Third molar-related knowledge,attitudes,behaviors,and medical history of 904 Chinese adults:a cross-sectional survey

This study investigated the perceptions and medical history of third molars(M3s)and assessed the prevalence of visible M3s(V-M3s)among 904 Chinese adults.The enrolled participants were interviewed to complete a structural questionnaire focused on sociodemographic information and their understanding of,attitudes toward,behaviors regarding,and medical history with respect to M3s.In addition,the number of V-M3s in the cohort was determined by oral examination.Logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the association between individuals'sociodemographic characteristics and their perception of M3s or the presence of V-M3s.The Chi-square test was used to compare the actions taken against symptomatic M3s and the corresponding outcomes among different groups divided according to respondents'sociodemographic factors.In total,904 completed questionnaires were gathered and analyzed.Nearly half(43.9%)of the respondents knew nothing about M3s,and only 12.7%provided correct answers to all the questions asked.Male sex,older age,occupation involving physical labor,and no previous dental experience were active factors in unawareness of M3s.Male sex was also significantly associated with the presence of at least one V-M3 and negative behavior about symptomatic M3s.In terms of medical history,192 participants reported having had at least one M3 extracted(438 in total),and 72.6%of the M3s were removed due to the presence of related symptoms or pathologies.In conclusion,the population investigated had a shortage of knowledge about M3s and adopted negative attitudes and actions about M3-related problems.

Discussion on Professor Ba Jigemude's Research Methods of the History of Mongolian Medicine

The research methods of the history of Mongolian medicine refer to the general and special methods used in the understanding and research of the history of Mongolian medicine,as well as the methods of expression and compilation of the research achievements of the history of Mongolian medicine.There are not only analysis and generalization,abstractness and concreteness,deduction and induction,historical and logical methods,but also traditional philology methods such as textual research,exegesis and collation,as well as new methods such as field investigation method,empirical method,measurement method,comparison method,and oral account method.In the actual research process,a variety of methods are often used comprehensively.This paper mainly discusses the methods used by Professor Ba Jigemude in the study of the history of Mongolian medicine,and uses specific cases to analyze and summarize the formation and development of the history of ancient traditional medicine.

Epistemic Genres as a Conceptual Tool in the History of Chinese Medicine

This article summarizes the collaboration between two historians of medicine on Sino-European medical exchanges.Gianna Pomata researches the history of medicine in early modern Europe and Marta Hanson researches the history of medicine in early modern China.The following covers the concept of epistemic genres that Pomata first developed out of her research on the history of the genres historia,observationes,recipes,medical cases,and the commentary in Europe.She connected these genres variously to empiricism,erudition,scientific observation,norm-making,and recording practice.The paper then evaluates how Pomata and Hanson used epistemic genres as a method for doing cross-cultural research on 17th-18th-century Sino-European medical exchanges.Pomata then wrote a comparative history of the medical case in Europe and China.The article concludes with how Hanson applied the distinction of epistemic genres to analyze the history of Chinese medicine from a new perspective.

Importance of communication in medical practice and medical education:An emphasis on empathy and attitudes and their possible influences

BACKGROUND Healthcare professionals need to be prepared to promote healthy lifestyles and care for patients.By focusing on what students should be able to perform one day as clinicians,we can bridge the gap between mere theoretical knowledge and its practical application.Gender aspects in clinical medicine also have to be considered when speaking of personalized medicine and learning curricula.AIM To determine sets of intellectual,personal,social,and emotional abilities that comprise core qualifications in medicine for performing well in anamnesis-taking,in order to identify training needs.METHODS An analysis of training clinicians’conceptions with respect to optimal medical history taking was performed.The chosen study design also aimed to assess gender effects.Structured interviews with supervising clinicians were carried out in a descriptive study at the Medical University of Vienna.Results were analyzed by conducting a qualitative computer-assisted content analysis of the interviews.Inductive category formation was applied.The main questions posed to the supervisors dealt with(1)Observed competencies of students in medical history taking;and(2)The supervisor’s own conceptions of"ideal medical history taking".RESULTS A total of 33 training clinicians(n=33),engaged in supervising medical students according to the MedUni Vienna’s curriculum standards,agreed to be enrolled in the study and met inclusion criteria.The qualitative content analysis revealed the following themes relevant to taking an anamnesis:(1)Knowledge;(2)Soft skills(relationship-building abilities,trust,and attitude);(3)Methodical skills(structuring,precision,and completeness of information gathering);and(4)Environmental/contextual factors(language barrier,time pressure,interruptions).Overall,health care professionals consider empathy and attitude as critical features concerning the quality of medical history taking.When looking at physicians’theoretical conceptions,more general practitioners and psychiatrists mentioned attitude and empathy in the context of"ideal medical history taking",with a higher percentage of females.With respect to observations of students’history taking,a positive impact from attitude and empathy was mainly described by male health care professionals,whereas no predominance of specialty was found.Representatives of general medicine and internal medicine,when observing medical students,more often emphasized a negative impact on history taking when students lacked attitude or showed non-empathetic behavior;no gender-specific difference was detected for this finding.CONCLUSION The analysis reveals that for clinicians engaged in medical student education,only a combination of skills,including adequate knowledge and methodical implementations,is supposed to guarantee acceptable performance.This study’s findings support the importance of concepts like relationship building,attitude,and empathy.However,there may be contextual factors in play as well,and transference of theoretical concepts into the clinical setting might prove challenging.

