,提出连续计算低孔隙度低渗透率(低孔渗)储层核磁共振测井T_(2)截止值的方法。用岩心对应深度的核磁共振测井T_(2)谱代替核磁共振实验T_(2)谱,用岩心压汞资料中的渗透率贡献确定束缚水所对应的进汞饱和度,此时剩余汞饱和度即为束缚水饱和度,结合T_(2)谱,通过插值算法得出岩心的T_(2)截止值;分析多块岩心T_(2)截止值在T_(2)谱上的分布规律,从而建立根据T_(2)谱形态连续计算可变T_(2)截止值的方法。在X7地区应用此方法实现核磁共振测井连续T_(2)截止值的计算,用计算出的T_(2)截止值进行孔隙度和渗透率等储层参数计算,明显提升了储层参数计算的精度。

海上油田低渗储层岩石扩容低效原因及储层改造工艺

针对岩石扩容技术在低渗储层作业时间长、易损坏井下工具及应用低效等问题,提出将岩石力学领域的碎胀扩容机理用于石油工程储层改造的新思路。开展了岩石扩容工艺数值模拟敏感性及作业井例分析,分析了岩石碎胀微观机理,提出了前置简易水力压裂和岩石扩容、爆燃压裂和岩石扩容联作等实现岩石碎胀扩容工艺路径,并指出了下一步数值模拟、物理模拟、裂缝监测等技术研究方向。结果表明:物性越差扩容效果逐渐变差,是低渗储层岩石扩容低效的主因;岩石碎胀扩容储层改造工艺可利用多种工艺技术组合形成复杂缝网,从而提高现有改造技术实施效果。本文研究成果可对海上低渗储层改造工艺的进一步发展和优选提供参考。

大庆油田水驱开发技术及其发展方向

通过回顾大庆油田水驱开发技术发展历程,系统总结了近10年创新发展的水驱层系井网优化调整、近阻组合注水优化调整、区块及单井套损预警防控等油田主体开发技术。在客观分析大庆油田水驱主要矛盾问题的基础上,明确了水驱开发核心技术发展方向。在井网调整方面,攻关以“两驱协同、优选井型”为核心的井网优化调整技术,通过“二三结合”井网优化、分类储层加密调驱、井缝协同井网调整、多井型高效挖潜等井网调整新技术攻关,实现由水驱直井均匀加密向两驱协同、多井网多井型立体调整转变;在结构调整方面,攻关以“智能优化、水驱+”为核心的新一代综合调整技术,通过智能注采优化、低渗透储层功能性水驱、特低渗断块油藏压驱提产等技术攻关,实现由常规注采调整向智能调控、多方式补能转变;在套损防控方面,攻关以“层位预警、套损复产”为核心的套损精准防治技术,在深化地质力学机理研究基础上,发展套损层位精准预警技术、套损区复产挖潜技术,实现由区块、单井预警向大数据与地应力分析相结合的套损层位精准预警及防控转变。

低渗透裂缝型油田调剖用弱凝胶体系室内评价

通过实验室模拟与现场应用分析,详细考察了弱凝胶体系的性能以及在油田中的实际应用效果。实验结果显示,弱凝胶体系的成胶时间从20℃的115.2 min显著减少至70℃的14.9 min,黏度从1560.5 m Pa·s降至1047.2 m Pa·s,体现了温度提高加速化学交联反应的效果。在老化稳定性实验中,凝胶黏度在室温条件下经过3个月从初始的1200 m Pa·s缓慢降至1149 m Pa·s,而在80℃的高温条件下,从1013 m Pa·s降至970 m Pa·s,表明温度的升高加速了老化过程,但整体上凝胶展示了良好的稳定性。剪切稳定性测试中,凝胶黏度从500 r·min^(-1)的1198 m Pa·s降至5000 r·min^(-1)的987 m Pa·s,显示出良好的剪切稳定性。大洼油田采用弱凝胶调驱技术后,油井的日产油量平均提升了50%,同时减少了水窜现象,优化了油水分层,显著提高了油田的整体采收效率。

中低渗砂岩油藏水驱后期油藏再评价及提高采收率对策

为探究高—特高含水中低渗油藏水驱开发后期提高采收率的有效途径,以南湖油田为例,利用矿物分析与SEM等方法深化储层微观特征再认识,应用核磁共振与压汞结合的方法研究冻胶分散体提高采收率的可行性和应用效果。研究表明:南湖油田大孔道较发育,速敏与水敏特征明显,水窜严重是开发低效的主要原因,低排量注水、保持地层能量、控制水窜是提高开发效果的关键;冻胶分散体能有效抑制水窜,提高中小孔隙剩余油的启动能力,通过冻胶分散体驱替后,样品岩心小孔隙采收率提高52.83个百分点,中孔隙采收率提高34.60个百分点,综合采收率提高33.14个百分点,开发效果显著提升。研究结果可为高含水油藏改善开发效果提供借鉴。