Wang Jimin(王吉民)and History of Chinese Medicine(《中国医史》)

Wang Jimin was not only a distinguished medical historian in modem China and an academician of the International Academy of the History of Science but also an originator of the first Museum of Chinese Medical[History and of the Chinese Medical History Society.This study briefly introduces Wang’s family academic history,his groundbreaking achievements in studies on medical history and the first monograph of History of Chinese Medicine(English edition)in China.It also reviews the foundation of the first Museum of Chinese Medical History.

History of the Chinese Medicinal Gelatin

This article discusses the history of animal glue(gelatin)used in medical practice in China.In ancient times,gelatin was widely made from cowhide and has been found in excavations and wall paintings older than 2000 years in Egypt,Greece,and China.However,it has been used medicinally almost exclusively in China and other East Asian countries influenced by Chinese medicine.Since 11th century,donkey-hide has gradually been replaced with cowhide in medicinal gelatin.Currently,donkey-hide gelatin is widely used medicinally in China.During the Edo period,medicinal gelatin was imported to Japan from China.Owing to the distaste for eating animal flesh in traditional Japanese culture,the production of gelatin and its medicinal use is not widespread in Japan.

Essays in the History of Medicine

Professor Karl Sudhoff had spent most of his career time researching the history of medical development in medieval Europe.The book collects the source fragment of the evidence of Professor Sudhoff's job.

A Historical Overview on Medical Exchanges between China and Vietnam

This article reviews the history of transmission and exchange of medicine between China and Vietnam.Systematic textual research found medical activities such as doctor visits,epidemics transmission,exchanges of therapies,import of local herbal,and drug specialties occurred in both countries.Vietnamese traditional medicine was once a truly large-scale system and one of the biggest branches of Chinese medicine abroad in history.

Does “Latent Tuberculosis Infection” (LTBI)” Really Exist? Genealogy of a Medical Nosology

Introduction: The diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is based on secular ways: chest radiography and tuberculin skin test (TST). In front of a recent enthusiasm for LTBI, this paper reports a historical perspective of this concept. Method: Bibliometric analysis and literature review from medical databases, using the terms “latent tuberculosis infection (“LTBI”), “primary tuberculosis”, “tuberculin skin test”, “tuberculosis”, and from reference books on tuberculosis. Results: In the PubMED/MEDLINE search for LTBI, a total of 7787 articles were found between 1901 and 2020, 95% from 2000 to 2020. In the first part of the 20th century, LTBI term was used for sub-clinical tuberculosis disease, the latency being also called “primary tuberculosis” or “abortive tuberculosis infection”. From 1960, randomized prospective therapeutic studies mentioned “tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis”. By the end of the 20th century, the epidemic of AIDS impeded tuberculosis decrease, making LTBI search more efficient. In 2000, the American Thoracic Society and the Centers for Disease Controls and Prevention proposed the systematic used of LTBI, relayed through public health policies. A significant higher scientific production about LTBI was noted, supported by IGRA tests commercialization. Conclusion: In the recent years, health public policies, combined with epidemiologic and economic factors, strengthened the use of LTBI terminology.

Publishing and Medicine:A Potentially Integrated Field?

This article focuses on the intersection of English-language scholarship between the history of publishing and the history of medicine in Imperial China.As an important part of cultural and social history,both topics have attracted attention from a number of historians.This article contains three sections.The first section introduces the evolution of Chinese book and publishing history in recent years and examines what book historians have done in relation to traditional Chinese medicine.The second section explores how medical historians have considered the role of printing in the history of Chinese medicine and the ways in which medical publications were used as primary sources or subjects of research.The third section explores scholarship on medical epistemic genres,a subfield of medical history,in Chinese medicine,specifically focusing on medical case histories and recipes from the comparative and cross-cultural perspectives.Finally,the conclusion explores potential future directions from the integration of Chinese publishing history and medical history.

Establishment of the First Professional Organization of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture in California

The California Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture Research Association,founded on March 25,1974,is the first Chinese medicine organization registered with the state government in California.It was established after more than a year of arduous preparation and had 15 founding members.Over time,it evolved into the biggest organization of Chinese medicine and acupuncture in California.And in 2015,it became the American Association of Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture with more than 500 members.

Voyage of Ben Cao, Part I: Discovery of Kam Wah Chung, the Overlooked Chinese Medicine Museum in the United States

1 Introduction Imagery of the Western United States typically evokes vast wheat fields,cowboys,and rolling mountain valleys.Few would associate the American West with Chinese medicine.This article describes a remote town called John Day,which is located in a mountainous terrain in Oregon,and presents the remarkable story of the Kam Wah Chung Museum(Fig.1).

Severe absence of intra-orbital fat in a patient with orbital venous malformation:A case report

BACKGROUND The orbital venous malformation is quite common in orbital diseases.Clinically,it is usually characterized by proptosis.However,among patients with distensible venous malformations,if the lesions continuously progress,they may induce enlargement of the orbital bone or orbital lipoatrophy,which in turn leads to enophthalmos.CASE SUMMARY Here,we report a patient who presented with enophthalmos and had a severe absence of intra-orbital fat secondary to orbital venous malformation.The patient was a 66-year-old female with a 20-year history of enophthalmos.Hertel exophthalmometry readings in a relaxed upright position were 4 mm OD and 13 mm OS with a 97 mm base.It was determined that she had positional“proptosis”.Physical examination also revealed a bulging mass on her hard palate.Computed tomographic scan and magnetic resonance imaging showed an expansion of the right orbit with local bony defects and multiple soft-tissue masses.CONCLUSION Long-term lack of awareness about the presence of orbital venous malformations,persistent venous congestion could lead to compression of the orbital fat,which in turn induces atrophy or the absence of intra-orbital fat.

Development and Future Trends of Traditional Kampo Medicine in Japan

Traditional Kampo medicine is based on traditional Chinese medicine,which spread to Japan via the Korean Peninsula in the 5th century.The practice of Kampo developed gradually under the influence of local Japanese culture and prospered until the Meiji Restoration.Kampo appeared in schools successively,such as the School of Later Developments,the School of Classic Methods,the School of Textual Research,and the Integrated School.However,the practice of Kampo gradually declined after the Meiji Restoration.Today,through the continuous efforts of knowledgeable Japanese Kampo practitioners,the practice of Kampo has entered a new era as an indispensable aspect of contemporary Japanese medicine.

Edward H. Hume's Contributions to Introducing Chinese Medicine to the West

Known as the founder of Xiangya School of Medicine and Xiangya Hospital,Edward H.Hume is frequently praised for his pioneering work in bringing Western medicine to China.Some researchers have investigated his efforts in introducing Chinese medicine to the West;less known is the role that he later played as a lecturer on medical history at Johns Hopkins University.This paper presents an exhaustive review of Hume’s English writings on Chinese medicine,thus revealing what Hume did to introduce Chinese medicine to Western academia,and how he pioneered research into Chinese medicine from cultural and philosophical perspectives.