渤海油田低渗储层开采技术研究进展与展望

海上低渗油田的高效开采已成为海洋油气增储上产的重要方向。从2006年开展低渗储层压裂先导试验开始,渤海油田经过十余年的攻关与实践逐步总结出适应于渤海低渗储层特征的开采策略,并针对常规低渗储层、低渗/特低渗储层和复杂岩性低渗储层特征形成压裂开采技术体系,包括常规低渗储层整体压裂技术、防砂卡精细分层压裂技术,低渗/特低渗储层复杂裂缝改造技术、分层暂堵压裂技术,复杂岩性低渗储层缝控压裂技术、水力喷射压裂及防砂技术、裂缝蚀孔酸压技术。“十四五”期间渤海油田将重点攻关特低渗储层注气开采、大规模低成本压裂和裂缝监测等核心技术,持续推动渤海低渗储量实现规模化高效开采,为中国海上低渗油田开采技术的进一步发展提供参考。

基于动态驱替扫描技术的特低渗储层微观剩余油赋存状态的研究

为厘清安塞油田长6特低渗油藏微观剩余油赋存特征,明确后续开展三次采油技术方向,基于动态驱替扫描技术监测真实岩心水驱过程微观剩余油赋存特征及动态变化规律。结果表明,基于动态驱替扫描技术及计算机重建技术能够获取不同水驱阶段岩心孔隙内部不同流体的赋存状态信息与实际三维形貌,依据微观剩余油分布形态、位置、赋存量及可动用程度等特征信息,将其分为粒间吸附状、团簇状、喉道状、角隅状、颗粒吸附状及孔表薄膜状剩余油。建立了微观剩余油赋存类型定量判别方法与标准。此外,系统地梳理了不同水驱阶段微观剩余油类型及其变化规律,提出针对性的动用方法与建议,为后续开展化学驱提高油田采收率奠定基础。

特低渗透滩坝砂油藏超前压驱技术及其应用

胜利油田在特低渗透滩坝砂油藏创新提出一种“超前压驱”的开发技术模式,并取得高产稳产的应用效果。针对高产稳产的致效机制,开展了物理模拟、数值模拟和矿场应用对比研究,分析高压力系数条件下油水井间压力剖面的建立和水井先压驱条件下储层应力场的改变及其对油井产能的影响。结果表明:高压力系数构建连续稳定的驱替压力剖面、超前压驱变应力场油井差异造缝是高产稳产的两大致效机制,在高压力系数条件下,有利于压力与介质协同传导,同时高压压头前移,有利于克服启动压力梯度,形成连续稳定的压力剖面;在超前压驱注水条件下,高油藏压力可有效降低储层的破裂压力,易形成复杂缝网,同时改变储层地应力场的大小和分布,进而影响油井压裂裂缝展布及产能。研究成果揭示了超前压驱高产稳产的致效机制,对特低渗透滩坝砂油藏的规模效益建产具有重要的指导意义。

低渗透油田高压注水井在线酸化增注技术

为了解决高压欠注水井降压增注中面临的难题,以定边油田低渗透油藏的主力区块为研究对象,研究该区块的高压注水井在线酸化增注技术。利用单步法酸液体系可以抑制二次、三次沉淀物和溶解堵塞物的特性,设计在线单步法酸化智能增注系统,通过“监控表皮系数变化情况”判断“是否对目的层段持续酸化”,确保最佳酸化效果。室内实验和现场试验结果表明:G-智能复合酸对氟化钠和氟硅酸盐产生二次沉淀的抑制性最好,单步法酸液体系选择G-智能复合酸可以更好地抑制酸反应时二次沉淀物的产生;堵塞物在酸液+助渗透剂剂T影响下的溶蚀率在73.9%~79%之间,堵塞物溶蚀率高于仅加入酸液的,单步法酸液体系选择酸液+助渗透剂可提升堵塞物溶蚀率;与只注入助渗透剂T相比,注入G-智能复合酸+助渗透剂T的高压注水井的油压下降1.0~3.4 MPa,日注水量增加6.1~9.8 m 3,该技术优势显著。