The Plant Cynomorium in Maltese Materia Medica

The search for possible effective local therapeutic agents led to the discovery of a plant that was later known as Fungus Melitensis.This parasitic flowering plant was initially believed to grow only on a small islet off Gozo known variably as General's or Fungus Rock.It is now known to be more widely distributed with a range extending from the Canary Islands to China.First mentioned in 1647 by the Maltese historian Gian Francesco Abela,the plant was later described and illustrated in 1674 by the Palermo botanist Paolo Boccone,while a detailed clinical treatise was prepared in 1689 by the Maltese physician Gio Francesco Bonamico.Based on the principles of the“doctrine of signatures,”the plant was considered useful by virtue of its color in conditions involving bleeding,while on the basis of the phallic appearance,it was considered efficacious for venereal disease.The medicinal properties of the plant became renowned throughout the European continent,increasing the demand for its collection and export.Measures were introduced to limit the collection to authorized individuals while physical access to the islet was made more difficult by cutting away the sloping parts of the islet.The plant lost its medicinal reputation during the early decades of the 19^th century and has now been relegated to the annals of medical history and folklore,though it is still designated a protected species.

Envision“Disability”:“Abnormal People”and“The Wizards”in Early Ancient Times

As a natural phenomenon,people with disabilities were not stigmatized from the very beginning.In antiquity,some parts of their body being^different from those of normal persons,^they were considered to have a special ability to communicate with heaven,earth,and the Gods.As a result,people with disabilities were able to hold the position of^“wizard,”which had a high status and important influence.However,with the division of labor in the human society,people with disabilities gradually lost the prerogative in labor production due to the limitation of their ability to work,which affected their social status and led to the social discrimination and“stigmatization”toward them gradually.Before this transformation happened,people's envision on people with disabilities,including a variety of images,was indicative of the social consciousness at that time.

Epidemic Diseases and Chinese Medicine: Example of SARS and COVID-19: Part Two

Along with the legends about epidemic demons,China has developed over the centuries a medical approach to epidemic diseases based on the teachings of Hucng Di Nei Jing(《黄帝内经》Huangdi s Intermnal Classic),Nan Jing(《难经》Classic of Difficult Issues),and Shang Han Lun(《伤寒论》Treatise on Cold Damage).Other doctors and scientists participated in this evolution of knowledge,like Wang Shuhe(王叔和),Ge Hong(葛洪),Chao Yuanfang(巢元方),Sun Simiao(孙思邈),and Liu Wansu(刘完素).However,it was in the 17^th century,after the great break of the Song,Jin,and Yuan eras that an innovative spirit,Wu Youke(吴又可1582-1652)first foresaw the existence of microorganisms as we know them now.His Wen Yi Lun(《瘟疫论》Treatise on Pestilence)foreshadows an original approach to epidemic diseases,particularly emerging infectious diseases of the 21^st century.After them,traditional Chinese medicine developed a comprehensive method of diagnosing and treating of these diseases(Epidemic Diseases Theory瘟疫学说)within the School ofHeat Diseases(温病学派).In a third article,we will examine some applications in the treatment of the SARS 2003-2004 epidemic(非典型肺炎)and the current COVID-19(新型冠状病毒肺炎)pandemic.

Epidemic Diseases and Chinese Medicine:Example of SARS and COVID‑19:Part Two

Along with the legends about epidemic demons,China has developed over the centuries a medical approach to epidemic diseases based on the teachings of Huang Di Nei Jing(《黄帝内经》Huangdi’s Internal Classic),Nan Jing(《难经》Classic of Difficult Issues),and Shang Han Lun(《伤寒论》Treatise on Cold Damage).Other doctors and scientists participated in this evolution of knowledge,like Wang Shuhe(王叔和),Ge Hong(葛洪),Chao Yuanfang(巢元方),Sun Simiao(孙思邈),and Liu Wansu(刘完素).However,it was in the 17th century,after the great break of the Song,Jin,and Yuan eras that an innovative spirit,Wu Youke(吴又可1582–1652)first foresaw the existence of microorganisms as we know them now.His Wen Yi Lun(《瘟疫论》Treatise on Pestilence)foreshadows an original approach to epidemic diseases,particularly emerging infectious diseases of the 21st century.After them,traditional Chinese medicine developed a comprehensive method of diagnosing and treating of these diseases(Epidemic Diseases Theory瘟疫学说)within the School of Heat Diseases(温病学派).In a third article,we will examine some applications in the treatment of the SARS 2003–2004 epidemic(非典型肺炎)and the current COVID-19(新型冠状病毒肺炎)pandemic.

A Brief Introduction of The Dawn of Modem Medicine

The Dawn of Modem Medicine refers to an account of the Revival of the Science and Art of Medicine,which took place in Western Europe during the latter half of the 18^th century and the first part of the 19^th.